فإن الكتاب أود أن أشكر بوب فريمان للتدريب ومختبر كيرشنر لاستخدام المرفق الضفدع، وأعضاء المختبر Vactor فان حصول على الدعم. نشكر مركز التصوير نيكون في كلية هارفارد الطبية للحصول على المساعدة مع المجهر الضوئي للصور في الشكل 1. وقد تم تمويل هذا العمل من خلال ما يلي: NRSA NIH الزمالة والزمالة NIH K99 إلى LAL، العلوم الأساسية الشراكة تمويل ( <a href="https://bsp.med.harvard.edu/" target="_blank">https://bsp.med.harvard.edu/</a> ) لAEF، والمعاهد الوطنية للصحة لRO1 NS035909 DVV

<ol>
	<li>Lowery, L. A., Van Vactor, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+trip+of+the+tip:+understanding+the+growth+cone+machinery.">The trip of the tip: understanding the growth cone machinery.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 332-343 (2009).</li><li>Buck, K. B., Zheng, J. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+cone+turning+induced+by+direct+local+modification+of+microtubule+dynamics.">Growth cone turning induced by direct local modification of microtubule dynamics.</a> J. Neurosci. 22, 9358-9367 (2002).</li><li>Lee, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microtubule+plus+end+tracking+protein+Orbit/MAST/CLASP+acts+downstream+of+the+tyrosine+kinase+Abl+in+mediating+axon+guidance.">The microtubule plus end tracking protein Orbit/MAST/CLASP acts downstream of the tyrosine kinase Abl in mediating axon guidance.</a> Neuron. 42, 913-926 (2004).</li><li>Santiago-Medina, M., Myers, J. P., Gomez, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+adhesion+and+signaling+dynamics+in+Xenopus+laevis+growth+cones.">Imaging adhesion and signaling dynamics in Xenopus laevis growth cones.</a> Dev. Neurobiol. , (2011).</li><li>Tanaka, E. M., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+behavior+in+the+growth+cones+of+living+neurons+during+axon+elongation.">Microtubule behavior in the growth cones of living neurons during axon elongation.</a> J. Cell Biol. 115, 345-363 (1991).</li><li>Tanaka, E., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+microtubules+in+growth+cone+turning+at+substrate+boundaries.">The role of microtubules in growth cone turning at substrate boundaries.</a> J. Cell Biol. 128, 127-137 (1995).</li><li>Tanaka, E., Ho, T., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+microtubule+dynamics+in+growth+cone+motility+and+axonal+growth.">The role of microtubule dynamics in growth cone motility and axonal growth.</a> J. Cell Biol. 128, 139-155 (1995).</li><li>Gomez, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+with+Xenopus+spinal+neurons+in+live+cell+culture.">Working with Xenopus spinal neurons in live cell culture.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 71, 129-156 (2003).</li><li>Sive, H. L., Grainger, R. M., Harland, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Early Development of Xenopus laevis: A Laboratory Manual 2010. , (2010).</li><li>Cross, M. K., Powers, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obtaining+Eggs+from+Xenopus+laevis+Females.">Obtaining Eggs from Xenopus laevis Females.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (18), e890 (2008).</li><li>Mimoto, M. S., Christian, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manipulation+of+gene+function+in+Xenopus+laevis.">Manipulation of gene function in Xenopus laevis.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 770, 55-75 (2011).</li><li>Lavery, D. L., Hoppler, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gain-of-function+and+loss-of-function+strategies+in+Xenopus.">Gain-of-function and loss-of-function strategies in Xenopus.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 469, 401-415 (2008).</li><li>Nieuwkoop, P. D., Faber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Normal Table of Xenopus Laevis (Daudin). , (1994).</li><li>Guirland, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+cAMP+signaling+through+G-protein-coupled+receptors+mediates+growth+cone+attraction+induced+by+pituitary+adenylate+cyclase-activating+polypeptide.">Direct cAMP signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors mediates growth cone attraction induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.</a> J. Neurosci. 23, 2274-2283 (2003).</li><li>Spitzer, N. C., Lamborghini, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+the+action+potential+mechanism+of+amphibian+neurons+isolated+in+culture.">The development of the action potential mechanism of amphibian neurons isolated in culture.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 1641-1645 (1976).</li><li>Turney, S. G., Bridgman, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminin+stimulates+and+guides+axonal+outgrowth+via+growth+cone+myosin+II+activity.">Laminin stimulates and guides axonal outgrowth via growth cone myosin II activity.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 8, 717-719 (2005).</li><li>Weinl, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+turning+of+Xenopus+retinal+axons+induced+by+ephrin-A5.">On the turning of Xenopus retinal axons induced by ephrin-A5.</a> Development. 130, 1635-1643 (2003).</li><li>Knoll, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stripe+assay+to+examine+axonal+guidance+and+cell+migration.">Stripe assay to examine axonal guidance and cell migration.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, 1216-1224 (2007).</li><li>Wheeler, G. N., Hamilton, F. S., Hoppler, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+gene+expression+in+transgenic+Xenopus+embryos.">Inducible gene expression in transgenic Xenopus embryos.</a> Curr. Biol. 10, 849-852 (2000).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

