Name: gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via the trans-axillary approach
Uploaded: 2023-09-15T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 10 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach at JoVE.com

This study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to the guidelines established by our institution&#39;s Human Research Ethics Committee. The research protocol underwent a thorough review and received approval from the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University. All participating patients provided written informed consent before their involvement in the study, and stringent measures were taken to ensure the privacy and confidentiality of their data throughout the research process. Patients with benign thyroid nodules, follicular neoplasms, or papillary microcarcinomas, with a tumor size of less than 2 cm, and the absence of lymph node metastasis, were included in the present study. On the other hand, patients with advanced thyroid cancer, tumors larger than 2 cm, evidence of lymph node metastasis, a history of neck surgery that might have resulted in anatomical distortions, or severe comorbidities were excluded from this study.
1. Initiation of the procedure
<ol>
	<li>Administer general anesthesia to the patient using standardized techniques performed by a qualified anesthetist (following institutionally approved procedures). Employ the EMG Endotracheal tube (see Table of Materials). Preoperative antibiotics are not required.</li>
	<li>Position the patient in a supine position, turning their head slightly to the unaffected side. Abduct the upper limb on the affected side to an angle between 60&#176;-90&#176;. This positioning helps expose and stabilize the axilla.</li>
</ol>
2. Incision making
<ol>
	<li>Identify the first or second natural crease line in the axilla on the affected side. Make a primary incision of approximately 4-6 cm in length using a scalpel.</li>
	<li>Create a secondary incision of about 0.5 cm using a surgical scalpel for Trocar (see Table of Materials) placement (Figure 1A).</li>
</ol>
3. Creating surgical cavities
<ol>
	<li>Begin creating a nearly quadrilateral subcutaneous tunnel using retractors (see Table of Materials). Place the retractors on the surface of the pectoralis major muscle and lift the skin and subcutaneous tissue with them (Figure 1B).</li>
	<li>Use the retractors to identify the gap between the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid and the clavicle head (Figure 1C). Coagulate the tiny blood vessels in the gap using the mini button of the ultrasonic scalpel (see Table of Materials).</li>
	<li>With dissecting forceps and the ultrasonic scalpel, dissect the anatomical space between the sternothyroid muscle and the internal jugular vein. Follow this anatomical space to locate the thyroid and coagulate the middle thyroid vein using the mini button of the ultrasonic scalpel.</li>
	<li>Proceed to dissect the natural space between the thyroid and the sternothyroid muscle, place the retractors in this space, and complete the creation of the surgical cavities (Figure 1D).</li>
</ol>
4. Recognition and safeguarding of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior parathyroid gland, and central neck dissection
<ol>
	<li>Lift the middle and lower pole glands of the thyroid using the retractor to expose the tracheoesophageal groove.</li>
	<li>Locate the recurrent laryngeal nerve around the bifurcation of the inferior thyroid artery, using a nerve monitoring probe (see Table of Materials) for confirmation9 (Figure 2A).</li>
	<li>Carefully dissect the recurrent laryngeal nerve with dissecting forceps and the ultrasonic scalpel until it enters the larynx (Figure 2B). The length of the dissected nerve typically ranges from 4-6 cm, depending on the patient&#39;s anatomy and disease characteristics.</li>
	<li>Dissect the area around the inferior thyroid artery using dissecting forceps and the ultrasonic scalpel while protecting and coagulating the inferior thyroid blood vessels with the mini button of the ultrasonic scalpel to expose the trachea.</li>
	<li>Follow the nerve path to the larynx, ensuring its protection during the dissection process, after coagulating and cutting off the branches of the inferior thyroid artery (Figure 2C). Safeguard the inferior parathyroid gland, preventing any damage or removal during the thyroid and central neck lymph node dissection. If the blood supply to the inferior parathyroid gland is compromised, perform autologous transplantation12.</li>
	<li>Perform a central neck dissection method similar to open surgery12. Remove lymph nodes from the central compartment of the neck based on the extent of the patient&#39;s disease (Figure 2D).</li>
</ol>
5. Identification and protection of superior laryngeal nerve and superior parathyroid gland and dissection of the superior pole of the thyroid
<ol>
	<li>Lift the upper pole of the thyroid using retractors and separate it upward along the common carotid artery using dissecting forceps and the ultrasonic scalpel. Continue separation along the cricothyroid space to expose the vessels of the upper thyroid pole (Figure 2E).</li>
	<li>Locate the superior laryngeal nerve using a nerve monitoring probe and intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) device13 (see Table of Materials).</li>
