فإن الكتاب أن نعترف المشورة الفنية والدعم من أحد رن (جامعة كاليفورنيا في لوس انجليس) وSeungmin هوانج (جامعة واشنطن). وقد تم تمويل هذا العمل من قبل مؤسسة باكستر والمعاهد الوطنية للصحة منح (R01 R21 CA140964 وAI083841 ليانغ جيم).

<ol>
	<li>Damania, B., Choi, J. K., Jung, J. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+activities+of+gammaherpesvirus+membrane+proteins.">Signaling activities of gammaherpesvirus membrane proteins.</a> J. Virol. 74, 1593-1601 (2000).</li><li>Stevenson, P. G., Efstathiou, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+mechanisms+in+murine+gammaherpesvirus-68+infection.">Immune mechanisms in murine gammaherpesvirus-68 infection.</a> Viral. Immunol. 18, 445-456 (2005).</li><li>Flano, E., Husain, S. M., Sample, J. T., Woodland, D. L., Blackman, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Latent+murine+gamma-herpesvirus+infection+is+established+in+activated+B+cells,+dendritic+cells,+and+macrophages.">Latent murine gamma-herpesvirus infection is established in activated B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.</a> J. Immunol. 165, 1074-1081 (2000).</li><li>Sunil-Chandra, N. P., Efstathiou, S., Nash, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+gammaherpesvirus+68+establishes+a+latent+infection+in+mouse+B+lymphocytes+in+vivo.">Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 establishes a latent infection in mouse B lymphocytes in vivo.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 73, 3275-3279 (1992).</li><li>Simas, J. P., Swann, D., Bowden, R., Efstathiou, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+murine+gammaherpesvirus-68+transcription+during+lytic+and+latent+infection.">Analysis of murine gammaherpesvirus-68 transcription during lytic and latent infection.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 80, 75-82 (1999).</li><li>Ganem, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KSHV+and+the+pathogenesis+of+Kaposi+sarcoma:+listening+to+human+biology+and+medicine.">KSHV and the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma: listening to human biology and medicine.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 120, 939-949 (2010).</li><li>Wen, K. W., Damania, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kaposi+sarcoma-associated+herpesvirus+(KSHV):+molecular+biology+and+oncogenesis.">Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV): molecular biology and oncogenesis.</a> Cancer. Lett. 289, 140-150 (2009).</li><li>E, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+Bcl-2-mediated+evasion+of+autophagy+aids+chronic+infection+of+gammaherpesvirus+68.">Viral Bcl-2-mediated evasion of autophagy aids chronic infection of gammaherpesvirus 68.</a> PLoS. Pathog. 5, e1000609-e1000609 (2009).</li><li>Marques, S., Efstathiou, S., Smith, K. G., Haury, M., Simas, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+gene+expression+of+latent+murine+gammaherpesvirus+68+in+B+lymphocytes.">Selective gene expression of latent murine gammaherpesvirus 68 in B lymphocytes.</a> J. Virol. 77, 7308-7318 (2003).</li><li>McCausland, M. M., Crotty, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+PCR+technique+for+detecting+lymphocytic+choriomeningitis+virus+in+vivo.">Quantitative PCR technique for detecting lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in vivo.</a> J. Virol. Methods. 147, 167-176 (2008).</li><li>Weck, K. E., Kim, S. S., Virgin, H. I., Speck, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B+cells+regulate+murine+gammaherpesvirus+68+latency.">B cells regulate murine gammaherpesvirus 68 latency.</a> J. Virol. 73, 4651-4661 (1999).</li><li>Weck, K. E., Kim, S. S., Virgin, H. I., Speck, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+are+the+major+reservoir+of+latent+murine+gammaherpesvirus+68+in+peritoneal+cells.">Macrophages are the major reservoir of latent murine gammaherpesvirus 68 in peritoneal cells.</a> J. Virol. 73, 3273-3283 (1999).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

