Name: modified heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation and a novel aortic regurgitation model in rats
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All the animal procedures were conducted in accordance with &#34;An Outline of the Act on Welfare and Management of Animals&#34; and &#34;Standards Relating to the Care and Keeping and Reducing Pain of Laboratory Animals&#34; by the Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan and the &#34;Guidelines for Proper Conduct of Animal Experiment&#34; by the Science Council of Japan16,17,18. The animal protocols were reviewed and a...

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A., Sharland, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+method+for+heterotopic+mouse+heart+transplantation.">A modified method for heterotopic mouse heart transplantation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (88), e51423 (2014).</li><li>Weigle, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+immunological+model+for+heterotopic+heart+and+cardiac+muscle+cell+transplantation+in+rats.">An immunological model for heterotopic heart and cardiac muscle cell transplantation in rats.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (159), e60956 (2020).</li><li>Liu, F., Kang, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotopic+heart+transplantation+in+mice.">Heterotopic heart transplantation in mice.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (6), e238 (2007).</li><li>Corry, R. J., Winn, H. J., Russell, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primarily+vascularized+allografts+of+hearts+in+mice.+The+role+of+H-2D,+H-2K,+and+non-H-2+antigens+in+rejection.">Primarily vascularized allografts of hearts in mice. The role of H-2D, H-2K, and non-H-2 antigens in rejection.</a> Transplantation. 16 (4), 343-350 (1973).</li><li>Ono, K., Lindsey, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+technique+of+heart+transplantation+in+rats.">Improved technique of heart transplantation in rats.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 57 (2), 225-229 (1969).</li><li>Plenter, R. J., Grazia, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+heterotopic+heart+transplant+technique.">Murine heterotopic heart transplant technique.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (89), e51511 (2014).</li><li>Munakata, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aortic+conduit+valve+model+with+controlled+moderate+aortic+regurgitation+in+rats:+A+technical+modification+to+improve+short-+and+long-term+outcome+and+to+increase+the+functional+results.">Aortic conduit valve model with controlled moderate aortic regurgitation in rats: A technical modification to improve short- and long-term outcome and to increase the functional results.</a> Circulation Journal. 77 (9), 2295-2302 (2013).</li><li>Eskesen, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sildenafil+treatment+attenuates+ventricular+remodeling+in+an+experimental+model+of+aortic+regurgitation.">Sildenafil treatment attenuates ventricular remodeling in an experimental model of aortic regurgitation.</a> Springerplus. 4, 592 (2015).</li><li>Plante, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+beta-blockade+in+experimental+chronic+aortic+regurgitation.">Effectiveness of beta-blockade in experimental chronic aortic regurgitation.</a> Circulation. 110 (11), 1477-1483 (2004).</li><li>Plante, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left+ventricular+response+to+sustained+volume+overload+from+chronic+aortic+valve+regurgitation+in+rats.">Left ventricular response to sustained volume overload from chronic aortic valve regurgitation in rats.</a> Journal of Cardiac Failure. 9 (2), 128-140 (2003).</li><li>An Outline of the Act on Welfare and Management of Animals. Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.care.nagoya-u.ac.jp/statute/public/02OutlineAct.pdf">https://www.care.nagoya-u.ac.jp/statute/public/02OutlineAct.pdf</a> (2007)</li><li>Standards Relating to the Care and Keeping and Reducing Pain of Laboratory Animals. Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.env.go.jp/nature/dobutsu/aigo/2_data/laws/nt_h25_84_en.pdf">https://www.env.go.jp/nature/dobutsu/aigo/2_data/laws/nt_h25_84_en.pdf</a> (2013)</li><li>Guidelines for Proper Conduct of Animal Experiment. Science Council of Japan Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.scj.go.jp/ja/info/kohyo/pdf/kohyo-20-k16-23.pdf">https://www.scj.go.jp/ja/info/kohyo/pdf/kohyo-20-k16-23.pdf</a> (2006)</li><li>Shimada, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distention+of+the+immature+left+ventricle+triggers+development+of+endocardial+fibroelastosis:+An+animal+model+of+endocardial+fibroelastosis+introducing+morphopathological+features+of+evolving+fetal+hypoplastic+left+heart+syndrome.">Distention of the immature left ventricle triggers development of endocardial fibroelastosis: An animal model of endocardial fibroelastosis introducing morphopathological features of evolving fetal hypoplastic left heart syndrome.</a> Biomed Research International. 2015, 462469 (2015).</li><li>Shimada, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+vascularized+heterotopic+neonatal+rat+heart+transplantation+model.">Development of a vascularized heterotopic neonatal rat heart transplantation model.</a> European Surgical Research. 57 (3-4), 240-251 (2016).</li></ol>

Key steps were discovered to prevent the donor heart from stiffening during implantation. First, it is vital to transect the donor&#39;s abdominal aorta before harvesting to unload the donor&#39;s heart4,7. If the donor&#39;s surgical procedure is performed without endotracheal intubation, breathing ceases after the thoracotomy, which obstructs the donor&#39;s pulmonary circulation. Consequently, the donor&#39;s heart becomes overloaded, preventing good contracti...

Heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in rats was first reported in 1964 by Abbott et al.1and has been used to study acute and chronic allograft rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cardiac remodeling2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Some modifications have been added to the procedure over the past 50 years. The fundamentals of the current procedure are as follows. The donor&#39;s ascending aorta and pulmonary artery (PA) are end-to-side anastomosed to the recipient&#39;s abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, respectively. Although the donor&#39;s left atrium and ventricle do not receive any intracavitary flow, blood flows to the donor&#39;s coronary system; therefore, the donor&#39;s heart starts beating again after de-clamping.
Some experts with experience in hundreds or thousands of operations have reported a high success rate with short ischemia time for heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation2,3,4,5; however, it is difficult for beginners to achieve the short ischemia time from the outset. Sufficient cardioprotection is an important factor for obtaining good cardiac contraction of the donor&#39;s heart. Insufficient myocardial protection can stiffen the donor&#39;s heart. Therefore, we modified the transplantation procedure to strengthen the protection of the donor&#39;s heart. One of the aims of this study is to demonstrate a reproducible heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation procedure that beginners can easily perform since it prolongs the acceptable ischemia time.
Additionally, some researchers have reported an aortic regurgitation (AR) model in rats, which has been used to examine the effects of agents on left ventricular (LV) remodeling12,13,14,15. The conventional procedure includes the following: (1) a right lateral neck incision is made to expose the right carotid artery after anesthesia; (2) a catheter is cannulated from this vessel and advanced toward the aortic root; and (3) AR is induced by puncturing the native aortic valve under continuous echocardiographic guidance.
However, puncturing the aortic valve while holding the echocardiography probe and obtaining a good view of the ascending aorta, the aortic valve, and the catheter with an echocardiogram is challenging. Furthermore, cardiac failure following acute AR is another complication. Therefore, a novel AR model, which can be easily created and does not contribute to the recipient&#39;s circulation, has been established in this work to solve these challenges. The other aim of this study is to create an AR model by using heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation and damaging the donor&#39;s aortic valve using a guidewire after harvesting.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Antisedan (atipamezole)</td>
			<td>Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Domitor (medetomidine)</td>
			<td>Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dormicum (midazolam)</td>
			<td>Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heparin</td>
			<td>AY Pharmaceuticals Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jcl:Wistar rats</td>
			<td>CLEA Japan, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope</td>
			<td>Orinpas Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>SZ61</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>modified Krebs-Henseleit cardioplegic solution</td>
			<td>Merck KGaA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sevoflurane</td>
			<td>FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SURGICEL FIBRILLAR</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson K.K.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetorphale (butorphanol)</td>
			<td>Meiji Animal Health Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modified heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation and a novel aortic regurgitation model in rats

Over the past 50 years, many researchers have reported heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in mice and rats, with some variations in the surgical technique. Modifying the transplantation procedure to strengthen the myocardial protection could prolong the ischemia time while preserving the donor&#39;s cardiac function. This technique&#39;s key points are as follows: transecting the donor&#39;s abdominal aorta before harvesting to unload the donor&#39;s heart; perfusing the donor&#39;s coronary arteries with a cold cardioplegic solution; and topical cooling of the donor&#39;s heart during the anastomosis procedure. Consequently, since this procedure prolongs the acceptable ischemia time, beginners can easily perform it and achieve a high success rate.
Moreover, a new aortic regurgitation (AR) model was established in this work using a technique different from the existing one,&#160;which is created by inserting a catheter from the right carotid artery and puncturing the native aortic valve under continuous echocardiographic guidance. A heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation was performed using the novel AR model. In the protocol, after the donor&#39;s heart is harvested, a stiff guidewire is inserted into the donor&#39;s brachiocephalic artery and advanced toward the aortic root. The aortic valve is punctured by pushing the guidewire further even after the resistance is felt, thus inducing AR. It is easier to damage the aortic valve using this method than with the procedure described in the conventional AR model. Additionally, this novel AR model does not contribute to the recipient&#39;s circulation; therefore, this method is expected to produce a more severe AR model than the conventional procedure.

Regarding the normal model, good LV contraction was successfully established after de-clamping. The ischemia time of the transplanted heart and the recipient&#39;s anesthesia time were approximately 60 min and 130 min, respectively (Table 1).
Good LV contraction was also obtained after de-clamping in the new AR model. The ischemic time of the transplanted heart and the recipient&#39;s anesthesia time in the AR model were approximately 5 min and 10 min longer than the times of ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified Heterotopic Abdominal Heart Transplantation and a Novel Aortic Regurgitation Model in Rats at JoVE.com

Modified Heterotopic Abdominal Heart Transplantation and a Novel Aortic Regurgitation Model in Rats

This study demonstrates a reproducible heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation technique in rats that beginners can learn and perform. Additionally, a novel aortic regurgitation model in rats is generated by performing heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation and damaging the donor's aortic valve using a guidewire after harvesting.

Over the past 50 years, many researchers have reported heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in mice and rats, with some variations in the surgical ...

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