Name: investigating single molecule adhesion by atomic force spectroscopy
Uploaded: 2015-02-27T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 48 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

The authors thank the DFG (Hu 997/2-2) for financial support. FS acknowledges the Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung (HSS). SKr was supported by the Elitenetzwerk Bayern in the framework of the doctorate program Material Science of Complex Interfaces. SKi thanks the SFB 863 for financial support.

<ol>
	<li>Scheuring, S., Sapra, K., M&#252;ller, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+Single+Membrane+Proteins+by+Atomic+Force+Microscopy.">Probing Single Membrane Proteins by Atomic Force Microscopy.</a> Handbook of Single-Molecule Biophysics. , 449-485 (2009).</li><li>Kodera, N., Yamamoto, D., Ishikawa, R., Ando, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video+imaging+of+walking+myosin+V+by+high-speed+atomic+force+microscopy.">Video imaging of walking myosin V by high-speed atomic force microscopy.</a> Nature. 468 (7320), 72-76 (2010).</li><li>Magonov, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+Force+Microscopy+in+Analysis+of+Polymers.">Atomic Force Microscopy in Analysis of Polymers.</a> Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. , (2006).</li><li>Rief, M., Clausen-Schaumann, H., Gaub, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence-dependent+mechanics+of+single+DNA+molecules.">Sequence-dependent mechanics of single DNA molecules.</a> Nature Structural Biology. 6 (4), 346-349 (1999).</li><li>Li, H., Linke, W. a., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+engineering+of+the+giant+muscle+protein+titin.">Reverse engineering of the giant muscle protein titin.</a> Nature. 418 (6901), 998-1002 (2002).</li><li>Bustamante, C., Smith, S. B., Liphardt, J., Smith, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+studies+of+DNA+mechanics.">Single-molecule studies of DNA mechanics.</a> Current opinion in structural biology. 10 (3), 279-285 (2000).</li><li>Zhang, W., Zhang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+molecule+mechanochemistry+of+macromolecules.">Single molecule mechanochemistry of macromolecules.</a> Progress in Polymer Science. 28 (8), 1271-1295 (2003).</li><li>Hugel, T., Rief, M., Seitz, M., Gaub, H., Netz, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Stretched+Single+Polymers:+Atomic-Force-Microscope+Experiments+Versus+Ab-Initio+Theory.">Highly Stretched Single Polymers: Atomic-Force-Microscope Experiments Versus Ab-Initio Theory.</a> Physical Review Letters. 94 (4), 048301 (2005).</li><li>Stetter, F. W. S., Cwiklik, L., Jungwirth, P., Hugel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Lipid+Extraction+-+The+Anchoring+Strength+of+Cholesterol+in+Liquid+Ordered+and+Liquid+Disordered+Phases.">Single Lipid Extraction - The Anchoring Strength of Cholesterol in Liquid Ordered and Liquid Disordered Phases.</a> Biophysical journal. 107 (5), (2014).</li><li>Pirzer, T., Hugel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+mechanism+of+polypeptides+and+their+location+at+hydrophobic+interfaces.">Adsorption mechanism of polypeptides and their location at hydrophobic interfaces.</a> Chemphyschem. 10 (16), 2795-2799 (2009).</li><li>Butt, H. -. J., Cappella, B., Kappl, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force+measurements+with+the+atomic+force+microscope:+Technique,+interpretation+and+applications.">Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications.</a> Surface Science Reports. 59 (1-6), 1-152 (2005).</li><li>Nash, M. A., Gaub, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Molecule+Adhesion+of+a+Copolymer+to+Gold.">Single-Molecule Adhesion of a Copolymer to Gold.</a> ACS NANO. 6 (12), 10735-10742 (2012).</li><li>Hermanson, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bioconjugate Techniques. , (1996).</li><li>Kienle, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+molecular+architecture+on+single+polymer+adhesion.">Effect of molecular architecture on single polymer adhesion.</a> Langmuir the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids. 30 (15), 4351-4357 (2014).</li><li>Folkers, J. P., Laibinis, P. E., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembled+monolayers+of+alkanethiols+on+gold:+comparisons+of+monolayers+containing+mixtures+of+short-+and+long-chain+constituents+with+methyl+and+hydroxymethyl+terminal+groups.">Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols on gold: comparisons of monolayers containing mixtures of short- and long-chain constituents with methyl and hydroxymethyl terminal groups.</a> Langmuir. 8 (5), 1330-1341 (1995).