وقد استخدمت على نطاق واسع γHV68 نموذجا لفهم المرضية 2،4،5 γ - HVS الإنسان. في هذا البروتوكول ، وصفنا ثلاثة أساليب تستخدم بشكل روتيني ، بما في ذلك فحص لوحة عيار الفيروس المعدية ، IC مقايسة لتحميل الكامنة الفيروسية ، وqPCR لتحميل الجينوم الفيروسي ، لتقييم العدوى الحادة وا...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم المادة </td><td> إعداد الإجراءات </td></tr><tr><td> Methylcellulose المتوسطة تراكب (MC) لفحص اللوحة الفيروسية </td><td><ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الحرارة تقريبا 250 مل من الماء المقطر في زجاجة TC ل&gt; 80 درجة مئوية (المغلي لمدة 3 دقائق في الميكروويف) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إضافة تدريجيا مسحوق MC 2.5 غرام في الماء الساخن ، واثارة على نار هادئة حتى المنحل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الأوتوكلاف على الفور لمدة 15 دقيقة في دورة السائل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحريك تعقيمها وسائل الاعلام MC عند 4 درجات مئوية خلال الليل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الجمع بين وسائل الإعلام MC 250 مل مع 200ml 2 × MEM (Gibco - BRL) + 50 مل FBS لاعطاء وسائل الاعلام تراكب 500 مل. </li></ol></td></tr><tr><td> إصلاح / وصمة عار لفحص اللوحة المتوسطة </td><td> 0.2 ٪ (W / V) الكريستال البنفسجي في الايثانول 20 ٪. </td></tr><tr><td> ACK تحلل العازلة </td><td> NH 4 الكلورين 0.15M ، KHCO 3 10MM ، EDTA 0.1mM </td></tr><tr><td> إكمال DMEM </td><td> Dulbecco لتعديل النسر المتوسطة(DMEM) تستكمل مع 10 ٪ مصل بقري جنيني (FBS ؛ Invitrogen) ، 2 مم L - الجلوتامين ، و 1 ٪ البنسلين ستربتومايسين (Gibco - BRL). </td></tr></tbody></table> الجدول رقم 1 وسائل الاعلام الخاصة المستخدمة في هذا البروتوكول <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم الكاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td></tr><tr><td> الكيتامين </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> K2753 </td></tr><tr><td> زيلازين </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> X1251 </td></tr><tr><td> Methylcellulose </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> M0512 - 250G </td></tr><tr><td> 2 × MEM </td><td> الحياة تكنولوجيز </td><td> 11935 </td></tr><tr><td> خلية مصفاة </td><td> Faclon دينار بحريني </td><td> 352340 </td></tr><tr><td> اومني الأنسجة الخالط </td><td> OMNI الدولية </td><td> TH115 </td></tr><tr><td> DNeasy الدم والأنسجة كيت </td><td> هيئة الاستثمار القطريةالجنرال </td><td> 69504 </td></tr><tr><td> iQTM SYBRH الخضراء Supermix </td><td> BioRad </td><td> 170-8882 </td></tr><tr><td> CFX96 نظام PCR الوقت الحقيقي </td><td> بيو راد </td><td> 184-5072 </td></tr><tr><td> خلية مكافحة </td><td> بيو راد </td><td> 145-0001 </td></tr><tr><td> Sorvall SA - 600 </td><td> الحرارية العلمية </td><td> 096-124022 </td></tr></tbody></table> الجدول 2. الكواشف والمعدات الخاصة

