وأيد هذا العمل من قبل المعاهد الوطنية للصحة منح R01 R01 GM075200 وHL083393 (LAT). نعترف زمالات لدعم BAF من المعاهد الوطنية للصحة T90 DA022871 ومعهد مالينكرودت من الأشعة ، وللVDV من منحة 09PRE2060795 من رابطة القلب الاميركية

<ol>
	<li>Hamburger, V., Hamilton, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+series+of+normal+stages+in+the+development+of+the+chick+embryo.">A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo.</a> Journal of Morphology. 88, 49-92 (1951).</li><li>Canfield, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dry+beveling+micropipettes+using+a+computer+hard+drive.">Dry beveling micropipettes using a computer hard drive.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 158, 19-21 (2006).</li><li>Voronov, D. A., Taber, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+looping+in+experimental+conditions:+the+effects+of+extraembryonic+forces.">Cardiac looping in experimental conditions: the effects of extraembryonic forces.</a> Developmental Dynamics. 224, 413-421 (2002).</li><li>Filas, B. A., Bayly, P. V., Taber, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+stress+as+a+regulator+of+cytoskeletal+contractility+and+nuclear+shape+in+embryonic+epithelia.">Mechanical stress as a regulator of cytoskeletal contractility and nuclear shape in embryonic epithelia.</a> Ann. Biomed. Eng. 39, 443-454 (2011).</li><li>Kozel, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastic+fiber+formation:+a+dynamic+view+of+extracellular+matrix+assembly+using+timer+reporters.">Elastic fiber formation: a dynamic view of extracellular matrix assembly using timer reporters.</a> J. Cell. Physiol. 207, 87-96 (2006).</li><li>Filas, B. A., Efimov, I. R., Taber, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+coherence+tomography+as+a+tool+for+measuring+morphogenetic+deformation+of+the+looping+heart.">Optical coherence tomography as a tool for measuring morphogenetic deformation of the looping heart.</a> Anat. Rec. 290, 1057-1068 (2007).</li><li>Varner, V. D., Voronov, D. A., Taber, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanics+of+head+fold+formation:+investigating+tissue-level+forces+during+early+development.">Mechanics of head fold formation: investigating tissue-level forces during early development.</a> Development. 137, 3801-3811 (2010).</li><li>Van Essen, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrated+software+suite+for+surface-based+analyses+of+cerebral+cortex.">An integrated software suite for surface-based analyses of cerebral cortex.</a> J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 8, 443-459 (2001).</li><li>Filas, B. A., Knutsen, A. K., Bayly, P. V., Taber, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+method+for+measuring+deformation+of+folding+surfaces+during+morphogenesis.">A new method for measuring deformation of folding surfaces during morphogenesis.</a> J. Biomech. Eng. 130, 061010-061010 (2008).</li><li>Yuan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-registered+optical+coherence+tomography+and+fluorescence+molecular+imaging+for+simultaneous+morphological+and+molecular+imaging.">Co-registered optical coherence tomography and fluorescence molecular imaging for simultaneous morphological and molecular imaging.</a> Phys. Med. Biol. 55, 191-206 (2010).</li><li>Zamir, E. A., Czirok, A., Rongish, B. J., Little, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+digital+image-based+method+for+computational+tissue+fate+mapping+during+early+avian+morphogenesis.">A digital image-based method for computational tissue fate mapping during early avian morphogenesis.</a> Ann. Biomed. Eng. 33, 854-865 (2005).</li><li>Blanchard, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+tectonics:+morphogenetic+strain+rates,+cell+shape+change+and+intercalation.">Tissue tectonics: morphogenetic strain rates, cell shape change and intercalation.</a> Nat. Methods. 6, 458-464 (2009).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

