فإن الكتاب أود أن أشكر لZEBET في BFR (ألمانيا) ، BASF SE (ألمانيا) ، IIVS شركة (الولايات المتحدة) ، Zet LSL - (النمسا) للمشاركة في موضوع الوسط الدراسي التحقق الدولية للSIT البشرة التعديل (5 ).

<ol>
	<li>Kand&#225;rov&#225;, H., Liebsch, M., Genschow, E., Gerner, I. n. g. r. i. d., Traue, D., Slawik, B., Spielmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+the+EpiDerm+Test+Protocol+for+the+upcoming+ECVAM+Validation+Study+on+In+Vitro+Skin+Irritation+Tests.">Optimization of the EpiDerm Test Protocol for the upcoming ECVAM Validation Study on In Vitro Skin Irritation Tests.</a> ALTEX. 21, 107-114 (2004).</li><li>Kand&#225;rov&#225;, H., Liebsch, M., Gerner, I., Schmidt, E., Genschow, E., Traue, D., Spielmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EpiDerm+Skin+Irritation+Test+Protocol+-+Assessment+of+the+performance+of+the+optimized+test.">EpiDerm Skin Irritation Test Protocol - Assessment of the performance of the optimized test.</a> ATLA. 33, 351-367 (2005).</li><li>Kand&#225;rov&#225;, H., Hayden, P., Klausner, M., Kubilus, J., Kearney, P., Sheasgreen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vitro+Skin+Irritation+Test:+Improving+the+Sensitivity+of+the+EpiDerm+Skin+Irritation+Test+Protocol.Accepted+for+publication.">In Vitro Skin Irritation Test: Improving the Sensitivity of the EpiDerm Skin Irritation Test Protocol.Accepted for publication.</a> ATLA. , (2009).</li><li>Spielmann, H., Hoffmann, S., Liebsch, M., Botham, P., Fentem, J., Eskes, C., Roguet, R., Cotovi, J., Cole, T., Worth, A., Heylings, J., Jones, P., Robles, C., Kand&#225;rov&#225;, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ECVAM+International+Validation+Study+on+In+Vitro+Tests+for+Acute+Skin+Irritation:+Report+on+the+Validity+of+the+EPISKIN+and+EpiDerm+Assays+and+on+the+Skin+Integrity+Function+Test.">The ECVAM International Validation Study on In Vitro Tests for Acute Skin Irritation: Report on the Validity of the EPISKIN and EpiDerm Assays and on the Skin Integrity Function Test.</a> ATLA. 35, 559-601 (2007).</li><li>Liebsch, M., Gamer, A., Curren, R., Frank, J., Genschow, E., Tharmann, J., Remmele, M., Bauer, B., Raabe, H., Barnes, N., Hilberer, A., Wilt, N., Lornejad-Sch&#228;fer, M. R., Sch&#228;fer, C., Spiller, E., Hayden, P., Kand&#225;rov&#225;, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follow-up+validation+of+the+modified+EpiDerm+Skin+Irritation+Test+(SIT):+results+of+a+multicentre+study+of+twenty+reference+test+substances.">Follow-up validation of the modified EpiDerm Skin Irritation Test (SIT): results of a multicentre study of twenty reference test substances.</a> , (2008).</li><li>United Nations. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS). , (2007).</li><li>ESAC. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statement on the Scientific Validity of In-Vitro Tests for Skin Irritation Testing. , (2008).</li><li>Gupta, K., Rispin, A., Stitzel, K., Coecke, S., Harbell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ensuring+quality+of+in+vitro+alternative+test+methods:+Issues+and+answers.">Ensuring quality of in vitro alternative test methods: Issues and answers.</a> Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 43, 219-224 (2005).</li><li>Rispin, A., Stitzel, K., Harbell, J., Klausner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ensuring+quality+of+in+vitro+alternative+test+methods:+Current+practice.">Ensuring quality of in vitro alternative test methods: Current practice.</a> Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 45, 97-103 (2006).</li></ol>

The authors are employees of MatTek corporation which produce reagents and tools used in this article.