measurement of &#947;hv68 infection in mice

γ - Herpesviruses (γ - HVS) جديرة بالملاحظة لقدرتها على إقامة العدوى الكامنة من الخلايا اللمفاوية 1. وقد أعاق مجموعة ضيقة من المضيف الإنسان HVS - γ ، مثل EBV وKSHV ، شديدة الإمراض دراسات مفصلة. فأري γ - هربس 68 (γHV68) سهم واسعة الشبه الجينية والبيولوجية مع الانسان γ - HVS والممرض الطبيعية من القوارض مريد 2. مثل تقييم γHV68 العدوى الفطرية سلالات من الفئران في مراحل مختلفة من العدوى الفيروسية يقدم نموذجا هاما لفهم دورة الحياة الفيروسية والمرضية خلال γ - HVS العدوى. عند التلقيح داخل الأنف ، ونتائج الإصابة γHV68 في viremia الحادة في الرئة التي يتم حلها في وقت لاحق الى عدوى الكامنة splenocytes والخلايا الأخرى ، والتي يمكن تنشيطها في جميع أنحاء الحياة من 3،4 المضيف. في هذا البروتوكول ، فإننا سوف تصف كيفية استخدام لوحة فحص لتقييمق عيار الفيروس المعدية في الرئة الخليط على monolayers فيرو الخلية في مرحلة مبكرة (5 -- 7 أيام) من الأنف بعد الإصابة (نقطة في البوصة). بينما يتم مسح العدوى الحادة إلى حد كبير 2 -- 3 أسابيع بعد العدوى ، عدوى الكامنة γHV68 يتم تأسيس حوالي 14 نقطة في البوصة وصيانتها لاحقا في الطحال من الفئران. العدوى الكامنة عادة ما يصيب السكان صغيرة جدا من الخلايا في الأنسجة المصابة ، بحيث يبقى الفيروس نائمة ويغلق معظم التعبير الجيني لها. splenocytes خفية المصابة تنشيط الفيروس تلقائيا عند explanting في زراعة الأنسجة ، والتي يمكن تلخيصها من قبل مقايسة المعدية (IC) مركز لتحديد الحمولة الفيروسية الكامنة. لمزيد من تقدير كمية من النسخ في الجينوم الفيروسي الحاد و / أو الأنسجة المصابة خفية ، PCR الكمي في الوقت الحقيقي (qPCR) يستخدم لحساسيتها ودقتها القصوى. فإن التحليلات المشتركة لنتائج الفحص qPCR والبلاك ، و / أو مقايسة IC تكشف ملامح من spatiotemporal الفيروسيةالتكرار والعدوى في الجسم الحي.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Î³HV68 Infection in Mice at JoVE.com

Measurement of &#947;HV68 Infection in Mice

γ - Herpesviruses (γ - HVS) وضع الثبات مدى الحياة في البلدان المضيفة لهم. إصابة الفئران مع γ - HV68 يوفر لين العريكة وراثيا<em&gt; في الجسم الحي</em&gt; نموذج للتوصيف دورة / γHVs المرضية. يصف هذا بروتوكول الكشف والكميات من γHV68 العدوى الحادة في المراحل التالية ، وكامن العدوى عن طريق المركز ، لتشكيل لوحة المعدية ، والمقايسات qPCR.

قياس γHV68 العدوى في الفئران

&gamma;-Herpesviruses (&gamma;-HVs) are notable for their ability to establish latent infections of lymphoid cells1. The narrow host range of human ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

13.5K Views.  University of Southern California, Los Angeles. γ - Herpesviruses (γ - HVS) وضع الثبات مدى الحياة في البلدان المضيفة لهم. إصابة الفئران مع γ - HV68 يوفر لين العريكة وراثيا في الجسم الحي نموذج للتوصيف دورة / γHVs المرضية. يصف هذا بروتوكول الكشف والكميات من γHV68 العدوى الحادة في المراحل التالية ، وكامن العدوى عن طريق الم...