وتعرض اثنين من التقنيات لوضع العلامات نسيج الثقافة البيضة السابقين لافراخ الدجاج في وقت مبكر. الأول يستخدم الأصباغ الفلورية محبة للدهون تسليمها عبر جزيئات الحديد المغناطيسي في وقت واحد لتسمية مئات من الخلايا. ومع ذلك ، هذا الأسلوب هو حاليا غير متوافق مع التصوي?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> المادة / الكاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td><td> تعليقات </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM -- ارتفاع نسبة الجلوكوز </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> D5796 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> البنسلين / الستربتوميسين / نيومايسين </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> P4083 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> مصل الدجاج </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 16110-082 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> التخزين المؤقت للفوسفات Dulbecco المالحة </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> D1408 </td><td> 10X </td></tr><tr><td> Whatman مرشح ورقة # 2 </td><td> Whatman </td><td> 1002 090 </td><td> ضربات 90mm قطرها </td></tr><tr><td> الزجاج Micropipettes </td><td> العالم الدقةالصكوك (WPI) </td><td> TW150 - 6 </td><td> الداخلية قطرها 1.5mm </td></tr><tr><td> صلاح الغيدان </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> D - 282 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> انخفاض الحديد </td><td> مالينكرودت شركة بيكر </td><td> 5320 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 10 ميكرومتر القطر المجهرية (أسود) </td><td> شركة Polysciences </td><td> 24294 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> دلتا تي الطبق (الفاصل الزمني للثقافة) </td><td> Bioptechs </td><td> 04200415B </td><td> سميكة ، أسود 0.17mm </td></tr><tr><td> دلتا الطبق الثقافة T4 المراقب </td><td> Bioptechs </td><td> 0420-4-03 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> مضخة صغيرة الأجهزة تدفق متغير </td><td> فيشر العلمية </td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

tracking morphogenetic tissue deformations in the early chick embryo

التشوهات الجنينية ظهائر الخضوع المعقدة (مثل الانحناء والبرم ، وقابلة للطي ، وتمتد) لتشكيل أجهزة بدائية للجنين في وقت مبكر. تتبع علامات إيمانية على أسطح هذه الأوراق الخليوي هي طريقة راسخة لتقدير كميات تخلقية مثل انكماش النمو والقص. ومع ذلك ، وليس وضع العلامات السطحية جميع التقنيات قابلة للتكيف بسهولة إلى طرائق التصوير التقليدية ، وتمتلك مزايا مختلفة والقيود. هنا ، نحن تصف طرق وضع العلامات اثنين وتوضيح فائدة كل أسلوب. في الأسلوب الأول ، يتم تطبيق المئات من التسميات الفلورية في الوقت نفسه إلى الجنين باستخدام جزيئات الحديد المغناطيسي. ثم يتم استخدام هذه التسميات لكمية تشوهات الأنسجة 2 - D أثناء التشكل. في الطريقة الثانية ، تستخدم المجهرية البوليسترين كعوامل التباين في غير الغازية التصوير الضوئي التماسك (أكتوبر) التصوير المقطعي لتتبع تشوهات الأنسجة 3 - D. وقد نجحت هذه التقنياتلاي تنفيذها في مختبرنا لstudythe الآليات المادية أضعاف رأس في وقت مبكر ، والقلب ، ونمو الدماغ ، وينبغي أن تكون قابلة للتكيف لعمليات واسعة النطاق التخلق.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo at JoVE.com

Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo

توضح هذه المقالة السطحية ووضع العلامات<em&gt; البيضة السابقين</em&gt; زراعة الأنسجة في جنين الفرخ المبكر. وتعرض تقنيات قابلة للمرور الوقت حقل مشرق ، ومضان ، التصوير المقطعي البصري والتماسك. التسميات السطحية تتبع للقرار spatiotemporal كميات عالية تمكن الحركية مثل سلالات التخلق (التشوهات) يتم حسابها في البعدين وثلاثة على حد سواء.