في هذا الفيديو ، لقد أثبتنا في تهيج الجلد البشرة الاختبار (البشرة SIT) المتقدمة والمصادق عليها في المختبر اختبار الجلد تهيج للمواد الكيميائية ، بما في ذلك مكونات مستحضرات التجميل والصناعات الدوائية. عند تنفيذ هذا الأسلوب ، فإنه من المهم للعمل في ظروف معقمة ومتابعة صارمة لبروتوكول التحقق ، لأن الانحراف عن البروتوكول قد يسبب نتائج مختلفة. بعض التعديلات للمقايسة ممكنة ، ومع ذلك ، ينبغي أن تناقش تعديلات على بروتوكول مباشرة مع المؤلفين. والقيد الوحيد لهذه الطريقة هو احتمال حدوث تدخل من المواد الخاضعة للاختبار مع نقطة النهاية MTT. ويجوز للاختبار مادة ملونة أو أحد أن يقلل من MTT مباشرة (وبالتالي يحاكي نشاط نازعة من الميتوكوندريا الخلوية) تتداخل مع نقطة النهاية MTT. ومع ذلك ، فإن هذه المادة المختبرة هي مشكلة فقط إذا في وقت الاختبار MTT (أي 42 ساعة بعد التعرض للمادة الاختبار) كميات كافية من المواد الخاضعة للاختبار لا تزال موجودة على (أو في) الأنسجة. في حالة من هذا الحدث غير المحتمل ، و(صحيح) خفض MTT الأيضية ومساهمة من قبل اختبار المواد الملونة أو (كاذبة) خفض MTT المباشر للمواد الاختبار يمكن قياسها كميا بواسطة إجراء وصفه بالتفصيل في عملية إجراء الفحص القياسية التي توفرها شركة ماتيك

an in vitro skin irritation test (sit) using the epiderm reconstructed human epidermal (rhe) model

تم تطوير اختبار البشرة تهيج الجلد (البشرة SIT)<sup&gt; (1،2،3)</sup&gt; والتحقق من صحتها<sup&gt; (4،5)</sup&gt; ل<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; اختبار حساسية الجلد للمواد الكيميائية ، بما في ذلك مكونات مستحضرات التجميل والصناعات الدوائية. وSIT البشرة تستخدم 3D<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; إعادة بناء الإنسان البشرة (ري) نموذج البشرة. الإجراء الموصوفة في هذا البروتوكول يسمح للتمييز بين المواد المهيجة للفئة 2 GHS والمهيجات غير<sup&gt; (6)</sup&gt;. يتم إجراء اختبار على مدار فترة زمنية 4 ايام ، ويتألف من ما قبل الحضانة ، و 60 دقيقة من التعرض ، 42 ساعة بعد الحضانة وMTT فحص قدرتها على البقاء. بعد استلام الأنسجة وبين عشية وضحاها ما قبل الحضانة (يوم 0) ، تتعرض الأنسجة موضعيا لاختبار المواد الكيميائية (يوم 1) ، والتي يمكن أن تكون سائلة أو شبه صلبة أو صلبة أو الشمع. وتستخدم ثلاثة أنسجة لاختبار كل مادة كيميائية ، فضلا عن السيطرة الايجابية (5 ٪ AQ حل SDS) ، والتحكم السلبية (DPBS). التعرض للمواد الكيميائية يستمر لمدة 60 دقيقة ، 35 دقيقة منها إبقاء الأنسجة في حاضنة عند 37 درجة مئوية. ثم تتم إزالة المواد اختبار من سطح الانسجة بواسطة إجراء الغسيل واسعة النطاق. ونشف يدرج الأنسجة ونقل إلى متوسطة جديدة. بعد فترة حضانة المرض 24 ساعة (يوم 2) ، ويتم تبادلها في المتوسط. يمكن حفظ المتوسطة لمزيد من التحليل أو السيتوكينات النهاية الأخرى ذات الاهتمام. بعد تبادل المتوسط ​​، يتم تحضين الأنسجة لمدة 18 ساعة إضافية. في نهاية 42h كامل بعد الحضانة (3 أيام) ، يتم نقل الأنسجة في حل MTT الصفراء والمحتضنة لمدة 3 ساعات. يتم استخراج الملح الناتجة formazan الأرجواني والأزرق ، التي شكلت أساسا الأيض الميتوكوندريا ، لمدة 2 ساعة باستخدام الأيزوبروبانول. يتم تحديد الكثافة البصرية للformazan المستخرجة باستخدام مقياس الطيف الضوئي. ويصنف باعتباره مادة كيميائية مهيجة إذا تم تخفيض قابلية الأنسجة النسبي للأنسجة السيطرة السلبية معاملة أقل من 50 ٪. ويمكن استخدام هذا الإجراء والاستبدال الكامل للأرنب في الجسم الحي تهيج الجلد اختبار لتحديد المخاطر ووضع العلامات للمواد الكيميائية في تمشيا مع لوائح الاتحاد الأوروبي<sup&gt; (7)</sup&gt;.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test SIT using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal RHE Model at JoVE.com