Video: Measurement of γHV68 Infection in Mice

A Method for Labeling Vasculature in Embryonic Mice

The establishment of a functional blood vessel network is an essential part of organogenesis, and is required for optimal organ function. For example, in the thymus proper vasculature formation and patterning is essential for thymocyte entry into the organ and mature T-cell exit to the periphery. The spatial arrangement of blood vessels in the thymus is dependent upon signals from the local microenvironment, namely thymic epithelial cells (TEC). Several recent reports suggest that disruption of these signals results in thymus blood vessel defects 1,2. Previous studies have described techniques used to label the neonatal and adult thymus vasculature 1,2. We demonstrate here a technique for labeling blood vessels in the embryonic thymus. This method combines the use of FITC-dextran or Griffonia (Bandeiraea) Simplicifolia Lectin I (GSL 1 - isolectin B4) facial vein injections and CD31 antibody staining to identify thymus vascular structures and PDGFR-&beta; to label thymic perivascular mesenchyme 3-5. The option of using cryosections or vibratome sections is also provided. This protocol can be used to identify thymus vascular defects, which is critical for defining the roles of TEC-derived molecules in thymus blood vessel formation. As the method labels the entire vasculature, it can also be used to analyze the vascular networks in multiple organs and tissues throughout the embryo including skin and heart 6-10.

This article describes a method for labeling embryonic skin and thymus blood vessels.

A طريقة لوصفها الأوعية الدموية في الفئران الجنينية

The establishment of a functional blood vessel network is an essential part of organogenesis, and is required for optimal organ function. For example, in ...

Measurement of Cytosolic Ca2+ in Isolated Contractile Lymphatics

Lymphatic vessels comprise a multifunctional transport system that maintains fluid homeostasis, delivers lipids to the central circulation, and acts as a surveillance system for potentially harmful antigens, optimizing mucosal immunity and adaptive immune responses1. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid that enters blind-ended initial lymphatics, and then is transported against a pressure gradient in larger collecting lymphatics. Each collecting lymphatic is made up of a series of segments called lymphangions, separated by bicuspid valves that prevent backflow. Each lymphangion possesses a contractile cycle that propels lymph against a pressure gradient toward the central circulation2. This phasic contractile pattern is analogous to the cardiac cycle, with systolic and diastolic phases, and with a lower contraction frequency4. In addition, lymphatic smooth muscle generates tone and displays myogenic constriction and dilation in response to increases and decreases in luminal pressure, respectively5. A hybrid of molecular mechanisms that support both the phasic and tonic contractility of lymphatics are thus proposed.
Contraction of smooth muscle is generally regulated by the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) plus sensitivity to Ca2+, of the contractile elements in response to changes in the environment surrounding the cell6. [Ca2+]i is determined by the combination of the movement of Ca2+ through plasma membrane ligand or voltage gated Ca2+ channels and the release and uptake of Ca2+ from internal stores. Cytosolic Ca2+ binds to calmodulin and activates enzymes such as myosin light chain (MLC) kinase (MLCK), which in turn phosphorylates MLC leading to actin-myosin-mediated contraction8. However, the sensitivity of this pathway to Ca2+ can be regulated by the MLC phosphatase (MLCP)9. MLCP activity is regulated by Rho kinase (ROCK) and the myosin phosphatase inhibitor protein CPI-17.
Here, we present a method to evaluate changes in [Ca2+]i over time in isolated, perfused lymphatics in order to study Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-sensitizing mechanisms of lymphatic smooth muscle contraction. Using isolated rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics we studied stretch-induced changes in [Ca2+]i and contractile activity. The isolated lymphatic model offers the advantage that pressure, flow, and the chemical composition of the bath solution can be tightly controlled. [Ca2+]i was determined by loading lymphatics with the ratiometric, Ca2+-binding dye Fura-2. These studies will provide a new approach to the broader problem of studying the different molecular mechanisms that regulate phasic contractions versus tonic constriction in lymphatic smooth muscle.

Measurement of Cytosolic Ca2+ in Isolated Contractile Lymphatics

We introduce an approach to evaluate the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in isolated lymphatics to study Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-sensitizing mechanisms of lymphatic smooth muscle contraction.

قياس الكالسيوم عصاري خلوي 2 + في مفاوية مقلص متفرقة

Lymphatic vessels comprise a multifunctional transport system that maintains fluid homeostasis, delivers lipids to the central circulation, and acts as a ...