تتبع التشويهات الأنسجة التخلق في جنين الفرخ المبكر

Embryonic epithelia undergo complex deformations (e.g. bending, twisting, folding, and stretching) to form the primitive organs of the early embryo. ...

tracking-morphogenetic-tissue-deformations-in-the-early-chick-embryo

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JoVE Journal

Biology

12.8K Views.  Washington University. توضح هذه المقالة السطحية ووضع العلامات البيضة السابقين زراعة الأنسجة في جنين الفرخ المبكر. وتعرض تقنيات قابلة للمرور الوقت حقل مشرق ، ومضان ، التصوير المقطعي البصري والتماسك. التسميات السطحية تتبع للقرار spatiotemporal كميات عالية تمكن الحركية مثل سلالات الت...

Video: Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

طريقة لثقافة الفرخ المبكر فيفو السابقين الأجنة (الثقافة الجديدة)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

الجامعة جبل مزدوجة في الموقع التهجين لافراخ الدجاج في وقت مبكر

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying the formation and initial patterning of the nervous system. This video demonstrates how to graft organizer tissue into a host, a method by which Hensen s node (the organizer in the chick embryo) is grafted to a host competent ectoderm. The organizer graft instructs overlying na ve tissue to adopt a neural fate via neural inducing signals. This mechanism is referred to as neural induction, and constitutes the initial step in the formation of brain and spinal cord in amniotes. This method is essentially used for the characterization of putative neural inducing molecules in chick. This video demonstrates the different steps in the assay for neural induction; First, the donnor embryo is explanted and pinned on a dish. Then, the host embryo is prepared for New culture. The graft is excised and transplanted to the host area pellucida margin. The host is cultured for 18-22 hrs. The assembly is fixed and processed for further applications (e.g. in situ hybridization). This method was originally devised by Waddington 1,2 and Gallera 3,4.

Neural induction is the first step in the formation of the brain. It is a mechanism by which Hensen's node (organizer), instructs adjacent tissue to adopt a neural fate, i.e. to give rise to the nervous system. This video demonstrates an assay for neural induction in chick embryo.

مقايسة لتحريض العصبية في الأجنة الفرخ

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite isolated from each other, with largely independent histories and scientific communities. However, the interface between these usually disparate fields is the developmental programs underlying acquisition of functional electrical signaling properties and differentiation of functional chemical synapses during the final phases of neural circuit formation. This interface is a critically important area for investigation. In Drosophila, these phases of functional development occur during a period of &lt;8 hours (at 25&deg;C) during the last third of embryogenesis. This late developmental period was long considered intractable to investigation owing to the deposition of a tough, impermeable epidermal cuticle. A breakthrough advance was the application of water-polymerizing surgical glue that can be locally applied to the cuticle to enable controlled dissection of late-stage embryos. With a dorsal longitudinal incision, the embryo can be laid flat, exposing the ventral nerve cord and body wall musculature to experimental investigation. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques can then be employed to record from individually-identifiable neurons and somatic muscles. These recording configurations have been used to track the appearance and maturation of ionic currents and action potential propagation in both neurons and muscles. Genetic mutants affecting these electrical properties have been characterized to reveal the molecular composition of ion channels and associated signaling complexes, and to begin exploration of the molecular mechanisms of functional differentiation. A particular focus has been the assembly of synaptic connections, both in the central nervous system and periphery. The glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is most accessible to a combination of optical imaging and electrophysiological recording. A glass suction electrode is used to stimulate the peripheral nerve, with excitatory junction current (EJC) recordings made in the voltage-clamped muscle. This recording configuration has been used to chart the functional differentiation of the synapse, and track the appearance and maturation of presynaptic glutamate release properties. In addition, postsynaptic properties can be assayed independently via iontophoretic or pressure application of glutamate directly to the muscle surface, to measure the appearance and maturation of the glutamate receptor fields. Thus, both pre- and postsynaptic elements can be monitored separately or in combination during embryonic synaptogenesis. This system has been heavily used to isolate and characterize genetic mutants that impair embryonic synapse formation, and thus reveal the molecular mechanisms governing the specification and differentiation of synapse connections and functional synaptic signaling properties.

