Name: determination of vaccine immunogenicity using bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells
Uploaded: 2023-05-19T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of Vaccine Immunogenicity Using Bovine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Eveline Wodak and Dr. Angelika Loistch (AGES) for their support in determining the health status of the animals and for providing BTV, Dr. Bernhard Reinelt for providing bovine blood, and Dr. Bharani Settypalli and Dr. William Dundon of the IAEA for useful advice on the real-time PCR experiments and language editing, respectively.

Blood collection is performed by a certified veterinarian service in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety(AGES) and in compliance with the accepted animal welfare standards32. The study received ethical approval from the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture. The experimental design for MoDCs generation and its subsequent application is illustrated in Figure 1.
1. Production of naive MoDC...

This study demonstrates a standardized in vitro method for generating and phenotyping bovine MoDCs and their subsequent use in measuring the vaccine immunogenicity of a commercial vaccine (e.g., RV). Bovine MoDCs can be used as a tool for screening potential vaccine antigens against cattle diseases and predicting their potential clinical impact based on immune responses before proceeding toward in vivo animal trials. The MoDCs generated were identified based on their morphological, phenotypic, and funct...

Veterinary vaccination represents a crucial aspect of animal husbandry and health, as it contributes to improving food security and animal welfare by conferring protection against diseases that affect the livestock sector globally1. An effective in vitro method to assess the immunogenicity of possible vaccine candidates would help accelerating&#160;the process of vaccine development and production. It is, therefore, necessary to expand the field of immune assays with innovative methodologies based on in vitro studies, as this would help to unveil the complexity of the immune processes related to immunization and pathogen infection. Currently, in vivo animal immunization and challenge studies, which require periodic sampling (e.g., blood and spleen), are used to measure the immunogenicity of candidate vaccines and adjuvants. These assays are expensive, time-consuming, and have ethical implications, because in most cases, animal euthanasia is carried out by the end of the trials.
As an alternative to in vivo assays, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) have been used to evaluate vaccine-induced immune responses in vitro2. PBMCs are a heterogeneous population of cells composed of 70%-90% lymphocytes, 10%-20% monocytes, and a limited number of dendritic cells (DCs, 1%-2%)3. PBMCs harbor antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as B cells, monocytes, and DCs, which constantly patrol the organism searching for signs of infection or tissue damage. Locally secreted chemokines facilitate the recruitment and activation of APCs to these sites by binding to cell surface receptors. In the case of monocytes, chemokines direct their fate to either differentiate into DCs or macrophages4. As soon as DCs encounter and capture a pathogen, they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they can present the processed pathogen peptide antigens using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II surface proteins to CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells, respectively, thus triggering an immune response5,6.
The key role played by DCs in orchestrating a protective immune response against various pathogens makes them an interesting research target for understanding intracellular immune mechanisms, especially when designing vaccines and adjuvants against infectious agents7. Since the fraction of DCs that can be obtained from PBMCs is rather small (1%-2%), monocytes have instead been used to generate DCs in vitro8. These monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) were initially developed as a possible treatment strategy in cancer immunotherapy9. More recently, MoDCs have been used for vaccine research10,11,12, and classical monocytes are the predominant subtype (89%) for MoDC production13. The production&#160;of MoDCs in vitro has previously been achieved through the addition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) given in combination with other cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor &#945; (TNF-&#945;), or IL-1314,15,16.