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

This protocol outlines the steps required to longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with integrated &mu;CT (DLIT-&mu;CT) and the subsequent use of this data to generate a four dimensional (4D) movie of the infection cycle. To develop the 4D infection movies and to validate the DLIT-&mu;CT imaging for bacterial infection studies using an IVIS Spectrum CT, we used infection with bioluminescent C. rodentium, which causes self-limiting colitis in mice. In this protocol, we outline the infection of mice with bioluminescent C. rodentium and non-invasive monitoring of colonization by daily DLIT-&mu;CT imaging and bacterial enumeration from feces for 8 days.
The use of the IVIS Spectrum CT facilitates seamless co-registration of optical and &mu;CT scans using a single imaging platform. The low dose &mu;CT modality enables the imaging of mice at multiple time points during infection, providing detailed anatomical localization of bioluminescent bacterial foci in 3D without causing artifacts from the cumulative radiation. Importantly, the 4D movies of infected mice provide a powerful analytical tool to monitor bacterial colonization dynamics in vivo.

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

Multi-modality imaging is a valuable approach for studying bacterial colonization in small animal models. This protocol outlines infection of mice with bioluminescent Citrobacter rodentium and the longitudinal monitoring of bacterial colonization using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with &mu;CT imaging to create a 4D movie of C. rodentium infection.

4D التصوير تعدد الوسائط من<em&gt; الليمونية rodentium</em&gt; التهابات في الفئران

This protocol outlines the steps required to  longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging ...

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model itself. Early phases of inflammation and infection have been widely studied by using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar-beads mouse model, while only few reports have focused on the long-term chronic infection in vivo. The main challenge for long term chronic infection remains the low bacterial burden by P. aeruginosa and the low percentage of infected mice weeks after challenge, indicating that bacterial cells are progressively cleared by the host.
This paper presents a method for obtaining efficient long-term chronic infection in mice. This method is based on the embedding of the P. aeruginosa clinical strains in the agar-beads in vitro, followed by intratracheal instillation in C57Bl/6NCrl mice. Bilateral lung infection is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, mortality, chronic infection, and inflammatory response. The P. aeruginosa RP73 clinical strain was preferred over the PAO1 reference laboratory strain since it resulted in a comparatively lower mortality, more severe lesions, and higher chronic infection. P. aeruginosa colonization may persist in the lung for over three months. Murine lung pathology resembles that of CF patients with advanced chronic pulmonary disease.
This murine model most closely mimics the course of the human disease and can be used both for studies on the pathogenesis and for the evaluation of novel therapies.

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

We describe the agar-beads method to establish persistent long-term chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection in the mouse model.

على المدى الطويل المزمن<em&gt; الزائفة الزنجارية</em&gt; عدوى مجرى الهواء في الفئران

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model ...

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice

Allergic responses are the result of the activation of mast cells and basophils, and the subsequent release of vasoactive and proinflammatory mediators. Exposure to an allergen in a sensitized individual can result in clinical symptoms that vary from minor erythema to life threatening anaphylaxis. In the laboratory, various animal models have been developed to understand the mechanisms driving allergic responses. Herein, we describe a detailed method for measuring changes in vascular permeability to quantify localized allergic responses. The local anaphylaxis assay was first reported in the 1920s, and has been adapted from the technique published by Kojima et al. in 20071. In this assay, mice sensitized to OVA are challenged in the left ear with vehicle and in the right ear with OVA. This is followed by an intravenous injection of Evans Blue dye. Ten min after injecting Evans Blue, the animal is euthanized and the dye that has extravasated into the ears is extracted overnight in formamide. The absorbance of the extracted dye is then quantified with a spectrophotometer. This method reliably results in a visual and quantifiable manifestation of a local allergic response.

Allergic responses, characterized by the activation of mast cells and basophils, are driven by the cross-linking of IgE and release of proinflammatory mediators. A quantitative assessment of allergic responses can be achieved by using Evans Blue dye to monitor changes in vascular permeability after allergen challenge.