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Electrophysiological recordings from Drosophila embryos allow analyses of developing muscle and neuron electrical properties, as well as characterization of functional synaptogenesis at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction and central cholinergic and GABAergic synapses.

الكهربية في تسجيل ذبابة الفاكهة الأجنة

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite ...

Quantitation of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly lethal and genotoxic lesions, that can arise either by endogenous (physiological or pathological) processes or by exogenous factors, particularly ionizing radiation and radiomimetic compounds. Phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX, is an early response to DNA double-strand breaks1. This phosphorylation event is mediated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PI3K) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Overall, DSB induction results in the formation of discrete nuclear &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily detected and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. Given the unique specificity and sensitivity of this marker, analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in biomedical research, particularly in radiation biology and nuclear medicine. The quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci has been most widely investigated in cell culture systems in the context of ionizing radiation-induced DSBs. Apart from cellular radiosensitivity, immunofluorescence based assays have also been used to evaluate the efficacy of radiation-modifying compounds. In addition, &gamma;H2AX has been used as a molecular marker to examine the efficacy of various DSB-inducing compounds and is recently being heralded as important marker of ageing and disease, particularly cancer3. Further, immunofluorescence-based methods have been adapted to suit detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci ex vivo and in vivo4,5. Here, we demonstrate a typical immunofluorescence method for detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in mouse tissues.

Quantitation of &amp;#947;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

Quantitation of DNA double-strand breaks on the basis of &gamma;H2AX foci has become an invaluable tool, particularly in radiation biology, for the evaluation of tissue radiosensitivity and effects of radiation modifying compounds. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in tissue samples.

الكميات بؤر γH2AX في عينات الأنسجة

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly lethal and genotoxic lesions, that can arise either by endogenous (physiological or pathological) ...

Single Cell Transfection in Chick Embryos

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a thorough analysis of the fates of single cells under normal and experimental conditions. To this end, transfection methods that target single progenitors are a prerequisite. We describe here a technically straightforward method for transfecting single cells in chicken tissues in-ovo, allowing reliable lineage tracing as well as genetic manipulation. Specific tissue domains are targeted within the somite or neural tube, and DNA is injected directly into the epithelium of interest, resulting in sporadic transfection of single cells. Using reporters, clonal populations may consequently be traced for up to three days, and behavior of genetically manipulated clonal populations can be compared with that of controls. This method takes advantage of the accessibility of the chick embryo along with emerging tools for genetic manipulation. We compare and discuss its advantages over the widely-used electroporation method, and possible applications and use in additional in-vivo models are also suggested. We advocate the use of this method as a significant addition and complement for existing lineage tracing and genetic interference tools.

Using fine tip micropipettes we inject plasmid DNA into subdomains of chicken somites or neural tubes. The concentration of the plasmid is adjusted to generate single transfected cells. We then allow the cells to develop into clonal populations.

وحيد الخلية في الأجنة ترنسفكأيشن الفرخ

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This technique has been widely exploited in tissue culture cells, and to a lesser extent, in primary tissue. The application of ChIP to rodent embryonic tissue, especially at early times of development, is complicated by the limited amount of tissue and the heterogeneity of cell and tissue types in the embryo. Here we present a method to perform ChIP using a dissociated embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) embryo. Sheared chromatin from a single E8.5 embryo can be divided into up to five aliquots, which allows the investigator sufficient material for controls and for investigation of specific protein:chromatin interactions.
We have utilized this technique to begin to document protein:chromatin interactions during the specification of tissue-specific gene expression programs. The heterogeneity of cell types in an embryo necessarily restricts the application of this technique because the result is the detection of protein:chromatin interactions without distinguishing whether the interactions occur in all, a subset of, or a single cell type(s). However, examination of tissue-specific genes during or following the onset of tissue-specific gene expression is feasible for two reasons. First, immunoprecipitation of tissue specific factors necessarily isolates chromatin from the cell type where the factor is expressed. Second, immunoprecipitation of coactivators and histones containing post-translational modifications that are associated with gene activation should only be found at genes and gene regulatory sequences in the cell type where the gene is being or has been activated. The technique should be applicable to the study of most tissue-specific gene activation events.
In the example described below, we utilized E8.5 and E9.5 mouse embryos to examine factor binding at a skeletal muscle specific gene promoter. Somites, which are the precursor tissues from which the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs will form, are present at E8.5-9.54,5. Myogenin is a regulatory factor required for skeletal muscle differentiation 6-9. The data demonstrate that myogenin is associated with its own promoter in E8.5 and E9.5 embryos. Because myogenin is only expressed in somites at this stage of development 6,10, the data indicate that myogenin interactions with its own promoter have already occurred in skeletal muscle precursor cells in E8.5 embryos.