The success of an in vitro MoDC assay relies on the capability of antigen-stimulated mature MoDCs to modulate the extent and type of the immune response specific to the type of antigen detected17. The type of pathogen recognized and presented by MoDCs determines the differentiation of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells into either Th1, Th2, or Th17 effector cells and is characterized by a pathogen-specific secretory cytokine profile. A Th1 response is elicited against intracellular pathogens and results in the secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-&#947;) and tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-&#946;), which modulates phagocytic-dependent protection. A Th2 response is triggered against parasitic organisms and is characterized by IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 secretion, which initiates phagocytic-independent humoral protection. Th17 offers neutrophil-dependent protection against extracellular bacterial and fungal infections mediated by the secretion of IL-17, IL-17F, IL-6, IL-22, and TNF-&#945;18,19,20,21. Based on previous studies, it has been noted that not all pathogens fall within the expected cytokine profile. For example, dermal MoDCs, in response to Leishmania parasitic infection, stimulate IFN-&#947; secretion from CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, thus inducing a protective proinflammatory Th1 response22.
It has also been shown that, in chicken MoDCs primed with Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS), can induce a variable response against Salmonella typhimurium by activating both Th1 and Th2 responses, whereas Salmonella gallinarum induces a Th2 response alone, which could explain the higher resistance of the latter&#160;toward MoDC clearance23. The activation of MoDCs against Brucella canis (B. canis) has also been reported in both canine and human MoDCs, meaning this could represent a zoonotic infection mechanism24. Human MoDCs primed with B. canis induce a strong Th1 response that confers resistance to severe infection, whereas canine MoDCs induce a dominant Th17 response with a reduced Th1 response, subsequently leading to the establishment of chronic infection25. Bovine MoDCs show an enhanced affinity for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) conjugated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) as compared to non-conjugated FMDV alone, as the MoDCs form a viral-antibody complex in response to the former10. Taken together, these studies show how MoDCs have been used to analyze the complexity of immune responses during pathogen infection. The adaptive immune responses can be evaluated by the quantification of specific markers associated with lymphocyte proliferation. Ki-67, an intracellular protein detected only in dividing cells, is regarded as a reliable marker for proliferation studies26, and similarly, CD25 expressed on the surface of T cells during the late phase of activation corresponds to lymphocyte proliferation27,28.
This study demonstrates a standardized method for the in vitro generation of cattle MoDCs followed by their application in an in vitro immune assay used for testing the immunogenicity of vaccines. A commercially available rabies vaccine (RV) was used to validate the efficacy of this assay. T lymphocyte activation and proliferation were measured by flow cytometry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent&#160;assay (ELISA) through the analysis of well-established cell activation markers such as Ki-67 and CD25 and the secretion of IFN-&#947;28,29,30,31. No animal or human experimental trials are performed during the MoDC assay.

