معهد وايتهيد زملاء صناديق

الجزء 1 : آرنا العلامات : الأمينية اقتران الآليل من الأصباغ <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 1μg من العينات آرنا في أنابيب microcentrifuge 1.5mL. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> فراغ تجفيف العينات في درجة حرارة منخفضة أو معدومة حتى تجف تماما. سقف كل أنبوب في أقرب وقت كما هو جاف -- لا overdry! </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة إلى اقتران 9μl العازلة لكل أنبوب وresuspend وآرنا بواسطة vortexing بلطف لمدة 1 دقيقة. أجهزة الطرد المركزي لفترة وجيزة لجمع العينات في الجزء السفلي من الأنبوب ثم يسمح العينة الجلوس على الجليد. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 22μl DMSO ذات جودة عالية إلى كل أنبوب Cy3 أو Cy5 صباغة. أنبوب واحد من صبغة يكفي لمدة 2 العينات. الصبغة Cy3 هو لوصفها عينات مرجعية الخاص بك ، وصبغ Cy5 هو لوصفها عينات الاختبار. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> دوامة الأصباغ إلى مزيج دقيق. الحفاظ على الأصباغ في الظلام حتى جاهزة للاستخدام. لا تعد صبغة في وقت سابق من 1 ساعة قبل استخدامها. تأكد من عدم الماء يحصل في مزيج صبغ / DMSO في أي لحظة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 11μl الصبغة DMSO / قبرصي على استعداد لكل عينة. مزيج جيد من قبل vortexing بلطف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان عن 30-45 دقيقة في درجة حرارة الغرفة. تغطية العينات مع البربون أو الاحتفاظ بها في درج للحد من التعرض للضوء. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد حضانة ، إضافة إلى 4.5μl hydroxlyamine كل عينة لإرواء التفاعل. مزيج جيد من قبل vortexing بلطف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> احتضان لمدة 15 دقيقة في درجة حرارة الغرفة. تغطية العينات مع البربون أو الاحتفاظ بها في درج للحد من التعرض للضوء. </li></ol> الجزء 2 : إعتبر آرنا تنظيف <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> دوامة حبات الحمض النووي الريبي ملزمة لفترة وجيزة للحصول على مزيج حتى قبل استخدامها. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحضير مزيج آرنا ملزم في درجة حرارة الغرفة (الجدول 1) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مزيج جيد من قبل vortexing. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Aliquote الاحتياطي شطف آرنا في أنبوب 1.5mL واحتضان في 50-60 درجة مئوية لمدة لا تقل عن 10 دقيقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 70μl من مزيج آرنا ملزمة لكل عينة ومزيج جيد من قبل pipetting صعودا وهبوطا 3-4 مرات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل عينات من لوحة إلى لوحة PCR جولة القاع 96 - جيدا. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة 50μl 100 ٪ الأيزوبروبانول لكل عينة ومزيج جيد من قبل pipetting صعودا وهبوطا 3-4 مرات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> يهز بلطف على لوحة شاكر المداري على الأقل 2 دقيقة لمزيج دقيق العينات. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل لوحة الى وقفة لالتقاط المغناطيسي الخرز المغناطيسي. ترك لوحة على الوقوف حتى يصبح المزيج شفافة والخرز ومكعبات ملزمة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نضح بعناية طاف مع الشافطة فراغ من دون إزعاج الخرز المغناطيسي. بدلا من ذلك ، إزالة بعناية طاف مع ماصة وتجاهل طاف. يجب أن يكون إما طاف ردي مشرق أو زرقاء لامعة في هذه المرحلة نظرا لجزيئات صبغة فردية. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة لوحة من الوقوف المغناطيسي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة محلول الغسيل 100μl آرنا إلى كل بئر ويهز لوحة لمدة 1 دقيقة على شاكر المداري بسرعة معتدلة. قد لا تفريق حبات تماما في هذه الخطوة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل لوحة الى وقفة لالتقاط المغناطيسي الخرز المغناطيسي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نضح بعناية طاف مع الشافطة فراغ من دون إزعاج الخرز المغناطيسي. بدلا من ذلك ، إزالة بعناية طاف مع ماصة وتجاهل طاف. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إزالة لوحة من الوقوف المغناطيسي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تكرار غسل مرة الثانية مع الحل 2 100μl اغسل آرنا. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد غسل الثانية 2 ، تجفيف الخرز التي تهز لوحة لمدة 1 دقيقة على شاكر المداري في أقصى سرعة. لا overdry العينات! </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> أزل في آرنا من الخرز بإضافة 20μl شطف آرنا محمى الاحتياطي على كل عينة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> هزة بقوة على لوحة شاكر مدارية لمدة 3 دقائق ، ثم تحقق للتأكد من مشتتة تماما الخرز المغناطيسي. إذا لم يكن كذلك ، لا تزال تهتز. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> مرة واحدة حبات المغناطيسي قد فرقت بشكل كامل ، نقل الى وقفة لوحة المغناطيسي لالتقاط حبات المغناطيسي. وطاف يحتوي على تنظيف ، وعينات آرنا المسمى ، ويجب أن يكون إما وردي شاحب أو أزرق شاحب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل بعناية آرنا eluted لوحة PCR جديد (أو أنابيب PCR). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> (خطوة اختيارية) للتحقق من تركيز الحمض النووي الريبي وكمية من الصبغة في العينات عن طريق قياس 1.5μl على معمل NanoDrop باستخدام وحدة ميكروأري. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> هجن فورا آرنا صفت على منصة ميكروأري من اختيارك ، أو بدلا من ذلك ، يمكنك تخزين آرنا المسمى في -80 درجة مئوية حتى تكون جاهزة للتهجين. </li></ol> الجدول ميكس آرنا 1 تجليد <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> الكاشف </td><td> المبلغ : 1 رد الفعل </td></tr><tr><td> الخرز RNA ملزم * </td><td> 10μl </td></tr><tr><td> حبة * إعادة تعليق الحل </td><td> 4μl </td></tr><tr><td> 100 ٪ الأيزوبروبانول ** </td><td> 6μl </td></tr><tr><td> آرنا مركزة الاحتياطي تجليد </td><td> 50μl </td></tr></tbody></table> * مزيج من الخرز RNA ملزم معحبة حل إعادة تعليق first ** إضافة الأيزوبروبانول وتخلط جيدا قبل إضافة تركز آرنا العازلة ملزمة.