</li><li>Dankerl, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diamond+Transistor+Array+for+Extracellular+Recording+From+Electrogenic+Cells.">Diamond Transistor Array for Extracellular Recording From Electrogenic Cells.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 19 (18), 2915-2923 (2009).</li><li>Leonenko, Z. V., Carnini, A., Cramb, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supported+planar+bilayer+formation+by+vesicle+fusion:+the+interaction+of+phospholipid+vesicles+with+surfaces+and+the+effect+of+gramicidin+on+bilayer+properties+using+atomic+force+microscopy.">Supported planar bilayer formation by vesicle fusion: the interaction of phospholipid vesicles with surfaces and the effect of gramicidin on bilayer properties using atomic force microscopy.</a> Biochimica et biophysica acta. 1509 (1-2), 131-147 (2000).</li><li>Stetter, F. W. S., Hugel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Nanomechanical+Properties+of+Lipid+Membranes+are+Significantly+Influenced+by+the+Presence+of+Ethanol.">The Nanomechanical Properties of Lipid Membranes are Significantly Influenced by the Presence of Ethanol.</a> Biophysical Journal. 104 (5), 1049-1055 (2013).</li><li>Putman, C. A. J., De Grooth, B. G., Hulst, N. F., Greve, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+detailed+analysis+of+the+optical+beam+deflection+technique+for+use+in+atomic+force+microscopy.">A detailed analysis of the optical beam deflection technique for use in atomic force microscopy.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 72 (1), 6-12 (1992).</li><li>Hutter, J. L., Bechhoefer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibration+of+atomic-force+microscope+tips.">Calibration of atomic-force microscope tips.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 64 (7), 1868 (1993).</li><li>Krysiak, S., Liese, S., Netz, R. R., Hugel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptide+desorption+kinetics+from+single+molecule+force+spectroscopy+studies.">Peptide desorption kinetics from single molecule force spectroscopy studies.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (2), 688-697 (2014).</li><li>Li, I. T. S., Walker, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interfacial+free+energy+governs+single+polystyrene+chain+collapse+in+water+and+aqueous+solutions.">Interfacial free energy governs single polystyrene chain collapse in water and aqueous solutions.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (18), 6530-6540 (2010).</li><li>Dudko, O. K., Hummer, G., Szabo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theory,+analysis,+and+interpretation+of+single-molecule+force+spectroscopy+experiments.">Theory, analysis, and interpretation of single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (41), 15755-15760 (2008).</li><li>Stetter, F. W. S., Cwiklik, L., Jungwirth, P., Hugel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Lipid+Extraction:+The+Anchoring+Strength+of+Cholesterol+in+Liquid-Ordered+and+Liquid-Disordered+Phases.">Single Lipid Extraction: The Anchoring Strength of Cholesterol in Liquid-Ordered and Liquid-Disordered Phases.</a> Biophysical Journal. 107 (5), 1167-1175 (2014).</li><li>Horinek, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptide+adsorption+on+a+hydrophobic+surface+results+from+an+interplay+of+solvation,+surface,+and+intrapeptide+forces.">Peptide adsorption on a hydrophobic surface results from an interplay of solvation, surface, and intrapeptide forces.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (8), 2842-2847 (2008).</li><li>Ebner, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionalization+of+probe+tips+and+supports+for+single-molecule+recognition+force+microscopy.">Functionalization of probe tips and supports for single-molecule recognition force microscopy.</a> Topics in current chemistry. 285 (April), 29-76 (2008).</li><li>Geisler, M., Balzer, B. N., Hugel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer+Adhesion+at+the+Solid-Liquid+Interface+Probed+by+a+Single-Molecule+Force+Sensor.">Polymer Adhesion at the Solid-Liquid Interface Probed by a Single-Molecule Force Sensor.</a> Small. 5 (24), 2864-2869 (2009).</li><li>Morfill, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affinity-matured+recombinant+antibody+fragments+analyzed+by+single-molecule+force+spectroscopy.">Affinity-matured recombinant antibody fragments analyzed by single-molecule force spectroscopy.</a> Biophysical journal. 93 (10), 3583-3590 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

<html> خلال العقود الماضية، قدمت التجارب جزيء واحد رؤى غير مسبوقة في الآليات الجزيئية وتبين أن هذا النهج لا تقدر بثمن في علوم الحياة وخارجها. لتحقيق إحصاءات جيدة وذات مغزى من التجارب SMFS، من الناحية المثالية واحد ويتم استخدام نفس الجزيء على مدى كاملة من التجربة. وعلى الن?...