	<li>Coagulate and cut off the blood vessels of the upper pole of the thyroid using the mini button of the ultrasonic scalpel, taking care to avoid coagulating or cutting the superior laryngeal nerve. Fully dissociate the gap between the upper pole of the thyroid gland and the cricothyroid muscle (Figure 2F).</li>
	<li>Attempt to preserve the upper parathyroid gland in its original position while separating the upper pole of the thyroid gland. If the blood supply to the upper parathyroid gland is compromised, perform autologous transplantation12.</li>
</ol>
6. En Bloc resection of the thyroid and central neck lymph nodes
<ol>
	<li>Utilize an ultrasonic scalpel to coagulate tiny blood vessels, and then remove both the thyroid isthmus and the lymph nodes in the central area along with the thyroid gland (Figure 3A).</li>
	<li>Collect the specimen using a specimen bag (Figure 3B).</li>
</ol>
7. Post-surgery procedures
<ol>
	<li>Flush the operating cavity with warm sterile saline using a laparoscopic aspirator (see Table of Materials).</li>
	<li>Position a drainage tube near the trachea, leading it out from the axilla using dissecting forceps (Figure 3C).</li>
	<li>If needed, perform autologous transplantation of the parathyroid gland into the pectoralis major space following the method described in our previous work12. The only difference is the change in the site from the sternocleidomastoid to the pectoralis major (Figure 3D).</li>
	<li>Close the axillary incision using a 4-0 absorbable suture, making it 30 cm long and using an interrupted suture technique. Allow the neck muscles to naturally reset without suturing (Figure 3E).</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Megwalu, U. C., Moon, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thyroid+cancer+incidence+and+mortality+trends+in+the+United+States:+2000-2018.">Thyroid cancer incidence and mortality trends in the United States: 2000-2018.</a> Thyroid. 32 (5), 560-570 (2022).</li><li>Qian, Z. J., Jin, M. C., Meister, K. D., Megwalu, U. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pediatric+thyroid+cancer+incidence+and+mortality+trends+in+the+United+States,+1973-2013.">Pediatric thyroid cancer incidence and mortality trends in the United States, 1973-2013.</a> JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 145 (7), 617-623 (2019).</li><li>Lattoo, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outcome+of+trans-axillary+approach+for+surgical+decompression+of+thoracic+outlet:+a+retrospective+study+in+a+tertiary+care+hospital.">Outcome of trans-axillary approach for surgical decompression of thoracic outlet: a retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital.</a> Oman Med J. 29 (3), 214-216 (2014).</li><li>Kwak, H. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+curve+for+gasless+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+using+the+trans-axillary+approach:+CUSUM+analysis+of+a+single+surgeon's+experience.">Learning curve for gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy using the trans-axillary approach: CUSUM analysis of a single surgeon's experience.</a> Int J Surg. 12 (12), 1273-1277 (2014).</li><li>Yoon, J. H., Park, C. H., Chung, W. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+via+an+axillary+approach:+experience+of+30+cases.">Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via an axillary approach: experience of 30 cases.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 16 (4), 226-231 (2006).</li><li>Song, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postoperative+pain+after+robotic+thyroidectomy+by+a+gasless+unilateral+axillo-breast+or+axillary+approach.">Postoperative pain after robotic thyroidectomy by a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 25 (6), 478-482 (2015).</li><li>Ji, Y. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+cosmetic+outcomes+after+robotic/endoscopic+thyroidectomy+by+a+gasless+unilateral+axillo-breast+or+axillary+approach.">Long-term cosmetic outcomes after robotic/endoscopic thyroidectomy by a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach.</a> J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 24 (4), 248-253 (2014).</li><li>Tan, C. T., Cheah, W. K., Delbridge, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=#34;Scarless&amp;#34;+(in+the+neck)+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+(SET):+an+evidence-based+review+of+published+techniques.">#34;Scarless&amp;#34; (in the neck) endoscopic thyroidectomy (SET): an evidence-based review of published techniques.</a> World J Surg. 32 (7), 1349-1357 (2008).</li><li>Tae, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+experience+with+a+gasless+unilateral+axillo-breast+or+axillary+approach+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+for+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma:+comparison+with+conventional+open+thyroidectomy.">Initial experience with a gasless unilateral axillo-breast or axillary approach endoscopic thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: comparison with conventional open thyroidectomy.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 21 (3), 162-169 (2011).</li><li>Aidan, P., Bechara, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+trans-axillary+robotic+thyroidectomy:+the+introduction+and+principle.">Gasless trans-axillary robotic thyroidectomy: the introduction and principle.