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			<td>ACK Lysing Buffer</td>
			<td>Gibco, Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A1049201</td>
			<td>Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium buffer for lysis of residual RBCs in harvested PBMC Fraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer Heparin Tubes</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson (BD) and Company</td>
			<td>366480</td>
			<td>10 mL, additive sodium heparin 158 USP units, glass tube, 16 x 100 mm size</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Dendritic Cell Growth Kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad, UK</td>
			<td>PBP015KZZ</td>
			<td>Cytokine cocktail composed of recombinant bovine IL-4 and GM-CSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine IFN-&#947; ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA5638KZZ</td>
			<td>Kit use for measuring IFN-&#947; expression in culture supernatant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD14 Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA2678F</td>
			<td>Mouse anti-bovine CD14 monoclonal antibody, clone CC-G33, isotype IgG1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD25 Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA2430PE</td>
			<td>Mouse anti bovine CD25 monoclonal antibody, clone IL-A11, isotype IgG1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4 Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA1653A647</td>
			<td>Mouse anti bovine CD4 monoclonal antibody, clone CC8, isotype IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD40 Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA2431F</td>
			<td>Mouse anti-bovine CD40 monoclonal antibody, clone IL-A156, isotype IgG1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD8 Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA837F</td>
			<td>Mouse anti bovine CD8 monoclonal antibody, clone CC63, isotype IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD86 Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA2437PE</td>
			<td>Mouse anti-bovine CD86 monoclonal antibody, clone IL-A190, isotype IgG1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Thermal cycler PCR machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>Falcon Corning&#160;</td>
			<td>352096 &#38; 352070</td>
			<td>15 mL and 50 mL, high-clarity poypropylene conical bottom, graduated, sterial, seal screw cap, falcon tube</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Cytofix/Cytoperm Plus</td>
			<td>BD Bio Sciences</td>
			<td>555028</td>
			<td>Fixation/permeabilization kit with BD golgiPlug, use for flow cytometer cell staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>1009832500</td>
			<td>Absolute for analysis EMSURE&#160;ACS,ISO, Reag. Ph Eur</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco, Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10500064</td>
			<td>Qualified, heat inactivated</td>
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			<td>Ficoll Plaque PLUS</td>
			<td>GE Health care Life Sciences, USA</td>
			<td>341691</td>
			<td>Lymphocyte-isolation medium</td>
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			<td>FlowClean Cleaning Agent</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Life Sciences</td>
			<td>A64669</td>
			<td>500 mL</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo</td>
			<td>FlowJo, Becton, Dickinson (BD) and Company, LLC, USA</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Flow cytometer Histogram software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowTubes/ FACS&#160; (Fluorescence-activated single-cell sorting) Tube</td>
			<td>Falcon Corning&#160;</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td>5 mL, sterial, round bottom polystyrene test tube with cell strainer snap cap, use in flow cytometry analysis</td>
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			<td>Fluoresceinisothiocynat-Dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Germany</td>
			<td>60842-46-8</td>
			<td>FITC-dextran MW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gallios Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Flow cytometer machine</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Hard-Shell 96-Well PCR Plates</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>HSP9601</td>
			<td>96 well, low profile, thin wall, skirted, white/clear</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human CD14 MicroBeads</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Bioteck, Germany</td>
			<td>130-050-201</td>
			<td>2 mL microbeads conjugated to monoclonal anti-human CD14 antibody isotype IgG2a, used for selection of bovine monocytes from PBMCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kaluza</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Flow cytometer multicolor data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS Column</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Bioteck, Germany</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td>Magnetic activated cell sorting or immune magentic cell separation colum for separation of various CD14 cell population based on cell surface antigens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MHC Class II DQ DR Polymorphic Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA2228F</td>
			<td>Mouse anti-sheep MHC Class II DQ DR Polymorphic:FITC, clone 49.1, isotype IgG2a, cross reactive with bovine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>HS4325</td>
			<td>1.5 mL, conical bottom, graduated, sterial tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Power Point</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>The graphical illustrations of experimental design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IgG1 Negative Control:FITC for CD14, CD40 Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA928F</td>
			<td>Isotype control CD14 and CD40 monoclonal antibody&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IgG1 Negative Control:PE for CD86 Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA928PE</td>
			<td>Isotype control CD86 monoclonal antibody&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IgG1 Negative Control:RPE for CD25 Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA928PE</td>
			<td>Isotype control CD25 monoclonal antibody&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IgG2a Negative Control:FITC for MHC Class II Antibody</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>MCA929F</td>
			<td>Isotype control for MHC class II monoclonal antibody&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nobivac Rabies</td>
			<td>MSD Animal Health, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>1 &#181;L/mL of cell cultured inactivated vaccine containing &#62; 2 I.U./mL Rabies virus strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical seals</td>
			<td>Bi0-Rad</td>
			<td>TCS0803</td>