على مدى السنوات ال 30 الماضية، تحولت القوة الذرية المجهر (AFM) إلى أن تكون تقنية التصوير قيمة لدراسة البيولوجية 1،2 و 3 الاصطناعية المواد والأسطح لأنه يوفر القرار المكانية الجزيئي في جميع الأبعاد الثلاثة ويمكن تشغيلها في مختلف المذيبات البيئات. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك،-AFM واحد قوة جزيء الطيفي (SMFS) يتيح لقياس القوى بدءا من السندات الإذنية إلى μN النظام وأعطت نظرة غير مسبوقة على سبيل المثال إلى البروتين للطي 4،5، الفيزياء البوليمر 6-8، واحد التفاعل جزيء سطح 9 - 12. والأساس المنطقي وراء دراسة الجزيئات واحدة بدلا من الفرقة من الجزيئات هو تجنب آثار المتوسط ​​والتي غالبا ما تحجب الأحداث النادرة أو الدول الجزيئية الخفية. وعلاوة على ذلك، العديد من المعلمات الجزيئية مثل طول كفاف، وطول كوهن، الطاقة الحرة التصاق، وما يمكن أن يكونالتي تم الحصول عليها. هو مفصل في هذه الأمثلة أدناه. في تجربة AFM-SMFS نموذجية، ويقترن جزيء التحقيق إلى طرف حاد جدا عن طريق جزيء رابط. يقع في الطرف نفسها في نهاية ناتئ قابل للانحناء. إذا تم إحضار طرف في اتصال مع سطح جزيء التحقيق سوف تتفاعل مع هذا السطح. من خلال مراقبة انحراف للناتئ على التراجع من طرف، والقوة، وبالتالي الطاقة الحرة، لفصل جزيء من السطح يمكن تحديده. الحصول على إحصائيات ذات معنى، لا بد من الحصول على عدد كبير من ما يسمى منحنيات قوة بعد. وعلاوة على ذلك، لدينا تجارب جزيء واحد صحيح (أي، وذلك باستخدام واحد ونفس جزيء التحقيق خلال مدة التجربة بأكملها) يجب أن يقترن جزيء التحقيق تساهميا إلى الطرف AFM. هنا، يتم تقديم بروتوكول تجريبي لناتئ functionalization مع جزيء واحد عن طريق الرابطة التساهمية. يمكن إما أن يقترن جزيء واحد عن طريق الأمينية أو ثيول مجموعة لغيض AFM. لا يمكن أن يؤديها عملية الاقتران في مجموعة واسعة من المذيبات (العضوية والمائية) لحساب خصائص انذياب من البوليمرات المستخدمة. في الجزء الأول، وبروتوكول عام لنعلق تساهميا جزيء واحد (&quot;جزيء التحقيق&quot;) عن طريق جزيء رابط إلى طرف AFM يوصف. تحقيقا لهذه الغاية، يتم استخدام NHS- العضوية أو maleimide الكيمياء 13. جنبا إلى جنب مع بروتوكول لمدة ثلاث جزيئات سبيل المثال، يتم وصف عمليات الحصول على البيانات وتحليل البيانات ويتم توفير المراجع لمزيد من القراءة. على سبيل المثال الجزيئات هي: (الخطية) التيروزين البوليمر، البوليمر الكسب غير المشروع PI- ز -PS والبابا الدهون. وهذا يشمل اختلافات طفيفة من البروتوكول، على سبيل المثال لنعلق تساهميا cysteines. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، وهناك قسم مخصص لإعداد الأسطح المختلفة مثل سطح الماس، وCH 3-تجميعها المتمتعة بالحكم الذاتي أحادي الطبقة وطبقات ثنائية الدهون. هذه الواجهات لها الأقليمأون بمثابة إشارات جيدة والأمثلة على ذلك.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Hellmanex III alkaline liquid concentrate (detergent solution)</td><td>Hellma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RCA (ultrapure water, hydrogen peroxide (35%), ammonia (32%); 5:1:1(v/v/v))</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectabond reagent / APTES (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane</td><td>Vectorlabs</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dry acetone (&amp;lt; 50 ppm H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dry chloroform (&gt; 99.9%)</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triethylamine</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrapure water</td><td>Biochrom, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Di-sodium tetraborate (&gt;&amp;nbsp;99.5%)</td><td>Biochrom, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boric Acid</td><td>Biochrom, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Monofunctional &amp;alpha;-methoxy-&amp;omega;-NHS PEG, 5 kDa, &amp;ldquo;methyl-PEG-NHS&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Rapp, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heterobifunctional &amp;alpha;,&amp;omega;-bis-NHS PEG, 6&amp;nbsp;kDa, &amp;ldquo;NHS-PEG-NHS&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Rapp, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heterobifunctional &amp;alpha;-maleimidohexanoic- &amp;omega;-NHS PEG, 5 kDa, &amp;ldquo;Mal-PEG-NHS&amp;rdquo;</td><td>Rapp, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Probe molecule (polymer, lipid, &lt;em&gt;etc.&lt;/em&gt;)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Sufficient amount of glass crystallising dishes with spout (10&amp;nbsp;ml), glass Petri dishes (500 &amp;micro;l) and glass lids</td><td>VWR International GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td>&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td>Laboratory oven model UF30</td><td>Memmert, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controlled sonicator</td><td>VWR International GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plasma system &quot;Femto&quot;, 100 W</td><td>Diener, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>One separate glass syringe for each organic solvent</td><td>VWR International GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vortex mixer</td><td>VWR International GmbH, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge tubes (0.5 ml or 1.5 ml)</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettes: 10-100 &amp;micro;l, 50-200 &amp;micro;l and 100-1,000&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;l</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AFM with temperature controlled fluid cell (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; MFP-3D with BioHeater)</td><td>Asylulm Research, Santa Barbara</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soft SiN cantilevers cantilever, typically made from silicon nitride (SiN) (spring constant less than 100 pN/nm, &lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; MLCT)</td><td>Bruker AXS, Santa Barbara</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