قياس الحساسية المفرطة المحلية في الفئران

Allergic responses are the result of the activation of mast cells and basophils, and the subsequent release of vasoactive and proinflammatory mediators. ...

Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans

The polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans is the primary virulence factor and one of the most commonly studied aspects of this pathogenic yeast. Capsule size can vary widely between strains, has the ability to grow rapidly when introduced to stressful or low nutrient conditions, and has been positively correlated with strain virulence. For these reasons, the size of the capsule is of great interest to C. neoformans researchers. The growth of the C. neoformans capsule is induced during phenotypic testing to help understand the effects of different treatments on the yeast or size differences between strains. Here we describe one of the standard methods of capsule induction and compare two accepted methods of staining and measuring capsule diameter: (i) India ink, a negative stain, used in conjunction with conventional light microscopy and (ii) co-staining with fluorescent dyes of both the cell wall and capsule followed by confocal microscopy. Finally, we show how measurement of capsule diameter from India ink-stained samples can be automated using computational image analysis.

Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans

The polysaccharide capsule is the primary virulence factor in Cryptococcus neoformans, and its size correlates with strain virulence. Capsule diameter measurements are used in phenotypic testing and to gauge therapeutic efficacy. Here a standard method of capsule induction is presented, and two methods of staining and measuring diameter are compared.

المسائل الحجم: قياس "القطر كبسولة" في المرسلة بين

The polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans is the primary virulence factor and one of the most commonly studied aspects of this pathogenic ...

A Method for the Measurement of Salivary Gland Function in Mice

Patients with Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome, an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands, develop salivary gland inflammation and have reduced saliva production. Similarly, saliva production is severely compromised in patients receiving radiation treatment for head and neck cancers. Rodent models, developed to mimic these clinical conditions, facilitate an understanding of the disease pathogenesis and allow for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the ability to accurately, reproducibly, and repeatedly measure salivary gland function in animal models is critical. Building on procedures previously described in the literature, a method was developed that meets these criteria and was used to evaluate salivary gland function in mice. An additional advantage of this new method is that it is easily mastered, and has little inter-operator variation. Salivary gland function is evaluated as the amount (weight or volume) or rate (mL/min) of saliva produced in response to pilocarpine stimulation. The collected saliva is a good source for the analyses of protein content, immunoglobulin concentrations, and other biomolecules.

Salivary gland hypofunction is a frequent consequence of autoimmune disease and radiation therapy. Reproducible evaluation of salivary gland function in mouse models of these diseases is a technical challenge. Here, a simple method for accurate and reproducible measurement of saliva production in mice is described.

طريقة لقياس وظيفة الغدة اللعابية في الفئران

Patients with Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome, an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands, develop salivary gland inflammation and have reduced ...

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Antibodies, also termed as immunoglobulins (Ig), secreted by differentiated B lymphocytes, plasmablasts/plasma cells, in humoral immunity provide a formidable defense against invading pathogens via diverse mechanisms. One major goal of vaccination is to induce protective antigen-specific antibodies to prevent life-threatening infections. Both thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independent (TI) antigens can elicit robust antigen-specific IgM responses and can also induce the production of isotype-switched antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgE) as well as the generation of memory B cells with the help provided by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Here, we describe a protocol to characterize TD and TI Ig isotype responses in mice using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this protocol, TD and TI Ig responses are elicited in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization with hapten-conjugated model antigens TNP-KLH (in alum) and TNP-polysaccharide (in PBS), respectively. To induce TD memory response, a booster immunization of TNP-KLH in alum is given at 3 weeks after the first immunization with the same antigen/adjuvant. Mouse sera are harvested at different time points before and after immunization. Total serum Ig levels and TNP-specific antibodies are subsequently quantified using Ig isotype-specific Sandwich and indirect ELISA, respectively. In order to correctly quantify the serum concentration of each Ig isotype, the samples need to be appropriately diluted to fit within the linear range of the standard curves. Using this protocol, we have consistently obtained reliable results with high specificity and sensitivity. When used in combination with other complementary methods such as flow cytometry, in vitro culture of splenic B cells and immunohistochemical staining (IHC), this protocol will allow researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of antibody responses in a given experimental setting.