</a> Gland Surg. 6 (3), 229-235 (2017).</li><li>Hakim Darail, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+transaxillary+endoscopic+thyroidectomy:+a+decade+on.">Gasless transaxillary endoscopic thyroidectomy: a decade on.</a> Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 24 (6), e211-e215 (2014).</li><li>Wei, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autotransplantation+of+Inferior+Parathyroid+glands+during+central+neck+dissection+for+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma:+a+retrospective+cohort+study.">Autotransplantation of Inferior Parathyroid glands during central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study.</a> Int J Surg. 12 (12), 1286-1290 (2014).</li><li>Naytah, M., Ibrahim, I., da Silva, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Importance+of+incorporating+intraoperative+neuromonitoring+of+the+external+branch+of+the+superior+laryngeal+nerve+in+thyroidectomy:+A+review+and+meta-analysis+study.">Importance of incorporating intraoperative neuromonitoring of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve in thyroidectomy: A review and meta-analysis study.</a> Head Neck. 41 (6), 2034-2041 (2019).</li><li>Kim, E. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-incision,+gasless,+endoscopic+trans-axillary+total+thyroidectomy:+a+feasible+and+oncologic+safe+surgery+in+patients+with+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma.">Single-incision, gasless, endoscopic trans-axillary total thyroidectomy: a feasible and oncologic safe surgery in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.</a> J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 27 (11), 1158-1164 (2017).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+and+application+of+&amp;#34;zero-line+&amp;#34;+incision+design+in+total+endoscopic+gasless+unilateral+axillary+approach+thyroidectomy:+A+preliminary+report.">Modification and application of &amp;#34;zero-line &amp;#34; incision design in total endoscopic gasless unilateral axillary approach thyroidectomy: A preliminary report.</a> Front Surg. 10, 1121292 (2023).</li><li>Dhoomun, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+health-related+quality+of+life+and+cosmetic+outcome+between+traditional+gasless+trans-axillary+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+and+modified+gasless+trans-axillary+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+for+patients+with+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma.">Comparison of health-related quality of life and cosmetic outcome between traditional gasless trans-axillary endoscopic thyroidectomy and modified gasless trans-axillary endoscopic thyroidectomy for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.</a> Cancer Med. , (2023).</li><li>Cho, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-incision+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+by+the+axillary+approach+with+gas+inflation+for+the+benign+thyroid+tumor:+retrospective+analysis+for+a+single+surgeon's+experience.">Single-incision endoscopic thyroidectomy by the axillary approach with gas inflation for the benign thyroid tumor: retrospective analysis for a single surgeon's experience.</a> Surg Endosc. 31 (1), 437-444 (2017).</li><li>Jeong, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+versus+conventional+open+thyroidectomy+in+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma+(PTMC)+patients.">Comparative study of endoscopic thyroidectomy versus conventional open thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) patients.</a> J Surg Oncol. 100 (6), 477-480 (2009).</li><li>Lee, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excellence+in+robotic+thyroid+surgery:+a+comparative+study+of+robot-assisted+versus+conventional+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+in+papillary+thyroid+microcarcinoma+patients.">Excellence in robotic thyroid surgery: a comparative study of robot-assisted versus conventional endoscopic thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients.</a> Ann Surg. 253 (6), 1060-1066 (2011).</li><li>Cong, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless,+endoscopic+trans-axillary+thyroid+surgery:+our+series+of+the+first+51+human+cases.">Gasless, endoscopic trans-axillary thyroid surgery: our series of the first 51 human cases.</a> World J Surg Oncol. 20 (1), 9 (2022).</li><li>Bhargav, P. R., Kumbhar, U. S., Satyam, G., Gayathri, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gasless+single+incision+trans-axillary+thyroidectomy:+The+feasibility+and+safety+of+a+hypo-morbid+endoscopic+thyroidectomy+technique.">Gasless single incision trans-axillary thyroidectomy: The feasibility and safety of a hypo-morbid endoscopic thyroidectomy technique.</a> J Minim Access Surg. 9 (3), 116-121 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach (GETTA) is a novel surgical method that addresses the rising incidence of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (PTMC) while yielding aesthetically pleasing outcomes14,15,16. Nevertheless, this technique requires a deep understanding of key operational steps17. Before commencing the actual surgery, surgeons are expected to familiarize themselves with...