investigating single molecule adhesion by atomic force spectroscopy

التحليل الطيفي القوة الذرية هو أداة مثالية لدراسة الجزيئات في الأسطح والواجهات. ويرد بروتوكول تجريبي لزوجين مجموعة كبيرة ومتنوعة من الجزيئات واحدة تساهميا على تلميح AFM. في نفس الوقت وتخمل طرف AFM لمنع التفاعلات غير محددة بين طرف والركيزة، الذي هو شرط أساسي لدراسة الجزيئات واحدة تعلق على طرف AFM. تحليلات لتحديد قوة التصاق، وطول التصاق، والطاقة الحرة من هذه الجزيئات على الأسطح الصلبة والحيوية واجهات يتم عرض قريبا ويتم توفير المراجع الخارجية لمزيد من القراءة. جزيئات سبيل المثال هي بولي (حمض أميني) polytyrosine، والكسب غير المشروع البوليمر PI- ز -PS والبابا فوسفورية (1-بالميتويل-2-oleoyl- SN -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine). والمستوعبة هذه الجزيئات من الأسطح المختلفة مثل CH 3 -SAMs والهيدروجين إنهاء الماس وبدعم طبقات ثنائية الدهون في ظل ظروف المذيبات المختلفة. وأخيرا، فإنوتناقش مزايا القوة الطيفية التجارب جزيء واحد بما في ذلك وسيلة لتقرر ما إذا كان قد تم دراستها حقا جزيء واحد في التجربة.

في ما يلي، نتائج ما سبق ووصفت جزيئات سبيل المثال، وهي بوليمرات بولي (حمض أميني) polytyrosine، والكسب غير المشروع البوليمر PI- ز -PS والبابا فوسفورية، وتعرض. أولا لكل سبيل المثال، تجربة تفاصيل محددة للحصول على البيانات وإعداد البيانات يتم توفيرها. ثم، يتم عرض نتائج نموذجي...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy

A protocol to couple a large variety of single molecules covalently onto an AFM tip is presented. Procedures and examples to determine the adhesion force and free energy of these molecules on solid supports and bio-interfaces are provided.