<ol>
	<li>Rubins, K. H., Hensley, L. E., Bell, G. W., Wang, C., Lefkowitz, E. J., Brown, P. O., Relman, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+viral+gene+expression+programs+during+poxvirus+infection:+a+transcriptional+map+of+the+vaccinia+and+monkeypox+genomes.">Comparative analysis of viral gene expression programs during poxvirus infection: a transcriptional map of the vaccinia and monkeypox genomes.</a> PLoS ONE. 3 (7), e2628-e2628 (2008).</li><li>Assarsson, E., Greenbaum, J. A., Sundstr&#246;m, M., Schaffer, L., Hammond, J. A., Pasquetto, V., Oseroff, C., Hendrickson, R. C., Lefkowitz, E. J., Tscharke, D. C., Sidney, J., Grey, H. M., Head, S. R., Peters, B., Sette, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+analysis+of+a+complete+poxvirus+transcriptome+reveals+an+immediate-early+class+of+genes.">Kinetic analysis of a complete poxvirus transcriptome reveals an immediate-early class of genes.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105 (6), 2140-2145 (2008).</li><li>Satheshkumar, P. S., Moss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poxvirus+transcriptome+analysis.">Poxvirus transcriptome analysis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, E62-E62 (2008).</li><li>Assarsson, E., Greenbaum, J. A., Sundstr&#246;m, M., Schaffer, L., Hammond, J. A., Pasquetto, V., Oseroff, C., Hendrickson, R. C., Lefkowitz, E. J., Tscharke, D. C., Sidney, J., Grey, H. M., Head, S. R., Peters, B., Sette, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A.+Reply+to+Satheshkumar+and+Moss:+Poxvirus+transcriptome+analysis.">A. Reply to Satheshkumar and Moss: Poxvirus transcriptome analysis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, E63-E64 (2008).</li><li>Guerra, S., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Pascual-Montano, A., Mu&#241;oz, M., Harshman, K., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+gene+expression+survey+of+vaccinia+virus+infection+of+human+HeLa+cells.">Cellular gene expression survey of vaccinia virus infection of human HeLa cells.</a> J Virol. 77 (11), 6493-6506 (2003).</li><li>Guerra, S., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Conde, R., Pascual-Montano, A., Harshman, K., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microarray+analysis+reveals+characteristic+changes+of+host+cell+gene+expression+in+response+to+attenuated+modified+vaccinia+virus+Ankara+infection+of+human+HeLa+cells.">Microarray analysis reveals characteristic changes of host cell gene expression in response to attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara infection of human HeLa cells.</a> J Virol. 78 (11), 5820-5824 (2004).</li><li>Guerra, S., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Pascual-Montano, A., N&#225;jera, J. L., Zaballos, A., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+response+to+the+attenuated+poxvirus+vector+NYVAC:+upregulation+of+apoptotic+genes+and+NF-kappaB-responsive+genes+in+infected+HeLa+cells.">Host response to the attenuated poxvirus vector NYVAC: upregulation of apoptotic genes and NF-kappaB-responsive genes in infected HeLa cells.</a> J Virol. 80 (2), 985-998 (2006).</li><li>Guerra, S., N&#225;jera, J. L., Gonz&#225;lez, J. M., L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez, L. A., Climent, N., Gatell, J. M., Gallart, T., Esteban, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+gene+expression+profiling+after+infection+of+immature+human+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells+by+the+attenuated+poxvirus+vectors+MVA+and+NYVAC.">Distinct gene expression profiling after infection of immature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by the attenuated poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC.</a> 81 (16), 8707-8721 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