			<td>0.2 mL flat PCR tube 8-cap strips, optical, ultraclear, compatible for qPCR machine</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco, Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>100 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco, Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>pH 7.4, 1x concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism - GraphPad 5 Software&#160;</td>
			<td>Dotmatics</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Statistical software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified Anti-human Ki-67 antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend, USA</td>
			<td>350501</td>
			<td>Monoclonal antibody, cross reactive with cow, clone ki-67</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified Mouse IgG1 k Isotype Ctrl Antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>400101</td>
			<td>Isotype control for Ki-67 monoclonal antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>READIDROP Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td>BD Bio Sciences</td>
			<td>1351101</td>
			<td>Live/dead cell marker used for flow cytometry, amine reactive dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human IL-2 Protein</td>
			<td>R&#38;D System, USA</td>
			<td>202-IL-010/CF</td>
			<td>Interleukin-2, 20 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74106</td>
			<td>Kit use for extraction of total RNA; RLT buffer = lysis buffer; RW1 buffer = stringent guanidine-containing washing buffer; RDD buffer = DNase buffer; RPE buffer = mild wash buffer; RNaseOUT = RNase inhibitor.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 Medium</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R8758</td>
			<td>Cell culture media with L-glutamine and sodium bicarbonate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SMART-servier medical art&#160;</td>
			<td>Les Laboratories Servier</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Licensed under a creative commons attribution 3.0 unported license</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SsoAdvanced Universal SYBR Green Supermix</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>172-5270</td>
			<td>2x qPCR mix conatins dNTPs, Ss07d fusion polymerase, MgCl2, SYBR Green I supermix = supermix, ROX normalization dyes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>18080051</td>
			<td>Kit for cDNA synthsis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Test plate 24</td>
			<td>TPP, Switzerland</td>
			<td>92024</td>
			<td>24 well plate, sterilized by radiation , growth enhanced treated, volume 3.18 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Solution</td>
			<td>Gibco, Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15250061</td>
			<td>0.4%, 100 mL, dye to assess cell viability</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure DNase/RNase-Free Distilled Water</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10977023</td>
			<td>0.1 &#181;m membrane filtered distilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VACUETTE Heparin Blood Collection Tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15206067</td>
			<td>VACUETTE Heparin Blood Collection Tubes have a green top and contain spray-dried lithium, sodium or ammonium heparin on the inner walls and are usedin clinical chemistry, immunology and serology. The anticoagulant heparin activates antithrombin, which blocks the clotting cascade and thus produces a whole blood/plasma sample.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>W3500-1L</td>
			<td>Sterile-filtered, bioReagent suitable for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determination of vaccine immunogenicity using bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the immune system. They patrol the organism looking for pathogens and play a unique role within the immune system by linking the innate and adaptive immune responses. These cells can phagocytize and then present captured antigens to effector immune cells, triggering a diverse range of immune responses. This paper demonstrates a standardized method for the in vitro generation of bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) isolated from cattle peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and their application in evaluating vaccine immunogenicity.
Magnetic-based cell sorting was used to isolate CD14+ monocytes from PBMCs, and the supplementation of complete culture medium with interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was used to induce the differentiation of CD14+ monocytes into naive MoDCs. The generation of immature MoDCs was confirmed by detecting the expression of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II), CD86, and CD40 cell surface markers. A commercially available rabies vaccine was used to pulse the immature MoDCs, which were subsequently co-cultured with naive lymphocytes.
The flow cytometry analysis of the antigen-pulsed MoDCs and lymphocyte co-culture revealed the stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation through the expression of Ki-67, CD25, CD4, and CD8 markers. The analysis of the mRNA expression of IFN-&#947; and Ki-67, using quantitative PCR, showed that the MoDCs could induce the antigen-specific priming of lymphocytes in this in vitro co-culture system. Furthermore, IFN-&#947; secretion assessed using ELISA showed a significantly higher titer (**p &#60; 0.01) in the rabies vaccine-pulsed MoDC-lymphocyte co-culture than in the non-antigen-pulsed MoDC-lymphocyte co-culture. These results show the validity of this in vitro MoDC assay to measure vaccine immunogenicity, meaning this assay can be used to identify potential vaccine candidates for cattle before proceeding with in vivo trials, as well as in vaccine immunogenicity assessments of commercial vaccines.

This methodology describes the in vitro generation of cattle MoDCs for the evaluation of candidate vaccine antigens prior to performing in vivo studies. Figure 1 illustrates the experimental scheme of bovine MoDC generation and the application of the MoDCs for the in vitro assay. Using the magnetic-based cell sorting technique, it was possible to collect approximately 26 million CD14+ myocytes from the harvested PBMCs, which were previously isolated from...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of Vaccine Immunogenicity Using Bovine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells at JoVE.com

Determination of Vaccine Immunogenicity Using Bovine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

The methodology describes the generation of bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and their application for the in vitro evaluation of antigenic candidates during the development of potential veterinary vaccines in cattle.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the immune system. They patrol the organism looking for pathogens and ...

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