The recent increase in the incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC)1,2, predominantly affecting young women, necessitates advancements in surgical techniques that offer both medical effectiveness and aesthetic sensitivity3,4. The primary goal of the Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach (GETTA), introduced by Chung in 20045, is to provide an optimal surgical method that marries these two needs.
GETTA was developed as an answer to the drawbacks of traditional open surgery, such as noticeable scars leading to patients&#39; self-consciousness and potential negative impact on their work and social activities. Endoscopic thyroid surgery has been gradually applied in the treatment of benign and malignant thyroid diseases3,4, offering a less invasive alternative to open surgery. Yet, the innovation of GETTA lies in its unique gasless approach. The GETTA procedure holds several advantages over alternative techniques. It establishes the cavity through the natural folds of the axilla, rendering the incision hidden and yielding superior postoperative cosmetic results6. Moreover, GETTA omits the need for CO2 gas inflation during the operation, thereby averting complications related to CO2 gas. Furthermore, this approach leaves the anterior neck flap intact, which protects the function of the anterior cervical region post-surgery and prevents postoperative swallowing skin-tracheal linkage6,7.
The technique is situated within the wider body of literature concerning endoscopic thyroid surgery. While there are ample research reports on the transoral and breast approach of endoscopic thyroid surgery8,9, non-inflatable thyroid surgery remains underreported10,11. Consequently, this method constitutes a significant contribution to this field, providing a comprehensive protocol for the GETTA procedure.
For readers contemplating the application of this method, it is most suitable for early-stage, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma patients who desire minimal scarring post-surgery. However, the success of this technique depends on the practitioner&#39;s proficiency in endoscopic procedures due to its spatial constraints. As such, the method may not be appropriate for practitioners without advanced endoscopic skills or those in medical centers with limited access to the necessary equipment.
This article aims to bolster the understanding of the GETTA procedure, offering insights into its application, and hopefully promoting its adoption in more medical centers. The benefits of GETTA extend beyond medical effectiveness, meeting patients&#39; desire for less invasive surgery with favorable cosmetic results.