An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test SIT using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal RHE Model

في هذا الفيديو ، نبدي تهيج الجلد البشرة الاختبار (البشرة SIT) المتقدمة والتحقق من صحتها ل<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; اختبار حساسية الجلد للمواد الكيميائية ، بما في ذلك مكونات مستحضرات التجميل والصناعات الدوائية.

و في المختبر</emأعيد بناؤها> اختبار حساسية الجلد (SIT) باستخدام البشرة البشرة الإنسان (ري) الموديل

The EpiDerm Skin Irritation test (EpiDerm SIT) was developed (1,2,3) and validated (4,5) for in vitro skin irritation testing of chemicals, including ...

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An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test (SIT) using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal (RHE) Model

67.4K Views.  MatTek Corporation.  日本語 

Video: An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test SIT using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal RHE Model

Christopher Hughes:  An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis (Interview)

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro.  He explains the importance of fibroblasts that secrete a critical, yet unidentified, soluble factor that allow endothelial cells to form vessels in culture that branch, form proper lumens, and undergo anastamosis.

Christopher Hughes:  An in vitro model for the Study of Angiogenesis Interview

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro. He explains the importance of fibroblasts that secrete a critical, yet unidentified, soluble factor that allow endothelial cells to form vessels in culture that branch, form proper lumens, and undergo anastamosis.

كريستوفر هيوز : حدث في نموذج المختبر لدراسة الأوعية الدموية (مقابلة)

Christopher C.W. Hughes describes the utility of his culture system for studying angiogenesis in vitro.  He explains the importance of fibroblasts that ...

Mouse Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell (EPI-NCSC) Cultures

EPI-NCSC are remnants of the embryonic neural crest in an adult location, the bulge of hair follicles. They are multipotent stem cells that have the physiological property to generate a wide array of differentiated cell types, including neurons, nerve supporting cells, smooth muscle cells, bone/cartilage cells and melanocytes. EPI-NCSC are easily accessible in the hairy skin and can be isolated as a highly pure population of stem cells. This video provides a detailed protocol for preparing mouse EPI-NCSC cultures from whisker follicles. The whisker pad of an adult mouse is removed, and whisker follicles dissected. The follicles are then cut longitudinally and subsequently transversely above and below the bulge region. The bulge is removed from the collagen capsule and placed in a culture plate. EPI-NCSC start to emigrate from the bulge explants 3 to 4 days later.

Mouse Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell EPI-NCSC Cultures

Here we show our method to isolate mouse epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC). Technique involves micro-dissecting whisker follicles, isolating the bulge and placeing it into tissue culture. EPI-NCSC start to emigrate from bulge explants onto the substratum within 3 - 4 days.

الماوس البشرة الجذعية العصبية خلية كريست (EPI - NCSC) الثقافات

EPI-NCSC are remnants of the embryonic neural crest in an adult location, the bulge of hair follicles. They are multipotent stem cells that have the ...