خطوات حاسمة عند إجراء اقتران الأمينية الآليل ، فمن الأهمية بمكان أن resuspend الصبغة DMSO في فترة وجيزة (أقل من 1 ساعة) قبل توصيل المياه وضمان عدم وجود مزيج يحصل في صبغ / DMSO ، لأنها سوف تتفاعل مع مجموعة نشطة على صباغة. لا overdry الحمض النووي ال...

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<td>CyDye Post-Labeling Reactive Dye Pack</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
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vaccinia virus infection &amp; temporal analysis of virus gene expression: part 3

الأسرة<em&gt; Poxviridae</em&gt; تتكون من الحمض النووي المزدوج تقطعت بهم السبل الكبيرة التي تحتوي على الفيروسات التي تحاكي حصرا في السيتوبلازم من الخلايا المصابة. أعضاء<em&gt; الجدري</em&gt; جنس تتضمن الجدري ، والعامل المسبب للجدري الصغيرة الإنسان ، والقرود ، والوقس (VAC) ، وعضو من عائلة prototypic الفيروس. داخل الجينوم الوقس كبيرة نسبيا (~ 200 كيلوبايت) ، يتم ترميز ثلاثة أنواع من الجينات : في وقت مبكر ، وسيطة ، والمتأخر. بينما كتب جميع الطبقات الثلاث polymerases RNA فيروسي ترميز ، ولكل فئة يؤدي وظيفة مختلفة في دورة حياة الفيروس. Poxviruses استخدام استراتيجيات متعددة لتعديل البيئة المضيفة الخلوي أثناء العدوى. من أجل فهم كل من استضافة وتنظيم التعبير الجيني والفيروسات ، واستخدمت على نطاق ونحن الجينوم النهج لتحليل النص وفرة من كل الفيروسات والخلايا المضيفة. هنا ، علينا أن نظهر للالتهابات دوام خلايا هيلا مع فيروس الوقس وأخذ عينات الحمض النووي الريبي في الوقت عدة نقاط في مرحلة ما بعد الإصابة. يتم عزل كل من الحمض النووي الريبي مجموع المضيفة والفيروسية وتضخيم للتهجين لميكروأرس لتحليل التعبير الجيني.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3 at JoVE.com

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

بروتوكول للعدوى الوقس من خلايا هيلا وتحليل المضيف والفيروسية التعبير الجيني. الجزء 3 يصف عملية وضع العلامات fluorescently تضخيم الحمض النووي الريبي من كل من المضيف والعينات الفيروسية التي اقتران الآليل الأمينية من الأصباغ. الجزء 3 من 3.