<table><tbody><tr><td>EMG Endotracheal Tube</td><td>Medtronic Xomed, Inc.</td><td>20173666541</td><td>EMG Endotracheal Tube&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>Kangji Medical</td><td>106.890.A</td><td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment (Within)</td></tr><tr><td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment</td><td>Kangji Medical</td><td>106.890.A</td><td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment</td></tr><tr><td>Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) Device</td><td>Medtronic Xomed, Inc.</td><td>20083210370</td><td>NIM-Response 2.0</td></tr><tr><td>Laparoscopic aspirator</td><td>Kangji Medical</td><td>106.891.A</td><td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment (Within)</td></tr><tr><td>Nerve monitoring probe</td><td>Medtronic Xomed, Inc.</td><td>20173666541</td><td>EMG Endotracheal Tube (Within)</td></tr><tr><td>Retractors (Two types)</td><td>Kangji Medical</td><td>106.890.A</td><td>Gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach Equipment (Within)</td></tr><tr><td>Trocar</td><td>Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson</td><td>B5LT</td><td>Trocar (5 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic scalpel</td><td>Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson</td><td>HAR36</td><td>Ultrasonic scalpel</td></tr></tbody></table>

gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy via the trans-axillary approach

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to achieve favorable therapeutic outcomes while maintaining excellent cosmetic results. Among the available endoscopic procedures, the Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach (GETTA) has gained popularity among surgeons. This is attributed to its straightforward cavity construction, spacious operating area, precise visual field exposure, and manageable learning curve. However, few studies have provided detailed descriptions of the specific surgical steps involved in GETTA. Drawing from a synthesis of existing literature and our own clinical expertise, we present a comprehensive outline of the GETTA procedure. This process can be categorized into five distinct stages: positioning and incision planning; establishment of surgical cavities; identification and protection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior parathyroid gland, and central neck dissection; localization and preservation of the superior laryngeal nerve, superior parathyroid gland, and dissection of the thyroid's superior pole; transection of the thyroid isthmus followed by en bloc resection of the thyroid gland and central neck lymph nodes. The five-step approach of GETTA is easy to learn and can be adapted for resecting both benign and malignant thyroid and parathyroid diseases.

In this study, a cohort of 200 female patients, all with a mean age of 36 years (SD = 4.52; ranging from 20 to 59 years), underwent the Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Trans-axillary Approach (GETTA) (Table 1). The patients had an average Body Mass Index (BMI) of 22.79 kg/m2 (SD = 4.52; range = 18.27-27.31). The sonogram indicated an average tumor size of 7.09 mm (SD = 3.84). All patients were fully informed of the surgical options available and subsequently chose GETTA. Of the total, 54 (27%...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach at JoVE.com

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

This protocol presents the procedure for conducting thyroidectomy using the gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach (GETTA).

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to ...

gasless-endoscopic-thyroidectomy-via-the-trans-axillary-approach

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

833 Views.  Sichuan University. This protocol presents the procedure for conducting thyroidectomy using the gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy trans-axillary approach (GETTA).

Video: Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Substernal thyroid goiter (STG) represents about 5.8% of all mediastinal lesions1. There is a wide variation in the published incidence rates due to the lack of a standardized definition for STG. Biopsy is often required to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Unlike cervical thyroid, the overlying sternum precludes ultrasound-guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration of STG. Consequently, surgical mediastinoscopy is performed in the majority of cases, causing significant procedure related morbidity and cost to healthcare. Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a frequently used procedure for diagnosis and staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Minimally invasive needle biopsy for lesions adjacent to the airways can be performed under real-time ultrasound guidance using EBUS. Its safety and efficacy is well established with over 90% sensitivity and specificity. The ability to perform EBUS as an outpatient procedure with same-day discharges offers distinct morbidity and financial advantages over surgery. As physicians performing EBUS gained procedural expertise, they have attempted to diversify its role in the diagnosis of non-lymph node thoracic pathologies. We propose here a role for EBUS-TBNA in the diagnosis of substernal thyroid lesions, along with a step-by-step protocol for the procedure.

Substernal thyroid lesions are common, and need to be differentiated from malignancy. Obtaining percutaneous fine needle biopsy is not possible due to its retrosternal location. This article proposes a protocol for biopsy of substernal thyroid lesions using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA).

Substernal thyroid goiter (STG) represents about 5.8% of all mediastinal lesions1. There is a wide variation in the published incidence rates due to the ...

