Name: measurement of outgassing rates of steels
Uploaded: 2016-12-13T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 32 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels at JoVE.com

This work was supported jointly by the Converging Research Center Program through the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Korea (NRF-2014M3C1A8048817) and R&amp;D Convergence Program of NST (National Research Council of Science and Technology) of Republic of Korea (CAP-14-3-KRISS).

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A. 34 (2), 021601 (2016).</li><li>Battes, K., Day, C., Hauer, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outgassing+rate+measurements+of+stainless+steel+and+polymers+using+the+difference+Method.">Outgassing rate measurements of stainless steel and polymers using the difference Method.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 33 (2), 021603 (2015).</li><li>Jousten, K., Putzke, S., Buthig, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partial+pressure+measurement+standard+for+characterizing+partial+pressure+analyzers+and+measuring+outgassing+rates.">Partial pressure measurement standard for characterizing partial pressure analyzers and measuring outgassing rates.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 33 (6), 061603 (2015).</li><li>Redhead, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommended+practices+for+measuring+and+reporting+outgassing+data.">Recommended practices for measuring and reporting outgassing data.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 20 (5), 1667-1675 (2002).</li><li>Jousten, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibration+of+total+pressure+gauges+in+the+UHV+and+XHV+regions.">Calibration of total pressure gauges in the UHV and XHV regions.</a> J. Vac. Soc. Jpn. 37 (9), 678-685 (1994).</li><li>Nemanic, V., Setina, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outgassing+in+thin+wall+stainless+steel+cells.">Outgassing in thin wall stainless steel cells.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 17 (3), 1040-1046 (1999).</li><li>Nemanic, V., Setina, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+study+of+thermal+treatment+procedures+to+reduce+hydrogen+outgassing+rate+in+thin+wall+stainless+steel+cells.">A study of thermal treatment procedures to reduce hydrogen outgassing rate in thin wall stainless steel cells.</a> Vacuum. 53, 277-280 (1999).</li><li>Berg, R. F., Fedchak, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIST+Calibration+Services+for+Spinning+Rotor+Gauge+Calibrations.">NIST Calibration Services for Spinning Rotor Gauge Calibrations.</a> Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. , 250-293 (2015).</li><li>Kou, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Welding Metallurgy. , 13-16 (2003).</li><li>Fruehan, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Vacuum Degassing of Steel. , (1990).</li><li>Fedchak, J. A., Scherschligt, J., Sefa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+Build+a+Vacuum+Spring-transport+Package+for+Spinning+Rotor+Gauges.">How to Build a Vacuum Spring-transport Package for Spinning Rotor Gauges.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (110), e53937 (2016).</li><li>Saitoh, M., Shimura, K., Iwata, T., Momose, T., Ishimaru, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+vacuum+gauges+on+outgassing+rate+measurements.">Influence of vacuum gauges on outgassing rate measurements.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 11 (5), 2816-2821 (1993).</li><li>Calder, R., Lewin, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+stainless-steel+outgassing+in+ultra-high+vacuum.">Reduction of stainless-steel outgassing in ultra-high vacuum.</a> Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 18, 1459-1472 (1967).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

وقد تم الإبلاغ عن طرق عديدة لقياس معدلات إطلاق الغازات في الأدب. وتشمل الطرق التجريبية والإنتاجية، تعديل تصرف، مسار اثنين، رور، وأشكال مختلفة من هذه الأساليب. ومع ذلك، لا توجد طريقة واحدة مثالية للحصول على البيانات اللازمة إطلاق الغازات. 10 طريقة رور باستخدام SR...