القيطم المورق إإكسبلنتس العصبية ترسل neurites التي بطريقة قوية للغاية من 24 ساعة بعد الطلاء على laminin / بولي يسين الركيزة إذا كانت الظروف مناسبة. مع هذا الركيزة، والأقماع هي النمو متحركة للغاية ويمكن تحقيق أطوال تصل إلى محوار 1 ملم، وتمتد في كل الاتجاهات من الخارج يزدر?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم الكاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> كتالوج رقم </td></tr><tr><td> موجهة الغدد التناسلية المشيمائية </td><td> آرجنت الكيميائية المختبرات </td><td> C-HCG-ON-10 </td></tr><tr><td> السيستين </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> 52-90-4 </td></tr><tr><td> mMessage mMachine عدة </td><td> Ambion </td><td> AM1340 </td></tr><tr><td> إبر الشعرية Borosil 1.2 مم (OD) × 0.9 مم (ID) </td><td> FHC </td><td> 30-31-0 </td></tr><tr><td> Ficoll </td><td> سيجما </td><td> F2637 </td></tr><tr><td> دومون # 5 البيولوجيا صدأ ملقط </td><td> أدوات العلوم الجميلة </td><td> 11252-20 </td></tr><tr><td> كولاجيناز </td><td> سيغما الدريخ </td><td> 9001-12-1 </td></tr><tr><td> أطباق ماتيك </td><td> شركة تيك حصيرة </td><td> P35G-1.5-14-C </td></tr><tr><td> L-15 </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> 21083-027 </td></tr><tr><td> بولي-L-lysiشمال شرق </td><td> سيجما </td><td> P-1399 </td></tr><tr><td> Laminin </td><td> سيجما </td><td> L2020 </td></tr><tr><td> NT3 </td><td> سيجما </td><td> N1905 </td></tr><tr><td> BDNF </td><td> سيجما </td><td> B3795 </td></tr></tbody></table>