Non-invasive Assessment of the Efficacy of New Therapeutics for Intestinal Pathologies Using Serial Endoscopic Imaging of Live Mice

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that contribute to the onset and progression of intestinal diseases. The identification of new molecules that promote these pathologies has led to a flurry of activity focused on the development of potential new therapies to inhibit their function. As a result, various pre-clinical mouse models with an intact immune system and stromal microenvironment are now heavily used. Here we describe three experimental protocols to test the efficacy of new therapeutics in pre-clinical models of (1) acute mucosal damage, (2) chronic colitis and/or colitis-associated colon cancer, and (3) sporadic colorectal cancer. We also outline procedures for serial endoscopic examination that can be used to document the therapeutic response of an individual tumor and to monitor the health of individual mice. These protocols provide complementary experimental platforms to test the effectiveness of therapeutic compounds shown to be well tolerated by mice.

We describe methods for longitudinal monitoring of the efficacy of therapeutics for the treatment of colonic pathologies in mice using a rigid endoscope. This protocol can be readily used for the characterization of the therapeutic response of an individual tumor in live mice and also for monitoring potential disease relapse.

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic ...

Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or excision. Many of these nodules are identified and excised via minimally invasive thoracic surgery; however, subcentimeter and subsolid nodules are frequently difficult to identify intra-operatively. This can be mitigated by the use of electromagnetic transthoracic needle localization. This protocol delineates the step-by-step process of electromagnetic localization from the pre-operative period to the postoperative period and is an adaptation of the electromagnetically guided percutaneous biopsy previously described by Arias et al. Pre-operative steps include obtaining a same day CT followed by the generation of a three-dimensional virtual map of the lung. From this map, the target lesion(s) and an entry site are chosen. In the operating room, the virtual reconstruction of the lung is then calibrated with the patient and the electromagnetic navigation platform. The patient is then sedated, intubated, and placed in the lateral decubitus position. Using a sterile technique and visualization from multiple views, the needle is inserted into the chest wall at the prechosen skin entry site and driven down to the target lesion. Dye is then injected into the lesion and, then, continuously during needle withdrawal, creating a tract for visualization intra-operatively. This method has many potential benefits when compared to the CT-guided localization, including a decreased radiation exposure and decreased time between the dye injection and the surgery. Dye diffusion from the pathway occurs over time, thereby limiting intra-operative nodule identification. By decreasing the time to surgery, there is a decrease in wait time for the patient, and less time for dye diffusion to occur, resulting in an improvement in nodule localization. When compared to electromagnetic bronchoscopy, airway architecture is no longer a limitation as the target nodule is accessed via a transparenchymal approach. Details of this procedure are described in a step-by-step fashion.

Presented here is a protocol for lung nodule localization using dye marking via electromagnetically navigated transthoracic needle access. The technique described here can be accomplished in the peri-operative period to optimize nodule localization and to successful resection when performing minimally invasive thoracic surgery.

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or ...

Low-Cost Single-Port (LoCoSP) Device for a Transcervical Approach in Minimally Invasive Transhiatal Esophagectomy

Esophagectomy remains the preferred option to achieve curative treatment in advanced esophageal cancer, but the choice of surgical approach remains controversial. A transthoracic approach may improve lymph node dissection, but it has considerable morbidity and respiratory complications. Transhiatal access has been demonstrated as an efficient means of minimizing post-operative complications. Minimally invasive transhiatal esophagectomy may reduce operative trauma and morbidity as well as enhance postoperative recovery with no compromise in cancer recurrence or survival. Nevertheless, it has a technical limitation in terms of cervical esophagus dissection. Thus, a low-cost single-port device was developed to complete upper mediastinal dissection by a transcervical approach during minimally invasive transhiatal esophagectomy. This device uses a nasogastric tube, a number-eight sterile glove, a sterile sponge, and 3 permanent 5-mm trocars. The step-by-step process of transhiatal esophagectomy and the development of this device are described. This technique allows for the dissection of the upper mediastinum, as well as the esophagus over the aortic arch and behind the superior portion of the trachea. The harvesting of lymph nodes along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and paratracheals was improved.

Low-Cost Single-Port LoCoSP Device for a Transcervical Approach in Minimally Invasive Transhiatal Esophagectomy

Here, we describe a step-by-step description of transhiatal esophagectomy and the development of a low-cost single-port device for a transcervical approach in a minimally invasive transhiatal esophagectomy.