التحقيق احدة جزيء التصاق بواسطة القوة الذرية الطيفي

Atomic force spectroscopy is an ideal tool to study molecules at surfaces and interfaces. An experimental protocol to couple a large variety of single ...

investigating-single-molecule-adhesion-by-atomic-force-spectroscopy

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

10.3K Views.  Technische Universität München. A protocol to couple a large variety of single molecules covalently onto an AFM tip is presented. Procedures and examples to determine the adhesion force and free energy of these molecules on solid supports and bio-interfaces are provided.

Video: Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of molecular behaviors that underlie cellular biology 1-4. To image an individual molecule of interest, it is typically conjugated to a fluorescent tag (dye, protein, bead, or quantum dot) and observed with epifluorescence or total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. While dyes and fluorescent proteins have been the mainstay of fluorescence imaging for decades, their fluorescence is unstable under high photon fluxes necessary to observe individual molecules, yielding only a few seconds of observation before complete loss of signal. Latex beads and dye-labeled beads provide improved signal stability but at the expense of drastically larger hydrodynamic size, which can deleteriously alter the diffusion and behavior of the molecule under study.
Quantum dots (QDs) offer a balance between these two problematic regimes. These nanoparticles are composed of semiconductor materials and can be engineered with a hydrodynamically compact size with exceptional resistance to photodegradation 5. Thus in recent years QDs have been instrumental in enabling long-term observation of complex macromolecular behavior on the single molecule level. However these particles have still been found to exhibit impaired diffusion in crowded molecular environments such as the cellular cytoplasm and the neuronal synaptic cleft, where their sizes are still too large 4,6,7.
Recently we have engineered the cores and surface coatings of QDs for minimized hydrodynamic size, while balancing offsets to colloidal stability, photostability, brightness, and nonspecific binding that have hindered the utility of compact QDs in the past 8,9. The goal of this article is to demonstrate the synthesis, modification, and characterization of these optimized nanocrystals, composed of an alloyed HgxCd1-xSe core coated with an insulating CdyZn1-yS shell, further coated with a multidentate polymer ligand modified with short polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains (Figure 1). Compared with conventional CdSe nanocrystals, HgxCd1-xSe alloys offer greater quantum yields of fluorescence, fluorescence at red and near-infrared wavelengths for enhanced signal-to-noise in cells, and excitation at non-cytotoxic visible wavelengths. Multidentate polymer coatings bind to the nanocrystal surface in a closed and flat conformation to minimize hydrodynamic size, and PEG neutralizes the surface charge to minimize nonspecific binding to cells and biomolecules. The end result is a brightly fluorescent nanocrystal with emission between 550-800 nm and a total hydrodynamic size near 12 nm. This is in the same size range as many soluble globular proteins in cells, and substantially smaller than conventional PEGylated QDs (25-35 nm).

We describe the preparation of colloidal quantum dots with minimized hydrodynamic size for single-molecule fluorescence imaging. Compared to conventional quantum dots, these nanoparticles are similar in size to globular proteins and are optimized for single-molecule brightness, stability against photodegradation, and resistance to nonspecific binding to proteins and cells.

الكم النقاط المدمجة لواحدة جزيء التصوير

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for  understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the  spatial and temporal ...

Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of Particle-particle Interactions Using Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy

Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy (CPN), the study of the nano-scale interactive forces between a specifically prepared colloidal probe and any chosen substrate using the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), can provide key insights into physical interactions present within colloidal systems. Colloidal systems are widely existent in several applications including, pharmaceuticals, foods, paints, paper, soil and minerals, detergents, printing and much more.1-3 Furthermore, colloids can exist in many states such as emulsions, foams and suspensions. Using colloidal probe nanoscopy one can obtain key information on the adhesive properties, binding energies and even gain insight into the physical stability and coagulation kinetics of the colloids present within. Additionally, colloidal probe nanoscopy can be used with biological cells to aid in drug discovery and formulation development. In this paper we describe a method for conducting colloidal probe nanoscopy, discuss key factors that are important to consider during the measurement, and show that both quantitative and qualitative data that can be obtained from such measurements.