الوقس عدوى الفيروس والتحليل الزمني في التعبير الجيني الفيروسات : الجزء 3

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells.  Members of ...

vaccinia-virus-infection-temporal-analysis-virus-gene-expression-part

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8.1K Views.  MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. بروتوكول للعدوى الوقس من خلايا هيلا وتحليل المضيف والفيروسية التعبير الجيني. الجزء 3 يصف عملية وضع العلامات fluorescently تضخيم الحمض النووي الريبي من كل من المضيف والعينات الفيروسية التي اقتران الآليل الأمينية من الأصباغ. الجزء 3 من 3.

Video: Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 3

Bacterial Gene Expression Analysis Using Microarrays

التحليل الجرثومي التعبير الجيني عن طريق ميكروأرس]

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

التحضير لزراعة الخلايا المكونة للدم الابتدائية من نخاع عظام الفئران لElectroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 1 of 3.

الوقس عدوى الفيروس والتحليل الزمني في التعبير الجيني الفيروسات : الجزء 1

Vaccinia Virus Infection &amp; Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 2

The family Poxviridae consists of large double-stranded DNA containing viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Members of the orthopox genus include variola, the causative agent of human small pox, monkeypox, and vaccinia (VAC), the prototypic member of the virus family. Within the relatively large (~ 200 kb) vaccinia genome, three classes of genes are encoded: early, intermediate, and late. While all three classes are transcribed by virally-encoded RNA polymerases, each class serves a different function in the life cycle of the virus. Poxviruses utilize multiple strategies for modulation of the host cellular environment during infection. In order to understand regulation of both host and virus gene expression, we have utilized genome-wide approaches to analyze transcript abundance from both virus and host cells. Here, we demonstrate time course infections of HeLa cells with Vaccinia virus and sampling RNA at several time points post-infection. Both host and viral total RNA is isolated and amplified for hybridization to microarrays for analysis of gene expression.

Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 2 of 3.

الوقس عدوى الفيروس والتحليل الزمني في التعبير الجيني الفيروسات : الجزء 2

Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA regulators: microRNAs, which are produced from non-protein coding genes and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Plants use RNAi to control transposons and to exert tight control over developmental processes such as flower organ formation and leaf development2,3,4. Plants also use RNAi to defend themselves against infection by viruses. Consequently, many viruses have evolved suppressors of gene silencing to allow their successful colonization of their host5.
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a method that takes advantage of the plant RNAi-mediated antiviral defense mechanism. In plants infected with unmodified viruses the mechanism is specifically targeted against the viral genome. However, with virus vectors carrying sequences derived from host genes, the process can be additionally targeted against the corresponding host mRNAs. VIGS has been adapted for high-throughput functional genomics in plants by using the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver, via its Ti plasmid, a recombinant virus carrying the entire or part of the gene sequence targeted for silencing. Systemic virus spread and the endogenous plant RNAi machinery take care of the rest. dsRNAs corresponding to the target gene are produced and then cleaved by the ribonuclease Dicer into siRNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length. These siRNAs ultimately guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade the target transcript2.
Different vectors have been employed in VIGS and one of the most frequently used is based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV). TRV is a bipartite virus and, as such, two different A. tumefaciens strains are used for VIGS. One carries pTRV1, which encodes the replication and movement viral functions while the other, pTRV2, harbors the coat protein and the sequence used for VIGS6,7. Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato seedlings with a mixture of both strains results in gene silencing. Silencing of the endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, which causes photobleaching, is used as a control for VIGS efficiency. It should be noted, however, that silencing in tomato is usually less efficient than in N. benthamiana. RNA transcript abundance of the gene of interest should always be measured to ensure that the target gene has efficiently been down-regulated. Nevertheless, heterologous gene sequences from N. benthamiana can be used to silence their respective orthologs in tomato and vice versa8.

Virus-induced Gene Silencing VIGS in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

Description of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method for knock-down of gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato.