Esophagectomy remains the preferred option to achieve curative treatment in advanced esophageal cancer, but the choice of surgical approach remains ...

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. Several studies comparing traditional microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery have reported similar hearing results and an overall low rate of complications. The endoscope has unraveled its full potential in demanding settings of stapes surgery, such as unfavorable anatomy of the oval window niche or revision cases. Reduced manipulation of the chorda tympani and low rate of post-operative dysgeusia are further benefits to mention for endoscopic stapes surgery.
Being a one-handed technique, management of bleeding, positioning, and crimping of the prosthesis may be challenging for novice endoscopic surgeons, so some training in endoscopic ear surgery is recommended before performing endoscopic stapedotomy. The problem of sharing the surgical field between the endoscope and the operating instruments could be easily overcome if proper instruments positioning is understood. One-handed bleeding control in the narrow space of the ear canal may represent an issue during the elevation of the tympano-meatal flap, possibly discouraging the surgeon since the preliminary steps of surgery. Following appropriate technique to raise the flap and the collaboration with the anesthesiology team in keeping the blood pressure low guarantee an adequate bleeding control in most cases.
The aim of this article is to describe the entire surgical procedure of a transcanal exclusive endoscopic stapedotomy, from operating room set up and patient positioning to post-operative care. A step-by-step description of the surgical maneuvers with technical hints is reported, to guide the surgeon across the procedure and allow any ear surgeon to perform stapes surgery endoscopically.

The aim of this article is to provide a step-by-step method for endoscopic stapes surgery from operating room setting and patient positioning to post-operative care. This work would represent a guide for any otologic surgeon who is willing to treat otosclerosis with endoscopic transcanal technique.

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. ...

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine position with extension and fixation of the neck. One 20 mm transverse incision and two 5 mm incisions are made through the mucosa of the oral vestibule for camera and instrument placement after disinfection of the skin and oral cavity. The workspace is established and maintained by the skin suspension device, which is made of unabsorbable string (3-0) and rubber bands, and the CO2 insufflation pressure. Lobectomy using a medial-to-lateral technique and prophylactic ipsilateral central neck dissection is performed simultaneously on patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The specimen is extracted through the 20 mm incision. The parathyroid gland is immediately searched for in the specimen and auto-transplanted to the left brachioradialis. A drainage tube is inserted through the retractor hole into the bed of the thyroid gland, and absorbable sutures are used to close the mucosal incisions in the oral vestibule and the linea alba cervicalis. Prophylactics administered intravenously are recommended for the first 24 h after surgery, and oral antibiotics are used for 7 days postoperatively.

Here, we present a protocol to describe the methodology for the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach in detail.

The manuscript describes the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) for thyroid lobectomy. The patient is placed in the supine ...

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Currently, the common approaches to thyroid surgery include conventional thyroidectomy, bilateral axillo-breast, axillary, retroauricular, and oral vestibule approaches. Essentially, various approaches to thyroid surgery only move the traditional surgical incision to a more concealed position but still leave scars on the body surface. Among them, thyroid surgery via the oral vestibule approach can obtain the best cosmetic outcome through the shortest natural cavity. However, in the early time, thyroid surgery via the oral vestibule approach usually requires three incisions in the mouth and one axillary incision. We have introduced a robotic surgical system into thyroidectomy via the oral vestibule approach and successfully completed total thyroidectomy and bilateral central lymph node dissection. During the operation, only three incisions were made at the oral vestibule without an axillary incision. This article aims to present the unique three-port method of robotic thyroidectomy via oral vestibule for the treatment of patients with papillary thyroid cancer.

The transoral robotic total thyroidectomy and bilateral central regional lymph node dissection using three ports without axillary incision are feasible and safe for early-stage papillary thyroid carcinoma. Here we present the operative techniques of this operation.

Currently, the common approaches to thyroid surgery include conventional thyroidectomy, bilateral axillo-breast, axillary, retroauricular, and oral ...