Colloidal probe nanoscopy can be used within a variety of fields to gain insight into the physical stability and coagulation kinetics of colloidal systems and aid in drug discovery and formulation sciences using biological systems. The method described within provides a quantitative and qualitative means to study such systems.

فحص الكمية والنوعية من التفاعلات الجسيمات الجسيمات الغروية عن طريق مسبار Nanoscopy

Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy (CPN), the study of the nano-scale interactive forces between a specifically prepared colloidal probe and any chosen substrate ...

Chemistry

Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope

The determination of the folding process of proteins from their amino acid sequence to their native 3D structure is an important problem in biology. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can address this problem by enabling stretching and relaxation of single protein molecules, which gives direct evidence of specific unfolding and refolding characteristics. AFM-based single-molecule force-spectroscopy (AFM-SMFS) provides a means to consistently measure high-energy conformations in proteins that are not possible in traditional bulk (biochemical) measurements. Although numerous papers were published to show principles of AFM-SMFS, it is not easy to conduct SMFS experiments due to a lack of an exhaustively complete protocol. In this study, we briefly illustrate the principles of AFM and extensively detail the protocols, procedures, and data analysis as a guideline to achieve good results from SMFS experiments. We demonstrate representative SMFS results of single protein mechanical unfolding measurements and we provide troubleshooting strategies for some commonly encountered problems.

We describe the detailed procedures and strategies to measure the mechanical properties and mechanical unfolding pathways of single protein molecules using an atomic force microscope. We also show representative results as a reference for selection and justification of good single protein molecule recordings.

التحليل الطيفي لجزيئات البروتين وحيد باستخدام مجهر قوة ذرية قوة

The determination of the folding process of proteins from their amino acid sequence to their native 3D structure is an important problem in biology. ...

Biochemistry

Covalent Immobilization of Proteins for the Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy

In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) extended our understanding of molecular properties and functions. It gave us the opportunity to explore a multiplicity of biophysical mechanisms, e.g., how bacterial adhesins bind to host surface receptors in more detail. Among other factors, the success of SMFS experiments depends on the functional and native immobilization of the biomolecules of interest on solid surfaces and AFM tips. Here, we describe a straightforward protocol for the covalent coupling of proteins to silicon surfaces using silane-PEG-carboxyls and the well-established N-hydroxysuccinimid/1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)carbodiimid (EDC/NHS) chemistry in order to explore the interaction of pilus-1 adhesin RrgA from the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) with the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (Fn). Our results show that the surface functionalization leads to a homogenous distribution of Fn on the glass surface and to an appropriate concentration of RrgA on the AFM cantilever tip, apparent by the target value of up to 20% of interaction events during SMFS measurements and revealed that RrgA binds to Fn with a mean force of 52 pN. The protocol can be adjusted to couple via site specific free thiol groups. This results in a predefined protein or molecule orientation and is suitable for other biophysical applications besides the SMFS.

This protocol describes the covalent immobilization of proteins with a heterobifunctional silane coupling agent to silicon-oxide surfaces designed for the atomic force microscopy based single molecule force spectroscopy which is exemplified by the interaction of RrgA (pilus-1 tip adhesin of S. pneumoniae) with fibronectin.

تجميد التساهمية من البروتينات للتحليل الطيفي قوة جزيء واحد

In recent years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) extended our understanding of molecular properties and ...

Insights into the Interactions of Amino Acids and Peptides with Inorganic Materials Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals leads to the formation of composite materials with unique properties. In addition, the undesirable process of biofouling is initiated by the adsorption of biomolecules, mainly proteins, on surfaces. This organic layer is an adhesion layer for bacteria and allows them to interact with the surface. Understanding the fundamental forces that govern the interactions at the organic-inorganic interface is therefore important for many areas of research and could lead to the design of new materials for optical, mechanical and biomedical applications. This paper demonstrates a single-molecule force spectroscopy technique that utilizes an AFM to measure the adhesion force between either peptides or amino acids and well-defined inorganic surfaces. This technique involves a protocol for attaching the biomolecule to the AFM tip through a covalent flexible linker and single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscope. In addition, an analysis of these measurements is included.