neural explant cultures from xenopus laevis

والدافع إلى حد كبير عملية معقدة من التوجيه من قبل محور عصبي مخروط النمو، والذي هو بنية ديناميكية متحركة في الطرف الجنوبي من محور عصبي المتنامية. خلال ثمرة محور عصبي، يجب على مخروط النمو تكامل مصادر متعددة من المعلومات جديلة التوجيه لتعديل الهيكل الخلوي في لدفع النمو قدما المخروط والتنقل للعثور بدقة أهدافها محددة 1. كيف يحدث هذا التكامل على المستوى هيكل الخلية والناشئة لا تزال، وفحص البروتين وديناميات هيكل الخلية المستجيب داخل مخروط النمو يمكن أن تسمح لتوضيح هذه الآليات. الأقماع القيطم المورق النمو كبيرة بما فيه الكفاية (10-30 ميكرون في القطر) لأداء عالية الدقة التصوير الحي للديناميات هيكل الخلية (على سبيل المثال 2-4) وسهلة لعزل والتلاعب في إعداد مختبر مقارنة الفقاريات الأخرى. الضفدع هو نظام النموذج التقليدي للدراسات التنموية بيولوجيا الأعصاب، والأفكار الهامة في وقت مبكر هيئة التصنيع العسكري مخروط النموتم العثور في البداية ديناميات rotubule باستخدام هذا النظام 5-7. في هذه الطريقة 8، يتم جمع البيض والمخصبة في المختبر، مع حقن الترميز RNA الموسومة fluorescently هيكل الخلية البروتينات الانصهار أو بنيات أخرى للتلاعب التعبير الجيني، ثم تترك لتطوير لمرحلة الأنبوب العصبي. يتم عزل الأنابيب العصبية عن طريق تشريح ومثقف ثم يتم، ويتم تصوير مخاريط النمو على neurites التي تعدى. في هذه المقالة، ونحن تصف كيفية تنفيذ هذه الطريقة، والهدف منها هو القيطم المورق الثقافة مخاريط النمو اللاحقة لتحليل الصور عالية الدقة. بينما نحن نقدم مثال TIP + البروتين GFP-EB1 الانصهار، يمكن تطبيق هذه الطريقة إلى أي عدد من البروتينات لتوضيح تصرفاتهم داخل مخروط النمو.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis at JoVE.com

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

إإكسبلنتس زراعة العصبية من تشريح<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em&gt; الأجنة التي تعبر عن البروتينات الفلورية الانصهار يسمح للتصوير من مخروط النمو ديناميات هيكل الخلية.

يزدرع الثقافات العصبية من<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During ...

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Neuroscience

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

12.5K Views.  Harvard Medical School. إإكسبلنتس زراعة العصبية من تشريح القيطم المورق الأجنة التي تعبر عن البروتينات الفلورية الانصهار يسمح للتصوير من مخروط النمو ديناميات هيكل الخلية.

Video: Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

Neural-Colony Forming Cell Assay: An Assay To Discriminate Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells from Neural Progenitor Cells

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). Furthermore, this serum-free culture system has also been employed to expand stem cells and determine their frequency from a variety of tumors and normal tissues. It has been shown recently that a one-to-one relationship does not exist between neurosphere formation and NSCs. This suggests that the NSA as currently applied, overestimates the frequency of NSCs in a mixed population of neural precursor cells isolated from both the embryonic and adult mammalian brain. This video practically demonstrates a novel collagen based semi- solid assay, the neural-colony forming cell assay (N-CFCA), which has the ability to discriminate stem from progenitor cells based on their long-term proliferative potential, and thus provides a method to enumerate NSC frequency. In the N-CFCA, colonies &ge;2 mm in diameter are derived from cells that meet all the functional criteria of a NSC, while colonies &lt; 2mm are derived from progenitors. The N-CFCA procedure can be used for cells prepared from different sources including primary and cultured adult or embryonic mouse CNS cells. Here we use cells prepared from passage one neurospheres generated from embryonic day 14 mice brain to perform N-CFCA. The cultures are replenished with proliferation medium every seven days for three weeks to allow the plated cells to exhibit their full proliferative potential and then the frequency of neural progenitor and bona fide neural stem cells is calculated respectively by counting the number of colonies that are &lt; 2mm and the ones that are &ge;2mm in reference to the number of cells that were initially plated.

This video protocol demonstrates how to discriminate and enumerate bona fide neural stem cells in a mixed population of neural precursor cells using the neural colony-forming cell assay.

العصبية تشكيل مستعمرة الفحص الخلوي : إن الفحص تميز بحسن نية الخلايا الجذعية العصبية من الخلايا العصبية السلف

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). ...