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

The number of significant genetic associations with common complex traits is constantly increasing. However, most of these associations have not been understood at molecular level. One of the mechanisms mediating the effect of DNA variants on phenotypes is gene expression, which has been shown to be particularly relevant for complex traits1.
This method tests in a cellular context the effect of specific DNA sequences on gene expression. The principle is to measure the relative abundance of transcripts arising from the two alleles of a gene, analysing cells which carry one copy of the DNA sequences associated with disease (the risk variants)2,3. Therefore, the cells used for this method should meet two fundamental genotypic requirements: they have to be heterozygous both for DNA risk variants and for DNA markers, typically coding polymorphisms, which can distinguish transcripts based on their chromosomal origin (Figure 1). DNA risk variants and DNA markers do not need to have the same allele frequency but the phase (haplotypic) relationship of the genetic markers needs to be understood. It is also important to choose cell types which express the gene of interest. This protocol refers specifically to the procedure adopted to extract nucleic acids from fibroblasts but the method is equally applicable to other cells types including primary cells.
DNA and RNA are extracted from the selected cell lines and cDNA is generated. DNA and cDNA are analysed with a primer extension assay, designed to target the coding DNA markers4. The primer extension assay is carried out using the MassARRAY (Sequenom)5 platform according to the manufacturer's specifications. Primer extension products are then analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). Because the selected markers are heterozygous they will generate two peaks on the MS profiles. The area of each peak is proportional to the transcript abundance and can be measured with a function of the MassARRAY Typer software to generate an allelic ratio (allele 1: allele 2) calculation. The allelic ratio obtained for cDNA is normalized using that measured from genomic DNA, where the allelic ratio is expected to be 1:1 to correct for technical artifacts. Markers with a normalised allelic ratio significantly different to 1 indicate that the amount of transcript generated from the two chromosomes in the same cell is different, suggesting that the DNA variants associated with the phenotype have an effect on gene expression. Experimental controls should be used to confirm the results.

Genetic associations often remain unexplained at a functional level. This method aims to assess the effect of phenotype-associated genetic markers on gene expression by analyzing cells heterozygous for transcribed SNPs. The technology allows accurate measurement by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to quantify allele-specific primer extension products.

الأليل محددة التعبير الجيني الفحص لفحص الأسس الفنية للجمعيات الوراثية

The number of significant genetic associations with common complex traits is constantly increasing. However, most of these associations have not been ...

Imaging C. elegans Embryos using an Epifluorescent Microscope and Open Source Software

Cellular processes, such as chromosome assembly, segregation and cytokinesis,are inherently dynamic. Time-lapse imaging of living cells, using fluorescent-labeled reporter proteins or differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, allows for the examination of the temporal progression of these dynamic events which is otherwise inferred from analysis of fixed samples1,2. Moreover, the study of the developmental regulations of cellular processes necessitates conducting time-lapse experiments on an intact organism during development. The Caenorhabiditis elegans embryo is light-transparent and has a rapid, invariant developmental program with a known cell lineage3, thus providing an ideal experiment model for studying questions in cell biology4,5and development6-9. C. elegans is amendable to genetic manipulation by forward genetics (based on random mutagenesis10,11) and reverse genetics to target specific genes (based on RNAi-mediated interference and targeted mutagenesis12-15). In addition, transgenic animals can be readily created to express fluorescently tagged proteins or reporters16,17. These traits combine to make it easy to identify the genetic pathways regulating fundamental cellular and developmental processes in vivo18-21. In this protocol we present methods for live imaging of C. elegans embryos using DIC optics or GFP fluorescence on a compound epifluorescent microscope. We demonstrate the ease with which readily available microscopes, typically used for fixed sample imaging, can also be applied for time-lapse analysis using open-source software to automate the imaging process.

Imaging C. elegans Embryos using an Epifluorescent Microscope and Open Source Software

The C. elegans embryo is a powerful system for studying cell biology and development. We present a protocol for live imaging of C. elegans embryos utilizing DIC optics or fluorescence using readily available epifluorescent microscopes and open-source software.

التصوير C. ايليجانس الأجنة باستخدام مجهر Epifluorescent وبرمجيات المصدر المفتوح

Cellular processes, such as chromosome assembly, segregation and cytokinesis,are inherently dynamic. Time-lapse imaging of living cells, using ...