فيروس من صنع جين إسكات (VIGS) في نيكوتيانا benthamiana والطماطم

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

باستخدام الجينات Electroporation MXcell بولسير النظام لTransfect الخلايا الأولية ذات الكفاءة العالية

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

باستخدام خلية مكافحة الآلي لتبسيط دراسات التعبير الجيني : ضربة قاضية سيرنا من IL - 4 التعبير الجيني في الخلايا التابعة Namalwa

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

إعادة إعماره في المختبر من أحدث T. castaneum تيلوميراز

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties. The large-scale gene functional analysis in cotton has been lagged behind most of the modern plant species, likely due to its large size of genome, gene duplication and polyploidy, long growth cycle and recalcitrance to genetic transformation1. To facilitate high throughput functional genetic/genomic study in cotton, we attempt to develop rapid and efficient transient assays to assess cotton gene functions.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique that was developed based on the host Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) to repress viral proliferation2,3. Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS has been successfully applied in a wide range of dicots species such as Solanaceae, Arabidopsis and legume species, and monocots species including barley, wheat and maize, for various functional genomic studies3,4. As this rapid and efficient approach avoids plant transformation and overcomes functional redundancy, it is particularly attractive and suitable for functional genomic study in crop species like cotton not amenable for transformation.
In this study, we report the detailed protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS system in cotton. Among the several viral VIGS vectors, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) invades a wide range of hosts and is able to spread vigorously throughout the entire plant yet produce mild symptoms on the hosts5. To monitor the silencing efficiency, GrCLA1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (AtCLA1) in cotton, has been cloned and inserted into the VIGS binary vector pYL156. CLA1 gene is involved in chloroplast development6, and previous studies have shown that loss-of-function of AtCLA1 resulted in an albino phenotype on true leaves7, providing an excellent visual marker for silencing efficiency. At approximately two weeks post Agrobacterium infiltration, the albino phenotype started to appear on the true leaves, with 100% silencing efficiency in all replicated experiments. The silencing of endogenous gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Significantly, silencing could potently occur in all the cultivars we tested, including various commercially grown varieties in Texas. This rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS assay provides a very powerful tool for rapid large-scale analysis of gene functions at genome-wide level in cotton.

We present the detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS vectors were deployed to induce RNA silencing of cotton GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene. The albino phenotype caused by silencing GrCLA1 was observed at the seedling stage within 2 weeks after inoculation.

الأجرعية بوساطة الفيروسات إسكات الجينات المستحثة الفحص في القطن

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Proteomics research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that proteins in cells mostly exist not as isolated entities but exert their biological activity in association with many other proteins, in humans ten or more, forming assembly lines in the cell for most if not all vital functions.1,2 Knowledge of the function and architecture of these multiprotein assemblies requires their provision in superior quality and sufficient quantity for detailed analysis. The paucity of many protein complexes in cells, in particular in eukaryotes, prohibits their extraction from native sources, and necessitates recombinant production. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has proven to be particularly useful for producing eukaryotic proteins, the activity of which often relies on post-translational processing that other commonly used expression systems often cannot support.3 BEVS use a recombinant baculovirus into which the gene of interest was inserted to infect insect cell cultures which in turn produce the protein of choice. MultiBac is a BEVS that has been particularly tailored for the production of eukaryotic protein complexes that contain many subunits.4 A vital prerequisite for efficient production of proteins and their complexes are robust protocols for all steps involved in an expression experiment that ideally can be implemented as standard operating procedures (SOPs) and followed also by non-specialist users with comparative ease. The MultiBac platform at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) uses SOPs for all steps involved in a multiprotein complex expression experiment, starting from insertion of the genes into an engineered baculoviral genome optimized for heterologous protein production properties to small-scale analysis of the protein specimens produced.5-8 The platform is installed in an open-access mode at EMBL Grenoble and has supported many scientists from academia and industry to accelerate protein complex research projects.

Protein complexes catalyze key cellular functions. Detailed functional and structural characterization of many essential complexes requires recombinant production. MultiBac is a baculovirus/insect cell system particularly tailored for expressing eukaryotic proteins and their complexes. MultiBac was implemented as an open-access platform, and standard operating procedures developed to maximize its utility.

على البروتين MultiBac مجمع منصة الإنتاج في EMBL

Proteomics  research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in  unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that ...