Here we present a protocol to measure the force of interactions between a well-defined inorganic surface and either peptides or amino acids by single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The information obtained from the measurement is important to better understand the peptide-inorganic material interphase.

نظرة ثاقبة لتفاعلات الأحماض الأمينية والببتيدات مع المواد غير العضوية عن طريق جزيء واحدة قوة التحليل الطيفي

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals ...

Investigating Receptor-ligand Systems of the Cellulosome with AFM-based Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy

Cellulosomes are discrete multienzyme complexes used by a subset of anaerobic bacteria and fungi to digest lignocellulosic substrates. Assembly of the enzymes onto the noncatalytic scaffold protein is directed by interactions among a family of related receptor-ligand pairs comprising interacting cohesin and dockerin modules. The extremely strong binding between cohesin and dockerin modules results in dissociation constants in the low picomolar to nanomolar range, which may hamper accurate off-rate measurements with conventional bulk methods. Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) with the atomic force microscope measures the response of individual biomolecules to force, and in contrast to other single-molecule manipulation methods (i.e.&#160;optical tweezers), is optimal for studying high-affinity receptor-ligand interactions because of its ability to probe the high-force regime (&#62;120 pN). Here we present our complete protocol for studying cellulosomal protein assemblies at the single-molecule level. Using a protein topology derived from the native cellulosome, we worked with enzyme-dockerin and carbohydrate binding module-cohesin (CBM-cohesin) fusion proteins, each with an accessible free thiol group at an engineered cysteine residue. We present our site-specific surface immobilization protocol, along with our measurement and data analysis procedure for obtaining detailed binding parameters for the high-affinity complex. We demonstrate how to quantify single subdomain unfolding forces, complex rupture forces, kinetic off-rates, and potential widths of the binding well. The successful application of these methods in characterizing the cohesin-dockerin interaction responsible for assembly of multidomain cellulolytic complexes is further described.

Cellulosomes are multienzyme complexes designed for digesting cellulose. AFM-based SMFS was used to study the mechanical properties and folding configuration of cellulosome-associated protein assemblies. We present a complete workflow for protein immobilization, data acquisition, and data analysis to study the interactions of individual receptor-ligand complexes involved in cellulosome assembly.

Cellulosomes are discrete multienzyme complexes used by a subset of anaerobic bacteria and fungi to digest lignocellulosic substrates. Assembly of the ...

Bioengineering

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile, high-resolution imaging technique that allows visualization of biological membranes. It has sufficient magnification to examine membrane substructures and even individual molecules. AFM can act as a force probe to measure interactions and mechanical properties of membranes. Supported lipid bilayers are conventionally used as membrane models in AFM studies. In this protocol, we demonstrate how to prepare supported bilayers and characterize their structure and mechanical properties using AFM. These include bilayer thickness and breakthrough force. 
The information provided by AFM imaging and force spectroscopy help define mechanical and chemical properties of membranes. These properties play an important role in cellular processes such as maintaining cell hemostasis from environmental stress, bringing membrane proteins together, and stabilizing protein complexes.

We describe a protocol for preparation of supported lipid bilayers and its characterization using atomic force microscopy and force spectroscopy.

قوة الذرية المجهر التصوير وقوة التحليل الطيفي لدعم الدهن طبقات ثنائية

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile, high-resolution imaging technique that allows visualization of biological membranes. It has sufficient ...

Covalent Attachment of Single Molecules for AFM-based Force Spectroscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single molecule force spectroscopy is an ideal tool for investigating the interactions between a single polymer and surfaces. For a true single molecule experiment, covalent attachment of the probe molecule is essential because only then can hundreds of force-extension traces with one and the same single molecule be obtained. Many traces are in turn necessary to prove that a single molecule alone is probed. Additionally, passivation is crucial for preventing unwanted interactions between the single probe molecule and the AFM cantilever tip as well as between the AFM cantilever tip and the underlying surface. The functionalization protocol presented here is reliable and can easily be applied to a variety of polymers. Characteristic single molecule events (i.e., stretches and plateaus) are detected in the force-extension traces. From these events, physical parameters such as stretching force, desorption force and desorption length can be obtained. This is particularly important for the precise investigation of stimuli-responsive systems at the single molecule level. As exemplary systems poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAM) and polystyrene (PS) are stretched and desorbed from SiOx (for PEG and PNiPAM) and from hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer surfaces (for PS) in aqueous environment.