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean Artemia franciscana

Our research activities target the use of biological methods for the evaluation of environmental quality, with particular reference to saltwater/brackish water and sediment. The choice of biological indicators must be based on reliable scientific knowledge and, possibly, on the availability of standardized procedures. In this article, we present a standardized protocol that used the marine crustacean Artemia to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals and/or of marine environmental matrices. Scientists propose that the brine shrimp (Artemia) is a suitable candidate for the development of a standard bioassay for worldwide utilization. A number of papers have been published on the toxic effects of various chemicals and toxicants on brine shrimp (Artemia). The major advantage of this crustacean for toxicity studies is the overall availability of the dry cysts; these can be immediately used in testing and difficult cultivation is not demanded1,2. Cyst-based toxicity assays are cheap, continuously available, simple and reliable and are thus an important answer to routine needs of toxicity screening, for industrial monitoring requirements or for regulatory purposes3. The proposed method involves the mortality as an endpoint. The numbers of survivors were counted and percentage of deaths were calculated. Larvae were considered dead if they did not exhibit any internal or external movement during several seconds of observation4. This procedure was standardized testing a reference substance (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate); some results are reported in this work. This article accompanies a video that describes the performance of procedural toxicity testing, showing all the steps related to the protocol.

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean Artemia franciscana

This study concerns the development and standardization of a valuable methodological protocol to determine long-term (14 days) lethal toxicity exerted by chemical substances, industrial wastewater or sewage and liquid environmental samples on the saltwater crustacean, Artemia franciscana.

على المدى الطويل اختبار السمية المهلكة مع القشريات الأرتيميا franciscana</em

Our research activities target the use of biological methods for the evaluation of environmental quality, with particular reference to saltwater/brackish ...

Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells In vitro

Studying germ cell formation and differentiation has traditionally been very difficult due to low cell numbers and their location deep within developing embryos. The availability of a "closed" in vitro based system could prove invaluable for our understanding of gametogenesis. The formation of oocyte-like cells (OLCs) from somatic stem cells, isolated from newborn mouse skin, has been demonstrated and can be visualized in this video protocol. The resulting OLCs express various markers consistent with oocytes such as Oct4 , Vasa , Bmp15, and Scp3. However, they remain unable to undergo maturation or fertilization due to a failure to complete meiosis. This protocol will provide a system that is useful for studying the early stage formation and differentiation of germ cells into more mature gametes. During early differentiation the number of cells expressing Oct4 (potential germ-like cells) reaches ~5%, however currently the formation of OLCs remains relatively inefficient. The protocol is relatively straight forward though special care should be taken to ensure the starting cell population is healthy and at an early passage.

Differentiation of Newborn Mouse Skin Derived Stem Cells into Germ-like Cells In vitro

In recent years the formation of germ cells using in vitro culture methods has been demonstrated using several different types of somatic stem cells. This article will visually present the differentiation of newborn mouse derived stem cells to early oocyte-like cells.

التفريق بين الأطفال حديثي الولادة ماوس خلايا الجلد الجذعية المشتقة في مثل جرثومة خلايا<em&gt; في المختبر</em

Studying  germ cell formation and differentiation has traditionally been very difficult  due to low cell numbers and their location deep within developing ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

An In Vitro Model for Studying Cellular Transformation by Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an unusual tumor composed of proliferating spindle cells that is initiated by infection of endothelial cells (EC) with KSHV, and develops most often in the setting of immunosuppression. Despite decades of research, optimal treatment of KS remains poorly defined and clinical outcomes are especially unfavorable in resource-limited settings. KS lesions are driven by pathological angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and oncogenesis, and various in vitro cell culture models have been developed to study these processes. KS arises from KSHV-infected cells of endothelial origin, so EC-lineage cells provide the most appropriate in vitro surrogates of the spindle cell precursor. However, because EC have a limited in vitro lifespan, and as the oncogenic mechanisms employed by KSHV are less efficient than those of other tumorigenic viruses, it has been difficult to assess the processes of transformation in primary or telomerase-immortalized EC. Therefore, a novel EC-based culture model was developed that readily supports transformation following infection with KSHV. Ectopic expression of the E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 16 allows for extended culture of age- and passage-matched mock- and KSHV-infected EC and supports the development of a truly transformed (i.e., tumorigenic) phenotype in infected cell cultures. This tractable and highly reproducible model of KS has facilitated the discovery of several essential signaling pathways with high potential for translation into clinical settings.