Physiological, Morphological and Neurochemical Characterization of Neurons Modulated by Movement

The role of individual neurons and their function in neuronal circuits is fundamental to understanding the neuronal mechanisms of sensory and motor functions. Most investigations of sensorimotor mechanisms rely on either examination of neurons while an animal is static1,2 or record extracellular neuronal activity during a movement.3,4 While these studies have provided the fundamental background for sensorimotor function, they either do not evaluate functional information which occurs during a movement or are limited in their ability to fully characterize the anatomy, physiology and neurochemical phenotype of the neuron. A technique is shown here which allows extensive characterization of individual neurons during an in vivo movement. This technique can be used not only to study primary afferent neurons but also to characterize motoneurons and sensorimotor interneurons. Initially the response of a single neuron is recorded using electrophysiological methods during various movements of the mandible followed by determination of the receptive field for the neuron. A neuronal tracer is then intracellularly injected into the neuron and the brain is processed so that the neuron can be visualized with light, electron or confocal microscopy (Fig. 1). The detailed morphology of the characterized neuron is then reconstructed so that neuronal morphology can be correlated with the physiological response of the neuron (Figs. 2,3). In this communication important key details and tips for successful implementation of this technique are provided. Valuable additional information can be determined for the neuron under study by combining this method with other techniques. Retrograde neuronal labeling can be used to determine neurons with which the labeled neuron synapses; thus allowing detailed determination of neuronal circuitry. Immunocytochemistry can be combined with this method to examine neurotransmitters within the labeled neuron and to determine the chemical phenotypes of neurons with which the labeled neuron synapses. The labeled neuron can also be processed for electron microscopy to determine the ultrastructural features and microcircuitry of the labeled neuron. Overall this technique is a powerful method to thoroughly characterize neurons during in vivo movement thus allowing substantial insight into the role of the neuron in sensorimotor function.

A technique is described to quantify the in vivo physiological response of mammalian neurons during movement and correlate the physiology of the neuron with neuronal morphology, neurochemical phenotype and synaptic microcircuitry.

الفسيولوجية والمورفولوجية وتوصيف الكيميائية العصبية من الخلايا العصبية عن طريق التضمين الحركة

The role of individual neurons and their function in neuronal circuits is fundamental to understanding the neuronal mechanisms of sensory and motor ...

Derivation of Enriched Oligodendrocyte Cultures and Oligodendrocyte/Neuron Myelinating Co-cultures from Post-natal Murine Tissues

Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying OL development is not only critical to furthering our knowledge of OL biology, but also has implications for understanding the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cellular development is commonly studied with primary cell culture models. Primary cell culture facilitates the evaluation of a given cell type by providing a controlled environment, free of the extraneous variables that are present in vivo. While OL cultures derived from rats have provided a vast amount of insight into OL biology, similar efforts at establishing OL cultures from mice has been met with major obstacles. Developing methods to culture murine primary OLs is imperative in order to take advantage of the available transgenic mouse lines. 
Multiple methods for extraction of OPCs from rodent tissue have been described, ranging from neurosphere derivation, differential adhesion purification and immunopurification 1-3. While many methods offer success, most require extensive culture times and/or costly equipment/reagents. To circumvent this, purifying OPCs from murine tissue with an adaptation of the method originally described by McCarthy &amp; 
de Vellis 2 is preferred. This method involves physically separating OPCs from a mixed glial culture derived from neonatal rodent cortices. The result is a purified OPC population that can be differentiated into an OL-enriched culture. This approach is appealing due to its relatively short culture time and the unnecessary requirement for growth factors or immunopanning antibodies. 
While exploring the mechanisms of OL development in a purified culture is informative, it does not provide the most physiologically relevant environment for assessing myelin sheath formation. Co-culturing OLs with neurons would lend insight into the molecular underpinnings regulating OL-mediated myelination of axons. For many OL/neuron co-culture studies, dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) have proven to be the neuron type of choice. They are ideal for co-culture with OLs due to their ease of extraction, minimal amount of contaminating cells, and formation of dense neurite beds. While studies using rat/mouse myelinating xenocultures have been published 4-6, a method for the derivation of such OL/DRGN myelinating co-cultures from post-natal murine tissue has not been described. Here we present detailed methods on how to effectively produce such cultures, along with examples of expected results. These methods are useful for addressing questions relevant to OL development/myelinating function, and are useful tools in the field of neuroscience.