In this paper, we describe a protocol to characterize T-dependent and T-independent immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype responses in mice using ELISA. This method used alone or in combination with flow cytometry will allow researchers to identify differences in B cell-mediated Ig isotype responses in mice following T-dependent and T-independent antigen immunization.

وصف الاستجابات ايستب الغلوبولين المناعي تعتمد على الغدة الصعترية، والغدة الصعترية مستقلة في الفئران باستخدام مقايسة الممتز المرتبط بالانزيم

Antibodies, also termed as immunoglobulins (Ig), secreted by differentiated B lymphocytes, plasmablasts/plasma cells, in humoral immunity provide a ...

High-throughput Measurement of Plasma Membrane Resealing Efficiency in Mammalian Cells

In their physiological environment, mammalian cells are often subjected to mechanical and biochemical stresses that result in plasma membrane damage. In response to these damages, complex molecular machineries rapidly reseal the plasma membrane to restore its barrier function and maintain cell survival. Despite 60 years of research in this field, we still lack a thorough understanding of the cell resealing machinery. With the goal of identifying cellular components that control plasma membrane resealing or drugs that can improve resealing, we have developed a fluorescence-based high-throughput assay that measures the plasma membrane resealing efficiency in mammalian cells cultured in microplates. As a model system for plasma membrane damage, cells are exposed to the bacterial pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO), which forms large 30-50 nm diameter proteinaceous pores in cholesterol-containing membranes. The use of a temperature-controlled multi-mode microplate reader allows for rapid and sensitive spectrofluorometric measurements in combination with brightfield and fluorescence microscopy imaging of living cells. Kinetic analysis of the fluorescence intensity emitted by a membrane impermeant nucleic acid-binding fluorochrome reflects the extent of membrane wounding and resealing at the cell population level, allowing for the calculation of the cell resealing efficiency. Fluorescence microscopy imaging allows for the enumeration of cells, which constitutively express a fluorescent chimera of the nuclear protein histone 2B, in each well of the microplate to account for potential variations in their number and allows for eventual identification of distinct cell populations. This high-throughput assay is a powerful tool expected to expand our understanding of membrane repair mechanisms via screening for host genes or exogenously added compounds that control plasma membrane resealing.

Here we describe a high-throughput fluorescence-based assay that measures the plasma membrane resealing efficiency through fluorometric and imaging analyses in living cells. This assay can be used for screening drugs or target genes that regulate plasma membrane resealing in mammalian cells.

قياس الإنتاجية العالية من غشاء البلازما إعادة ختم الكفاءة في خلايا الثدييات

In their physiological environment, mammalian cells are often subjected to mechanical and biochemical stresses that result in plasma membrane damage. In ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a striking increase in life expectancy around the globe. Nonetheless, determining vaccine efficacy remains a challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that the current acellular vaccine (aPV) for Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) induces suboptimal immunity. Therefore, a major challenge is designing a next-generation vaccine that induces protective immunity without the adverse side effects of a whole-cell vaccine (wPV). Here we describe a protocol that we used to test the efficacy of a promising, novel adjuvant that skews immune responses to a protective Th1/Th17 phenotype and promotes a better clearance of a B. pertussis challenge from the murine respiratory tract. This article describes the protocol for mouse immunization, bacterial inoculation, tissue harvesting, and analysis of immune responses. Using this method, within our model, we have successfully elucidated crucial mechanisms elicited by a promising, next-generation acellular pertussis vaccine. This method can be applied to any infectious disease model in order to determine vaccine efficacy.

Here we present an elegant protocol for in vivo evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and host immune responses. This protocol can be adapted for vaccine models that study viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens.

تقييم استجابات المضيف الممرض ونجاعة اللقاح في الفئران

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...

قياس γHV68 العدوى في الفئران

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