An In Vitro Model for Studying Cellular Transformation by Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a tumor induced by infection with the oncogenic virus human herpesvirus-8/KS herpesvirus (HHV-8/KSHV). The endothelial cell culture model described here is uniquely suited for studying the mechanisms by which KSHV transforms host cells.

نموذج في المختبر لدراسة التحول الخلوي من هربس كابوزي ساركوما

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an unusual tumor composed of proliferating spindle cells that is initiated by infection of endothelial cells (EC) with KSHV, and ...

Isolation of Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes and Their In Vitro Clonogenic Culture

The protocol described here is a reliable method of harvesting primary keratinocytes from adult female mice (54 &#177; 2 days old) yielding approximately 30 x 106 viable cells per mouse. Primary adult mouse keratinocytes are harvested from the dorsal skin of female mice. Male mice (~6 weeks old) can be used for keratinocyte harvesting depending on the requirements of the experiment. Euthanized mice are shaved and sterilized with serial washes in povidone iodine and ethanol solutions (70% alcohol). After disinfecting the mice, the dorsal skin is removed and the subcutaneous fat and muscle are removed with a scalpel and discarded. The skins are cut into small pieces and treated with a mild, low temperature trypsinization to detach the lower dermis from the epidermis. The scraped epidermises are stirred at low speed, filtered to remove the hairs, counted, and re-suspended in culture medium. This method provides an excellent single cell suspension of highly culturable cells for many downstream applications.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate epidermal keratinocytes from the dorsal skin of adult mice for a variety of downstream applications such as molecular biology, biochemistry, fluorescence activated cell sorting, and primary in vitro uses (e.g., clonogenic keratinocytes).

عزل الخلايا الكيراتينية البشرة الماوس وثقافتهم في المختبر Clonogenic

The protocol described here is a reliable method of harvesting primary keratinocytes from adult female mice (54 &#177; 2 days old) yielding approximately ...

A Murine Model of a Burn Wound Reconstructed with an Allogeneic Skin Graft

Trivial superficial wounds heal without complications by primary intention. Deep wounds, such as full thickness burns, heal by secondary intention and require surgical debridement and skin grafting. Successful integration of the donor graft into a recipient wound bed depends on timely recruitment of immune cells, robust angiogenic response and new extracellular matrix formation. The development of novel therapeutic agents, which target some key processes involved in wound healing, are hindered by the lack of reliable preclinical models with optimized objective assessment of wound closure. Here, we describe an inexpensive and reproducible model of experimental full thickness burn wound reconstructed with an allogeneic skin graft. The wound is induced on the dorsum surface of anaesthetized inbred wild type mice from the BALB/C and SKH1-Hrhr backgrounds. The burn is produced using a brass template measuring 10 mm in diameter, which is preheated to 80 &#176;C and delivered at a constant pressure for 20 s. Burn eschar is excised 24 hours after the injury and replaced with a full thickness graft harvested from the tail of a genetically similar donor mouse. No specialized equipment is required for the procedure and surgical techniques are straightforward to follow. The method may be effortlessly implemented and reproduced in most research settings. Certain limitations are associated with the model. Due to technical difficulties, the harvest of thinner split thickness skin grafts is not possible. The surgical method we describe here allows for the reconstruction of burn wounds using full thickness skin grafts. It may be used to carry out preclinical therapeutic testing.

The aim of this study was to develop a murine model of burn wound healing. A thermal burn was induced on the dorsal skin of mice using a preheated brass template. Burned tissue was debrided and overlaid with a skin graft harvested from the tail of a genetically similar donor mouse.

نموذج مورين من جرح حرق أعيد بناؤها مع الكسب غير المشروع الجلد الجيني

Trivial superficial wounds heal without complications by primary intention. Deep wounds, such as full thickness burns, heal by secondary intention and ...

و في المختبر اختبار حساسية الجلد (SIT) باستخدام البشرة البشرة الإنسان (ري) الموديل