This article describes methods to derive enriched populations of murine oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in primary culture, which differentiate to produce mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). In addition, this report describes techniques to produce murine myelinating co-cultures by seeding mouse OPCs onto a neurite bed of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs).

الاشتقاق الثقافات Oligodendrocyte المخصب وOligodendrocyte نيورون / Myelinating المشارك من الثقافات في مرحلة ما بعد الولادة مناديل الفئران

Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying OL development is not only critical to furthering our knowledge of OL biology, but also has implications ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

العزلة والثقافة من الخلايا العصبية كريست من الأنبوبة العصبية الجنينية الفئران

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

The process by which the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina continues to be a major focus of both clinical and basic research. In addition to the obvious medical relevance for understanding and treating retinal disease, the development of the vertebrate retina continues to serve as an important and elegant model system for understanding neuronal cell type determination and differentiation1-16. The neural retina consists of six discrete cell types (ganglion, amacrine, horizontal, photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and M&uuml;ller glial cells) arranged in stereotypical layers, a pattern that is largely conserved among all vertebrates 12,14-18.
While studying the retina in the intact developing embryo is clearly required for understanding how this complex organ develops from a protrusion of the forebrain into a layered structure, there are many questions that benefit from employing approaches using primary cell culture of presumptive retinal cells 7,19-23. For example, analyzing cells from tissues removed and dissociated at different stages allows one to discern the state of specification of individual cells at different developmental stages, that is, the fate of the cells in the absence of interactions with neighboring tissues 8,19-22,24-33. Primary cell culture also allows the investigator to treat the culture with specific reagents and analyze the results on a single cell level 5,8,21,24,27-30,33-39. Xenopus laevis, a classic model system for the study of early neural development 19,27,29,31-32,40-42, serves as a particularly suitable system for retinal primary cell culture 10,38,43-45.
Presumptive retinal tissue is accessible from the earliest stages of development, immediately following neural induction 25,38,43. In addition, given that each cell in the embryo contains a supply of yolk, retinal cells can be cultured in a very simple defined media consisting of a buffered salt solution, thus removing the confounding effects of incubation or other sera-based products 10,24,44-45.
However, the isolation of the retinal tissue from surrounding tissues and the subsequent processing is challenging. Here, we present a method for the dissection and dissociation of retinal cells in Xenopus laevis that will be used to prepare primary cell cultures that will, in turn, be analyzed for calcium activity and gene expression at the resolution of single cells. While the topic presented in this paper is the analysis of spontaneous calcium transients, the technique is broadly applicable to a wide array of research questions and approaches (Figure 1).

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

Xenopus laevis provides an ideal model system for studying cell fate specification and physiological function of individual retinal cells in primary cell culture. Here we present a technique for dissecting retinal tissues and generating primary cell cultures that are imaged for calcium activity and analyzed by in situ hybridization.

تشريح والثقافة، وتحليل<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em&gt; الأنسجة الجنينية الشبكية

The process by which  the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina  continues to be a major focus of both clinical and ...

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

Much information about the coupling of presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained from invertebrate preparations, most notably the squid giant synapse1. However, except for the preparation described here, few vertebrate preparations exist in which it is possible to make simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitter release and presynaptic ionic currents. Embryonic Xenopus motoneurons and muscle cells can be grown together in simple culture medium at room temperature; they will form functional synapses within twelve to twenty-four hours, and can be used to study nerve and muscle cell development and synaptic interactions for several days (until overgrowth occurs). Some advantages of these co-cultures over other vertebrate preparations include the simplicity of preparation, the ability to maintain the cultures and work at room temperature, and the ready accessibility of the synapses formed2-4. The preparation has been used widely to study the biophysical properties of presynaptic ion channels and the regulation of transmitter release5-8. In addition, the preparation has lent itself to other uses including the study of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis9-12, molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release13-15, the role of diffusible messengers in neuromodulation16,17, and in vitro synaptic plasticity18-19.

Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

This video demonstrates the procedures used to grow primary cultures of embryonic Xenopus nerve and muscle cells and the usefulness of this preparation for making simultaneous pre- and post-synaptic patch clamp recordings.

في وقت واحد قبل وبعد متشابك تسجيل الكهربية من<em&gt; القيطم</em&gt; العصبي العضلي المشارك الثقافات

Much information about the coupling of  presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained  from invertebrate preparations, ...

One Mouse, Two Cultures: Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Two Neurogenic Zones of Individual Mice

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult neural stem cells in vitro. These assays can be used to compare the precursor potential of cells isolated from genetically different or differentially treated animals&#160;to determine the effects of exogenous factors on neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and to generate neural precursor cell lines that can be assayed over continuous passages. The neurosphere assay is traditionally used for the post-hoc identification of stem cells, primarily due to the lack of definitive markers with which they can be isolated from primary tissue&#160;and has the major advantage of giving a quick estimate of precursor cell numbers in brain tissue derived from individual animals. Adherent monolayer cultures, in contrast, are not traditionally used to compare proliferation between individual animals, as each culture is generally initiated from the combined tissue of between 5-8 animals. However, they have the major advantage that, unlike neurospheres, they consist of a mostly homogeneous population of precursor cells and are useful for following the differentiation process in single cells. Here, we describe, in detail, the generation of neurosphere cultures and, for the first time, adherent cultures from individual animals. This has many important implications including paired analysis of proliferation and/or differentiation potential in both the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of treated or genetically different mouse lines, as well as a significant reduction in animal usage.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the simultaneous generation of neural precursor cell cultures, as either adherent monolayers or neurospheres, from the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of individual adult mice.

ماوس واحدة، واثنين من الثقافات: العزلة وثقافة الكبار الخلايا الجذعية العصبية من المناطق العصبية اثنان من الفئران الفردية

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult ...

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response is a vision-based, reflexive behavior that has been observed in all vertebrates tested. Tadpole eyes are small so the tail flip response was used as alternative measure, which requires a trained technician to record the subtle response. We developed an alternative behavior assay based on the fact that tadpoles prefer to swim on the white side of a tank when placed in a tank with both black and white sides. The assay presented here is an inexpensive, simple alternative that creates a response that is easily measured. The setup consists of a tripod, webcam and nested testing tanks, readily available in most Xenopus laboratories. This article includes a movie showing the behavior of tadpoles, before and after severing the optic nerve. In order to test the function of one eye, we also include representative results of a tadpole in which each eye underwent retinal axotomy on consecutive days. Future studies could develop an automated version of this assay for testing the vision of many tadpoles at once.

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis tadpoles prefer swimming on the white side of a black/white tank. This behavior is guided by their vision. Based on this behavior, we present a simple assay to test the visual function of tadpoles.

والفحص السلوكية بسيطة لاختبار وظيفة البصرية في<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response ...

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. However, there is piling evidence that olfaction is not solely limited to chemical sensitivity, but also includes temperature sensitivity. Premetamorphic Xenopus laevis are translucent animals, with protruding nasal cavities deprived of the cribriform plate separating the nose and the olfactory bulb. These characteristics make them well suited for studying olfaction, and particularly thermosensitivity. The present article describes the complete procedure for measuring temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of X. laevis larvae. Firstly, the electroporation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is performed with spectrally distinct dyes loaded into the nasal cavities in order to stain their axon terminals in the bulbar neuropil. The differential staining between left and right receptor neurons serves to identify the &#947;-glomerulus as the only structure innervated by contralateral presynaptic afferents. Secondly, the electroporation is combined with focal bolus loading in the olfactory bulb in order to stain mitral cells and their dendrites. The 3D brain volume is then scanned under line-illumination microscopy for the acquisition of fast calcium imaging data while small temperature drops are induced at the olfactory epithelium. Lastly, the post-acquisition analysis allows the morphological reconstruction of the thermosensitive network comprising the &#947;-glomerulus and its innervating mitral cells, based on specific temperature-induced Ca2+ traces. Using chemical odorants as stimuli in addition to temperature jumps enables the comparison between thermosensitive and chemosensitive networks in the olfactory bulb.

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Here we describe a protocol for measuring and analyzing temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis. Olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells are differentially stained, after which calcium changes are recorded, reflecting a sensitivity of some neural networks in the bulb to temperature drops induced at the nose.

تسجيل درجة الحرارة التي يسببها العصبية آخر من خلال مراقبة التغيرات الكالسيوم في البصلة الشمية من<em&gt; القيطم المورق</em

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. ...

Derivation of Leptomeninges Explant Cultures from Postmortem Human Brain Donors

Even though great progress has been made in the clinical characterization of Parkinson&#39;s disease, several studies report that the diagnosis of Parkinson&#39;s disease is not pathologically confirmed in up to 25% of clinically diagnosed Parkinson&#39;s disease. Therefore, tissue collected from clinically diagnosed patients with idiopathic Parkinson&#39;s disease can have a high rate of misdiagnosis; hence in vitro studies from such tissues to study Parkinson&#39;s disease as a preclinical model can become futile.
By collecting postmortem human leptomeninges with a confirmed neuropathological diagnosis of Parkinson&#39;s disease and characterized by nigrostriatal cell loss and intracellular protein inclusions called Lewy bodies, one can be certain that clinically observed parkinsonism is not caused by another underlying disease process (e.g. tumor, arteriosclerosis).
This protocol presents the dissection and preparation of postmortem human leptomeninges for derivation of a meningeal fibroblast culture. This procedure is robust and has a high success rate. The challenge of the culture is sterility as the brain procurement is generally not performed under sterile conditions. Therefore, it is important to supplement the culture media with a cocktail of penicillin, streptomycin, and amphotericin B.
The derivation of meningeal fibroblasts from autopsy-confirmed cases with Parkinson&#39;s disease provides the foundation for in vitro modeling of Parkinson&#39;s disease. Meningeal fibroblasts appear 3-9 days after sample preparation and about 20-30 million cells can be cryopreserved in 6-8 weeks. The meningeal fibroblast culture is homogenous and the cells express fibronectin, a commonly used marker to identify meninges.

The leptomeninges explant culture protocol from human postmortem brain is a technically robust and simple way to derive fibronectin-positive meningeal fibroblasts within 6-8 weeks and cryopreserve approximately 20-30 million cells.

يزدرع الثقافات العصبية من

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العصبية تشكيل مستعمرة الفحص الخلوي : إن الفحص تميز بحسن نية الخلايا الجذعية العصبية من الخلايا العصبية السلف

الفسيولوجية والمورفولوجية وتوصيف الكيميائية العصبية من الخلايا العصبية عن طريق التضمين الحركة

الاشتقاق الثقافات Oligodendrocyte المخصب وOligodendrocyte نيورون / Myelinating المشارك من الثقافات في مرحلة ما بعد الولادة مناديل الفئران

العزلة والثقافة من الخلايا العصبية كريست من الأنبوبة العصبية الجنينية الفئران

تشريح والثقافة، وتحليل

في وقت واحد قبل وبعد متشابك تسجيل الكهربية من

ماوس واحدة، واثنين من الثقافات: العزلة وثقافة الكبار الخلايا الجذعية العصبية من المناطق العصبية اثنان من الفئران الفردية

والفحص السلوكية بسيطة لاختبار وظيفة البصرية في

تسجيل درجة الحرارة التي يسببها العصبية آخر من خلال مراقبة التغيرات الكالسيوم في البصلة الشمية من

الاشتقاق الثقافات السحايا الرقيقة يزدرع من تشريح الجهات المانحة الدماغ البشري