Covalent attachment of probe molecules to atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever tips is an essential technique for the investigation of their physical properties. This allows us to determine the stretching force, desorption force and length of polymers via AFM-based single molecule force spectroscopy with high reproducibility.

مرفق التكافؤ من جزيئات واحدة للتنظير الطيفي للقوة المستندة إلى AFM

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single molecule force spectroscopy is an ideal tool for investigating the interactions between a single polymer and ...

Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilever-Based Nanoindentation: Mechanical Property Measurements at the Nanoscale in Air and Fluid

An atomic force microscope (AFM) fundamentally measures the interaction between a nanoscale AFM probe tip and the sample surface. If the force applied by the probe tip and its contact area with the sample can be quantified, it is possible to determine the nanoscale mechanical properties (e.g., elastic or Young&#39;s modulus) of the surface being probed. A detailed procedure for performing quantitative AFM cantilever-based nanoindentation experiments is provided here, with representative examples of how the technique can be applied to determine the elastic moduli of a wide variety of sample types, ranging from kPa to GPa. These include live mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and nuclei in physiological buffer, resin-embedded dehydrated loblolly pine cross-sections, and Bakken shales of varying composition.
Additionally, AFM cantilever-based nanoindentation is used to probe the rupture strength (i.e., breakthrough force) of phospholipid bilayers. Important practical considerations such as method choice and development, probe selection and calibration, region of interest identification, sample heterogeneity, feature size and aspect ratio, tip wear, surface roughness, and data analysis and measurement statistics are discussed to aid proper implementation of the technique. Finally, co-localization of AFM-derived nanomechanical maps with electron microscopy techniques that provide additional information regarding elemental composition is demonstrated.

Quantifying the contact area and force applied by an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe tip to a sample surface enables nanoscale mechanical property determination. Best practices to implement AFM cantilever-based nanoindentation in air or fluid on soft and hard samples to measure elastic modulus or other nanomechanical properties are discussed.

القوة الذرية المجهرية المسافة البادئة القائمة على الكابولي: قياسات الخواص الميكانيكية على المستوى النانوي في الهواء والسوائل

An atomic force microscope (AFM) fundamentally measures the interaction between a nanoscale AFM probe tip and the sample surface. If the force applied by ...

Functionalization of Atomic Force Microscope Cantilevers with Single-T Cells or Single-Particle for Immunological Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy

Atomic force microscopy based single cell force spectroscopy (AFM-SCFS) is a powerful tool for studying biophysical properties of living cells. This technique allows for probing interaction strengths and dynamics on a live cell membrane, including those between cells, receptor and ligands, and alongside many other variations. It also works as a mechanism to deliver a physical or biochemical stimulus on single cells in a spatiotemporally controlled manner, thus allowing specific cell activation and subsequent cellular events to be monitored in real-time when combined with live-cell fluorescence imaging. The key step in those AFM-SCFS measurements is AFM-cantilever functionalization, or in other words, attaching a subject of interest to the cantilever. Here, we present methods to modify AFM cantilevers with a single T cell and a single polystyrene bead respectively for immunological studies. The former involves a biocompatible glue that couples single T cells to the tip of a flat cantilever in a solution, while the latter relies on an epoxy glue for single bead adhesion in the air environment. Two immunological applications associated with each cantilever modification are provided as well. The methods described here can be easily adapted to different cell types and solid particles.

We present a protocol to functionalize atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers with a single T cell and bead particle for immunological studies. Procedures to probe single-pair T cell-dendritic cell binding by AFM and to monitor the real-time cellular response of macrophages to a single solid particle by AFM with fluorescence imaging are shown.

وظيفية من القوة الذرية مجهر Cantilevers مع خلايا واحدة تي أو الجسيمات واحدة لالمناعية أحادية الخلية قوة مطيافية

Atomic force microscopy based single cell force spectroscopy (AFM-SCFS) is a powerful tool for studying biophysical properties of living cells. This ...