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Resecting a large goiter extending into the retrosternal space is challenging, especially when a sternotomy or thoracotomy is required. The transthoracic approach is linked to higher postoperative morbidity, reaching up to 30% when compared to the transcervical approach. Although alternative options like thoracoscopic resection have shown promising results, the morbidity of mediastinal dissection remains a concern. Thoracoscopic-assisted transcervical approach might be a feasible, less invasive alternative. This video outlines the steps and potential pitfalls of the procedure.
The patient is positioned supine with an extended neck. Initially, the endocrine surgeon mobilizes the thyroid gland through cervical access. If a transcervical resection is not feasible, the patient is mobilized into a lateral decubitus position, and a second team thoracoscopically guides the mediastinal tumor through the thoracic inlet. This allows a stepwise controlled transcervical dissection of the retrosternal mass until complete resection is achieved, thus eliminating the need for mediastinal dissection.
To demonstrate the procedure, we present the case of an 84-year-old male with lymph node-positive oncocytic thyroid carcinoma and a large retrosternal goiter extending posteriorly into the mediastinum up to the aortic arch. Thoracoscopic-assisted transcervical resection was performed. The recurrent laryngeal nerve was identified and monitored with a neurostimulation device during dissection. No palsy was noted in the postoperative evaluation. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged on the second postoperative day.
Thoracoscopic-assisted transcervical resection of large retrosternal goiter seems a feasible alternative to mitigate risks associated with thoracotomy, sternotomy, or thoracoscopic mediastinal dissection. Potential advantages include decreased postoperative morbidity and length of stay. This technique requires thoracoscopic expertise and may be limited depending on the goiter&#39;s size and mediastinal positioning.

Here, we present a protocol for retrosternal thyroid goiter resection using a thoracoscopic-assisted transcervical approach.

Resecting a large goiter extending into the retrosternal space is challenging, especially when a sternotomy or thoracotomy is required. The transthoracic ...

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

Radical endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET) offers superior cosmetic outcomes and enhanced visibility of the surgical field compared to open surgery. However, the thyroid&#39;s unique physiological functions and intricate surrounding anatomy may result in various surgical complications. Mixed reality (MR), a real-time holographic visualization technology, enables the creation of highly realistic 3D models in the real world and facilitates multiple human-computer interactions. MR can be utilized for both preoperative evaluation and intraoperative navigation. First, semi-automatic 3D reconstruction of the neck from enhanced computed tomography images is performed using 3Dslicer. Next, the 3D model is imported into Unity3D to create a virtual hologram that can be displayed on an MR helmet-mounted display (HMD). During surgery, surgeons can wear the MR HMD to locate lesions and surrounding anatomy through the virtual hologram. In this study, patients requiring radical ET were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group. Surgeons performed MR-assisted radical ET in the experimental group. A comparative analysis of surgical outcomes and the results of scales was conducted.&#160;This study successfully developed the neck 3D model and the virtual hologram. According to the NASA Task Load Index Scale, the experimental group exhibited significantly higher scores in &#39;Own Performance&#39; and lower scores in &#39;Effort&#39; compared to the control group (p = 0.002). Additionally, on the Likert Subjective Evaluation Scale, the mean scores for all questions exceeded 3. Although the incidence of surgical complications was lower in the experimental group than in the control group, the differences in surgical outcomes were not statistically significant.MR is beneficial for enhancing performance and alleviating the burden of surgeons during the perioperative period. Furthermore, MR has demonstrated the potential to enhance the safety of ET. Therefore, it is essential to further investigate the surgical applications of MR.

Radical endoscopic thyroidectomy is associated with various surgical complications. This study utilizes mixed reality techniques to assist surgeons in performing radical endoscopic thyroidectomy, aiming to enhance its safety and lower the surgical threshold.

Radical endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET) offers superior cosmetic outcomes and enhanced visibility of the surgical field compared to open surgery. However, ...

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Non-invasive Assessment of the Efficacy of New Therapeutics for Intestinal Pathologies Using Serial Endoscopic Imaging of Live Mice

Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery

Low-Cost Single-Port (LoCoSP) Device for a Transcervical Approach in Minimally Invasive Transhiatal Esophagectomy

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy