The authors thank the dental technician Nicola Lanfranconi for producing the master reference model and the Alicona Company for their ongoing support with improving the scan software.

1. عينة إعداد / قاعدة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تطبيق قاعدة مسطحة حول العينة. وضع العينة على الطاولة المسح. توجيه سطح الإطباق على المستوى الأفقي (الشكل 1). </li></ol> 2. تحليل البرمجيات <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بدء تشغيل البرنامج ثم مختبر وحدة القياس (الشكل 2) </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع العينة في وسط الجدول المسح. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اختيار العدسة التكبير الصحيح. للالأجسام الكبيرة، مثل بالاشعة قوس كامل، استخدم الهدف 5X. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل البصرية المسح الضوئي باستخدام الماوس 3D حتى يتم عرض سطح العينة على نافذة عرض لايف (الشكل 3). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام جهاز التحكم استشعار لضبط التعرض والتباين لتحقيق المعلمات المسح الضوئي الأمثل. للأسطح المعادن، استخدم التعرض ما بين 400 و 800 μsec والتناقض بين 0.3 و 0.8 (الشكل 4). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> والتحقق من جودة الصورة عن طريق التحقق من زر&quot;مشاهدة جودة الصورة في المعاينة المباشرة&quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تعيين المعلمات الصحيحة في قسم &quot;تحكم القياس&quot;. نوع القياس هو &quot;مجموعة بيانات 3D&quot;؛ ImageField النوع هو &quot;العام ImageField&quot; (الشكل 5). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انقر على &quot;ImageField جديد&quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحديد حجم المسح الضوئي. البرنامج يحتاج الإحداثيات إحاطة من حجم التدبير. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل العينة إلى مستوى أعلى وأدنى المسح والنقر على &quot;أضف الموقع&quot; في كل نقطة. يظهر &quot;Z المدى&quot; قيمة الارتفاع الفعلي لحجم المسح الضوئي (الشكل 6). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل العينة إلى boundings XY من حجم المسح الضوئي. انقر على &quot;أضف الموقع&quot; لتحديد X-المحور وأطوال Y-المحور. ويظهر البعد من حجم المسح الضوئي في &quot;المعلومات&quot; التبويب ويجب أن تتجاوز أبعاد العينة بمقدار 1 سم في المحور السيني والمحور Y. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> التحقق من &quot;النقاط&quot; الرقم. البرنامج قادر على مسح 100 مليون نقطة السطح في واحد &quot;ImageField&quot; المسح الضوئي. العدد الفعليمن نقطة تتجاوز هذا الحد. &quot;تهلك&quot; رقم نقطة قياس لمن قبل &quot;الاختزال الجانبي&quot; من حجم النقطة. <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انقر على &quot;إعدادات متقدمة&quot; (الشكل 7). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> نقل &quot;الجانبي الاختزال&quot; المنزلق إلى اليمين حتى يتم تقليل &quot;النقاط&quot; عدد أقل من 100 م (الشكل 7). الاختزال يقلل من قرار الجانبي للنقطة السطح، مما أدى إلى أكبر حجم بكسل الكائن الممسوحة ضوئيا. لضمان نتائج مسح الأمثل، يتم زيادة الدقة العمودية. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انقر على &quot;ابدأ القياس&quot;. سيبدأ هذا &quot;وضع المعاينة&quot;. البرنامج ينفذ prescan مع أبعاد X و Y-المحور المحدد. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> بعد الانتهاء من prescan، حدد المنطقة من الفائدة. وهذا يساعد على تقليل حجم الملف ووقت المسح (الشكل 8). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحديد كافة أجزاء من prescan باستثناء عينة وحقلين حول قياس العينة، الذي يحتوي على قاعدة مسطحة (الشكل 9). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انقر على &quot;ابدأ&quot; لبدء المسح الضوئي. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> السيطرة على المسح الضوئي في &quot;ImageViewer&quot; باستخدام الماوس واضغط على زر الماوس الأيسر (الشكل 10). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إغلاق النافذة وانقر على &quot;عرض الزائفة اللون فقط&quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انقر على &quot;إعدادات&quot; و &quot;الزائفة تلوين&quot;، واختيار &quot;التكرار&quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تعيين &quot;ماكس&quot;. نقدر لل0.2 وانقر على &quot;تطبيق النطاق&quot;. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> السيطرة على التكرار، يجب أن يكون مساويا للمناطق مع نفس المنحدر والمادية. على وجه الخصوص، ينبغي للقاعدة حول العينة عرض التكرار متجانسة (الشكل 11). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انقر على &quot;قاعدة بيانات&quot; وحفظ المسح إلى المجلد المناسب. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تصدير المسح الضوئي لتنسيقات الملفات المختلفة، إذا لزم الأمر. انقر على &quot;File/Export/3D بيانات باسم / ....&quot; يمكن أن يكون مؤقتا البروتوكول في تلك المرحلة واصلت في وقت لاحق. </li></ol> 3. تحليل الفرق <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام &quot;3D-محرر&quot; لخفض بعيدا القاعدة. لن يتم استخدام هذا المجال للفرقالتحليل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> لمقارنة وتحليل بالاشعة اثنين، بدء تشغيل &quot;قياس الفرق&quot; البرمجيات (الشكل 12). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> اختيار النموذج الثاني للمقارنة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انقر على &quot;تلقائي الخام محاذاة&quot; لأداء المباراة الأولى من النماذج. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انقر على &quot;تعديل يدوي&quot; ومحاذاة النماذج مع الدورية وتتحرك حتى تكون في نفس الاتجاه (الشكل 13). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انقر على &quot;محاذاة تلقائي&quot; و &quot;تطبيق&quot; لبدء خوارزمية أفضل لائقا للنموذج مطابقة الأمثل. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> انقر على &quot;الاختلافات&quot; لعرض خريطة اختلاف النموذجين المتطابقة. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> تحديد نطاق اللون المناسب لعرض الانحرافات (الشكل 14). حفظ نمط الانحراف البصرية كما لقطة لتحليلها. </li></ol> انقر على &quot;الاحصائيات&quot; لعرض القيم الإحصائية للفروق. اختيار حجم الطبقة 1 ميكرون وحفظ بيانات الرسم البياني إلى ملف نصي للمقارنة إحصائية (الشكل 15).

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or other conflicts of interest.

Accuracy is a basic demand in dental medicine. The reference scanner is capable of scanning small and large objects with high trueness and precision. With the optimal scanning method, even individual morphological detailed dental surfaces can be scanned with a high resolution and repeatability. With the different magnification levels of the scanner, macro and micro morphological structures can be acquired. It is possible to scan a variety of model materials.
The evaluation of the reference sca...

دقة هو مصلحة كبرى في العديد من المجالات في مجال طب الأسنان. استبدال الأنسجة الصلبة الأسنان يحتاج إلى بدلة المناسب بالضبط لضمان وظيفة مناسبة ومنع المزيد من تدمير ما تبقى من بنية الأسنان 1،2. أطقم الأسنان الجزئية الثابتة ومجموع بدلة حاسمة خاصة بالنسبة للتركيب الدقيق إلى دعم هياكل مثل الأسنان مستعدة أو يزرع 3. هذا هو السبب في أن هناك حاجة إلى استنساخ دقيق للغاية، وخاصة في مجال طب الأسنان والانطباعات سير العمل مختبر الأسنان. ومع ذلك، غيرها من مجالات علاج الأسنان أيضا الاستفادة من نتائج متري صحيح ودقيق، للتحقق من نجاح العلاج وتقييم استراتيجيات جديدة العلاج، مثل المادية وغير المادية تكبير الأنسجة، والتعرية والتآكل والرصد، وعلاجات اللثة، تقويم الأسنان والعلاجات 4،5. في العديد من هذه المجالات، وإجراءات التحقق من صحة القياسات الحالية هي المسافة الخطية مع الفرجار أو المجاهر 6،7. هذه المنهجياتالمواد المستنفدة للأوزون تقتصر على عدد قليل فقط نقاط القياس والمعلومات محدودة ثلاثي الأبعاد (3D) التغيرات في منطقة الاختبار. وتشمل أساليب قياس أحدث واسر البصرية أو التصوير الشعاعي لكامل سطح الاختبار 8،9 الكائن. هنا، يتم قياس السطح بأكمله أو وحدة التخزين وعرض ككائن 3D على شاشة الكمبيوتر. القياسات الخطية ممكنة، فضلا عن superimpositions نماذج من العصور مسح مختلفة. مع هذا التراكب، تقييم التغيرات السطحية في كل نقطة المسح هو ممكن. وهذا يتيح إمكانية رصد منطقة معينة أو عرض تشوهات في كل ثلاثة محاور تنسيق. أيضا، تغييرات الحجمي يمكن قياس 10. نقطة تحد مع هذه الأساليب الجديدة هو دقة الماسح الضوئي، وتستخدم لالتقاط الكائن الاختبار. ويمكن تقسيم أي من التغييرات داخل دقة الماسح الضوئي إشارة إلى التغييرات الكائن اختبار أو أخطاء المسح الضوئي. دقة المسح الضوئي وغالبا ما يكون قيمة معينة من قبل مانوالمستمدة من مسح facturer الصغيرة، والكائنات معايرة 11. هذا الحد الأدنى من الخطأ مسح يختلف عند مسح الأجسام الكبيرة مثل قوس الأسنان. يتكون دقة الصدق والدقة. الصدق هو انحراف للكائن الممسوحة ضوئيا من الهندسة الحقيقية. الدقة هي الانحراف بين بمسح المتكررة (ISO 5725-1). في هذه الدراسة، ماسح ضوئي الإشارة الضوئية الجديدة، استنادا إلى التركيز الاختلاف تقنية المسح الضوئي، وقدم لفحص عينات من الأسنان واحدة تصل إلى نماذج القوس الكامل مع أعلى دقة. وقد استخدم هذا الماسح الضوئي إشارة كقاعدة لعدة دراسات، مقارنة دقة الانطباع الأسنان من التقنيات التقليدية والرقمية 12-14 والفعلية للمشاريع المتعلقة إطباق الأسنان وتآكل مواد طب الأسنان. كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو توفير معلومات أساسية للدقة الماسح الضوئي المرجعية وبعض الإمكانيات لاستخدام هذا الجهاز في مجال أبحاث طب الأسنان.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="669">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reference model</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>individual non-precious metal model, derived from a patient impression</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Araldit repair</td>
			<td>Huntsmen Advanced Material, Basel, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used for making the base of the reference model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CamBase</td>
			<td>Dentona, Dortmund, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Type IV dental ston for pouring conventional impressions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Identium</td>
			<td>Kettenbach, Eschenburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vinylsiloxanether impression material for conventional impression</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inEOS model holder</td>
			<td>Sirona Dental Systems, Bensheim, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used for fixing stone models at the reference scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutrans</td>
			<td>Coltene Whaledent, Altst&#228;tten, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used for making the base of thestone models</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>President putty</td>
			<td>Coltene Whaledent, Altst&#228;tten, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>mix with accutrans for betterstability of the base</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alicona Infinite Focus</td>
			<td>Alicona Imaging, Graz, Austria</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reference scanner&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

accuracy in dental medicine, a new way to measure trueness and precision

وتستخدم الماسحات الضوئية الإشارة في طب الأسنان للتحقق الكثير من الإجراءات. الاهتمام الرئيسي هو للتحقق من أساليب الانطباع أنها بمثابة قاعدة لترميم الأسنان. الحد الحالي من العديد من الماسحات الضوئية المرجعية هو عدم وجود دقة المسح الضوئي الأجسام الكبيرة مثل الأقواس الأسنان الكاملة، أو إمكانية محدودة لتقييم أسطح الأسنان تفصيلا. والماسحة الضوئية مرجعية جديدة، تقوم على التركيز الاختلاف تقنية المسح الضوئي، وقد تم تقييم فيما يتعلق بأعلى دقة المحلية والعامة. تم اختبار بروتوكول المسح محددة لمسح سطح الأسنان الأصلية من الانطباعات الأسنان. أيضا، تم التحقق من المواد نموذج مختلف. أظهرت النتائج دقة المسح الضوئي عالية من الماسح الضوئي المرجعية مع انحراف متوسط ​​5.3 ± 1.1 ميكرومتر لالصدق و 1.6 ± 0.6 ميكرومتر من أجل الدقة في حالة بالاشعة القوس الكامل. أظهرت الأساليب الحالية الانطباع الأسنان أعلى من ذلك بكثير الانحرافات (الصدق: 20.4 ± 2.2 ميكرومتر، والدقة: 12.5 ± 2.5 ميكرومتر) رهان دقة المسح الضوئي الداخلية من الماسح الضوئي المرجعية. أصغر الكائنات مثل سطح الأسنان واحد يمكن مسحها مع دقة أعلى من ذلك، تمكين النظام من تقييم التآكل وجلخ فقدان سطح الأسنان. الماسح الضوئي مرجعية يمكن استخدامها لقياس الاختلافات لكثير من المجالات البحثية الأسنان. مستويات التكبير المختلفة جنبا إلى جنب مع دقة المحلية والعامة عالية يمكن استخدامها لتقييم التغيرات الأسنان واحد أو الترميم تصل إلى تغييرات القوس الكامل.

Figure 16A shows the scan of a gypsum specimen. To verify optimal scan parameters, control the repeatability for the material. A section of the specimen is scanned with different contrast and brightness settings and the repeatability is checked after each scan to find the optimal scan settings. Metal surfaces show the best results with a contrast lower 1.0 and gypsum or resin materials with a higher contrast. Figure 16B shows the repeatability without optimal scanning parameters after th...

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Accuracy in Dental Medicine, A New Way to Measure Trueness and Precision

Accuracy is a major demand in dental medicine. To verify accuracy, reference scanners are needed. This article presents a new reference scanner with an adjusted scanning method to acquire a broad variety of dental morphologies with high trueness and precision.

الدقة في طب الأسنان، طريقة جديدة لقياس الصدق والدقة

Reference scanners are used in dental medicine to verify a lot of procedures. The main interest is to verify impression methods as they serve as a base ...

accuracy-dental-medicine-new-way-to-measure-trueness

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.3K Views.  University of Zürich. Accuracy is a major demand in dental medicine. To verify accuracy, reference scanners are needed. This article presents a new reference scanner with an adjusted scanning method to acquire a broad variety of dental morphologies with high trueness and precision.

Video: Accuracy in Dental Medicine, A New Way to Measure Trueness and Precision

Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic processes that prepare the alimentary canal for digestion. Steady progress is being made towards understanding the early biochemical and molecular events underlying taste transduction (for a review, Breslin and Spector, 20081). However, progress to date has largely resulted from animal models. Yet, since marked differences in receptor specificity and receptor density vary among species, human taste transduction will only be understood by using human taste tissue. Here we describe a biopsy technique to collect human fungiform papillae, visible as rounded pink anterior structures, about 0.5 mm in diameter that contain taste buds. These biopsied papillae are used for several purposes including the isolation of viable taste bud cells, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and, through techniques of molecular biology, the identification of taste-specific novel proteins.

Technique to Collect Fungiform Taste Papillae from Human Tongue

Knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying gustatory transduction has recently enjoyed significant advances, largely due to using animal models. However, the wide diversity in taste sensitivity and specificity among mammals warrants studies in human tissue. We describe a biopsy technique to collect living taste cells from the papillae on human tongue.

تقنية لجمع كمئي (التذوق) النتوئات الإنسان من اللسان

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic ...

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development

Exposure to alcohol during development can result in a constellation of morphological and behavioral abnormalities that are collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). At the most severe end of the spectrum is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), characterized by growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphology, and neurobehavioral deficits. Studies with animal models, including rodents, have elucidated many molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of FASDs. Ethanol administration to pregnant rodents has been used to model human exposure during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Third trimester ethanol consumption in humans has been modeled using neonatal rodents. However, few rodent studies have characterized the effect of ethanol exposure during the equivalent to all three trimesters of human pregnancy, a pattern of exposure that is common in pregnant women. Here, we show how to build vapor chambers from readily obtainable materials that can each accommodate up to six standard mouse cages. We describe a vapor chamber paradigm that can be used to model exposure to ethanol, with minimal handling, during all three trimesters. Our studies demonstrate that pregnant dams developed significant metabolic tolerance to ethanol. However, neonatal mice did not develop metabolic tolerance and the number of fetuses, fetus weight, placenta weight, number of pups/litter, number of dead pups/litter, and pup weight were not significantly affected by ethanol exposure. An important advantage of this paradigm is its applicability to studies with genetically-modified mice. Additionally, this paradigm minimizes handling of animals, a major confound in fetal alcohol research.

We demonstrate the construction of alcohol vapor chambers using readily available materials that simultaneously house 6 mouse cages. We further describe their use in a mouse model of fetal alcohol exposure equivalent to all 3&#160;trimesters of human pregnancy. This paradigm exposes animals during gestation and postnatal days 1-12.

بناء غرف بخار يستخدم لفضح الفئران إلى الكحول خلال ما يعادلها من جميع الأثلاث الثلاثة للتنمية البشرية

Exposure to alcohol during development can result in a constellation of morphological and behavioral abnormalities that are collectively known as Fetal ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

القياس عن بعد داخل الرحم لقياس ماوس مقلص الضغط<em&gt; في فيفو</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

دراسة سرطان البنكرياس الجذعية خصائص الخلايا لتطوير استراتيجيات علاجية جديدة

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

Boldness, Aggression, and Shoaling Assays for Zebrafish Behavioral Syndromes

A behavioral syndrome exists when specific behaviors interact under different contexts. Zebrafish have been test subjects in recent studies and it is important to standardize protocols to ensure proper analyses and interpretations. In our previous studies, we have measured boldness by monitoring a series of behaviors (time near surface, latency in transitions, number of transitions, and darts) in a 1.5 L trapezoidal tank. Likewise, we quantified aggression by observing bites, lateral displays, darts, and time near an inclined mirror in a rectangular 19 L tank. By dividing a 76 L tank into thirds, we also examined shoaling preferences. The shoaling assay is a highly customizable assay and can be tailored for specific hypotheses. However, protocols for this assay also must be standardized, yet flexible enough for customization. In previous studies, end chambers were either empty, contained 5 or 10 zebrafish, or 5 pearl danios (D. albolineatus). In the following manuscript, we present a detailed protocol and representative data that accompany successful applications of the protocol, which will allow for replication of behavioral syndrome experiments.

This manuscript describes the setup, implementation, and analysis of boldness, aggression, and shoaling in zebrafish and testing for the presence of a behavioral syndrome. A standardized approach for behavioral quantification will allow for easier comparison across studies. Modifications to this protocol are possible as each assay can be run individually.

جرأة، العدوان، وفحوصات Shoaling للاسماك الزرد السلوكية المتلازمات

A behavioral syndrome exists when specific behaviors interact under different contexts. Zebrafish have been test subjects in recent studies and it is ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

فتح القصبة الهوائية المعدة حمض الطموح فأري موديل الحاد الرئة إصابة النتائج في القصوى الحاد غير قاتل الرئة الإصابات

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

إجراء عملية التحمل القصوى وسوبماكسيمال الاختبار لقياس الاستجابات الفسيولوجية والبيولوجية لممارسة الحادة في البشر

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response

Minimal erythema dose (MED) testing is frequently used in clinical settings for determining the smallest amount of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation necessary to produce erythema (inflammatory reddening) on the surface of the skin. In this context, the MED is regarded as a key factor in determining starting doses for UV phototherapy for common skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. In research settings, MED testing also has potential to be a powerful tool for assessing within- and between-persons variation in inflammatory responses. However, MED testing has not been widely adopted for use in research settings, likely owing to a lack of published guidelines, which is a barrier to obtaining reproducible results from this assay. Also, protocols and equipment for establishing MED vary widely, making it difficult to compare results across laboratories. Here, we describe a precise and reproducible method to induce and measure superficial erythema using newly designed protocols and methods that can easily be adapted to other equipment and laboratory environments. The method described here includes detail on procedures that will allow extrapolation of a standardized dosage schedule to other equipment so that this protocol can be adapted to any UV radiation source.

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response

Minimal erythema dose (MED) testing is used to establish dosage schedules for ultraviolet radiation phototherapy. It can assess individual variation in inflammatory response but lacks methodology for achieving reproducible results. Here, we present a precision implementation of MED and demonstrate its ability to capture individual variation in inflammatory response.

الدقة تنفيذ الحد الأدنى من جرعه حمامي (MED) اختبار لتقييم الاختلاف الفردي في الاستجابة التهابيه البشرية

Minimal erythema dose (MED) testing is frequently used in clinical settings for determining the smallest amount of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation necessary ...

Murine Precision-Cut Liver Slices as an Ex Vivo Model of Liver Biology

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic liver disease, and liver cancer) requires experimental manipulation of animal models and in vitro cell cultures. Both techniques have limitations, such as the requirement of large numbers of animals for in vivo manipulation. However, in vitro cell cultures do not reproduce the structure and function of the multicellular hepatic environment. The use of precision-cut liver slices is a technique in which uniform slices of viable mouse liver are maintained in laboratory tissue culture for experimental manipulation. This technique occupies an experimental niche that exists between animal studies and in vitro cell culture methods. The presented protocol describes a straightforward and reliable method to isolate and culture precision-cut liver slices from mice. As an application of this technique, ex vivo liver slices are treated with bile acids to simulate cholestatic liver injury and ultimately assess the mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis.

This protocol provides a simple and reliable method for the production of viable precision-cut liver slices from mice. The ex vivo tissue samples can be maintained under laboratory tissue culture conditions for multiple days, providing a flexible model to examine liver pathobiology.

المورين الدقة قطع شرائح الكبد كنموذج السابق فيفو بيولوجيا الكبد

Understanding the mechanisms of liver injury, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis that underlie chronic liver diseases (i.e., viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic ...

Intraoperative Assessment of Resection Margins in Oral Cavity Cancer: This is the Way

The goal of head and neck oncological surgery is complete tumor resection with adequate resection margins while preserving acceptable function and appearance. For oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC), different studies showed that only 15%-26% of all resections are adequate. A major reason for the low number of adequate resections is the lack of information during surgery; the margin status is only available after the final histopathologic assessment, days after surgery.
The surgeons and pathologists at the Erasmus MC University Medical Center in Rotterdam started the implementation of specimen-driven intraoperative assessment of resection margins (IOARM) in 2013, which became the standard of care in 2015. This method enables the surgeon to turn an inadequate resection into an adequate resection by performing an additional resection during the initial surgery. Intraoperative assessment is supported by a relocation method procedure that allows accurate identification of inadequate margins (found on the specimen) in the wound bed.
The implementation of this protocol resulted in an improvement of adequate resections from 15%-40%. However, the specimen-driven IOARM is not widely adopted because grossing fresh tissue is counter-intuitive for pathologists. The fear exists that grossing fresh tissue will deteriorate the anatomical orientation, shape, and size of the specimen and therefore will affect the final histopathologic assessment. These possible negative effects are countered by the described protocol. Here, the protocol for specimen-driven IOARM is presented in detail, as performed at the institute.

The goal of this protocol is to provide a clear overview of specimen-driven intraoperative assessment of resection margins. It is encouraged to implement this protocol to improve patient care at other institutes.