We demonstrate a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) method to identify factor interactions at tissue-specific genes during or after the onset of tissue-specific gene expression in mouse embryonic tissue. This protocol should be widely applicable for the study of tissue-specific gene activation as it occurs during normal embryonic development.

مناعي لونين الفحص الجينات الأنسجة الخاصة باستخدام أجنة فئران في مرحلة مبكرة

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool to identify protein:chromatin interactions that occur in the context of living cells 1-3. This ...

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

الوقت الفاصل بين مرحلة التطور الجنيني المبكر من الميكروسكوب في انواع معينة ايليجانس

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is comparatively very easy to manipulate the chick embryonic retina using recombinant DNA/RNA technology. Electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the embryonic retina have a great advantage to study gene regulation in retinal stem/progenitor cells during retinal development. Different type of assays such as reporter gene assay, gene over-expression, gene knock down (shRNA) etc. can be performed using the electroporation technique. This video demonstrates targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation into the embryonic chick retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). Here we show a rapid and convenient in ovo electroporation technique whereby a plasmid DNA that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker is directly delivered into the chick embryonic subretinal space and followed by electric pulses to facilitate DNA uptake by retinal stem/progenitor cells. The new method of retinal injection and electroporation at E4 allows the visualization of all retinal cell types, including the late-born neurons1, which has been difficult with the conventional method of injection and electroporation at E1.52.

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

The overall goal of this video is to show how to perform targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the chick embryonic retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). This technique is very useful to study gene expression, gene regulation, and morphological change in developing chick retina.

في Electroporation OVO في شبكية العين الفرخ الجنينية

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is ...

Mouse Embryonic Development in a Serum-free Whole Embryo Culture System

Mid-gestation stage mouse embryos were cultured utilizing a serum-free culture medium prepared from commercially available stem cell media supplements in an oxygenated rolling bottle culture system. Mouse embryos at E10.5 were carefully isolated from the uterus with intact yolk sac and in a process involving precise surgical maneuver the embryos were gently exteriorized from the yolk sac while maintaining the vascular continuity of the embryo with the yolk sac. Compared to embryos prepared with intact yolk sac or with the yolk sac removed, these embryos exhibited superior survival rate and developmental progression when cultured under similar conditions. We show that these mouse embryos, when cultured in a defined medium in an atmosphere of 95% O2 / 5% CO2 in a rolling bottle culture apparatus at 37 &#176;&#8203;C for 16-40 hr, exhibit morphological growth and development comparable to the embryos developing in utero. We believe this method will be useful for investigators needing to utilize whole embryo culture to study signaling interactions important in embryonic organogenesis.

Serum utilized in embryo cultures contains unknown components that can affect the outcome of experiments especially in studies involving signaling interactions. Here we utilized a serum-free oxygenated culture system and show that mid-gestation mouse embryos cultured for 16-40 hr&#160;exhibit morphological development comparable to embryos developing in utero.

الفأر الجنينية التنمية في الجامعة نظام الثقافة الأجنة الخالية من المصل

Mid-gestation stage mouse embryos were cultured utilizing a serum-free culture medium prepared from commercially available stem cell media supplements in ...