وتستخدم الفولاذ بشكل روتيني في البناء لما له من خصائص ميكانيكية جيدة بهم. ويفضل بعض الفولاذ (الفولاذ الحديدية، على وجه الخصوص) المواد للتطبيقات التي تنطوي على فراغ. تبعا لنوع ودرجة، هذه الفولاذ معدلات إطلاق الغازات منخفضة بما فيه الكفاية الأساسية للفراغ عالية (HV، 10 - 7 &lt;ص &lt;10-5 باسكال) أو فراغ عالية جدا (الفائق، 10 -10 &lt;ص &lt;10-7 باسكال) أنظمة . وعلاوة على ذلك، وقد أجريت بحوث مستفيضة نحو وضع إجراءات المعالجة الخاصة التي تحد من إطلاق الغازات 1-3. وقد صممت هذه التدابير المعالجة للحد من الاستثمار الضخ أو لتحسين الفراغ من HV لالفائق أو من الفائق للفراغ المتطرف عالية (ع &lt;10-10 باسكال). على الرغم من أن تم اقتراح العديد من الأساليب العملية للحد من الفئران إطلاق الغازات(ه) من الفولاذ الحديدية، وتتركز الطرق الحديثة في تقليل الوقت ودرجة الحرارة المطلوبة للحصول على أقل سعر إطلاق الغازات. المعالجة الحرارية في 350 ° C-450 درجة مئوية بدلا من فراغ يطلقون النار على 800 درجة مئوية، 950 درجة مئوية، هو خير مثال على هذا النهج. 1،4،5 وعلاوة على ذلك، واختيار المادة المثالية لتطبيق فراغ معين أمر بالغ الأهمية. على سبيل المثال، اختيار المواد من الحديد بمعدل إطلاق الغازات منخفضة جدا للاستخدام في التدريع المجال المغناطيسي. 6،7 وخلال هذه التحقيقات، وقياس دقيق لمعدل إطلاق الغازات شرطا أساسيا لفحص المواد مرشح أو التحقق من فعالية مختلف إجراءات المعالجة. 8،9 التقنيات التجريبية الأكثر شيوعا لقياس إطلاق الغازات هي الإنتاجية وأساليب ارتفاع معدل من الضغط. 10 وفي الآونة الأخيرة، وقد أجريت تجارب مختلفة لقياس معدل إطلاق الغازات الهيدروجين على أساس طريقة رور باستخدام تدورنينغ مقياس الدوار (SRG). 1، 11-13 أسلوب رور باستخدام SRG هو مناسبة للغاية لقياس معدلات منخفضة جدا إطلاق الغازات الهيدروجين التي غالبا ما تحد من أدنى ضغط يمكن تحقيقه في ظل نظام فراغ مصنوعة من الفولاذ. وذلك لأن SRG ديه ضخ يذكر أو إجراءات إطلاق الغازات. وعلاوة على ذلك، لديه SRG أيضا دقة ممتازة وجيدة الخطي في فراغ عالية وفائقة مجموعة فراغ. 14 وبالنظر إلى أن الكتابات المنشورة على التجارب رور محدودة، فإنه من المفيد لوصف تفاصيل التجريبية لتطوير فهم أعمق للطريقة. في هذه المقالة الفيديو، ونحن تصف بالتفصيل عملية إعداد التجربة وتوفير إرشادات مفصلة لإجراء قياسات إطلاق الغازات باستخدام طريقة رور. للتدليل على فعالية من الأسلوب، تم قياس معدلات إطلاق الغازات اثنين من الفولاذ المستخدمة عادة (الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ 304 و S20C الفولاذ الطري) قبل وبعد العلاج سخن للحد من outgassin الهيدروجينمعدل ز. وتمت مقارنة القيم قبل وبعد العلاج. يتم عرض النتائج التجريبية النموذجية باستخدام الإعداد بسيطة إلى حد ما لإثبات فعالية من الأسلوب الأمثل لتقييم انخفاض معدلات التفريغ الهيدروجين.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Sample chamber&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel, 304</td><td>POSCO&lt;br /&gt;(www.posco.co.kr)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mild steel, D3752</td><td>Xiangtan Iron&amp;amp;Steel co.,LTD (http://www.hnxg.com)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mild steel, D3752</td><td>SeAh Besteel (www.seahbesteel.co.kr)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Cleaning&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cleaning bath</td><td>Samill IDS</td><td></td><td>Ultrasonic cleaning, heating, timer, concentration control&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Samchun Chemical (www.samchun.com)</td><td>A1759</td><td>HPLC grade (99.7%)</td></tr><tr><td>Tekusolv</td><td>NCH Co.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (www.nch.com)</td><td>0368-0058J</td><td>Solvents</td></tr><tr><td>BN cleaner</td><td>Henkel surface technologies (na.henkel-adhesives.com)</td><td>6610263775</td><td>Alkaline, pH 13</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com)</td><td>A995-4</td><td>HPLC Reagent (99.9%)</td></tr><tr><td>Deionized water (Electro deionizer SYSTEM)</td><td>A.T.A&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (www.atagroup.co)</td><td>EDI SYSTEM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Liquid N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gas</td><td>Hanyoung (www.gasmaster.co.kr)</td><td>B/T 176 L</td><td>LN&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; dewar, purity 99.999%</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Welding&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten Inert Gas wedling machine</td><td>Thermal Arc (www.victortechnologies.com/thermalarc)</td><td>400GTSW</td><td>Ar gas preflow and postflow 8 L/min, backflow 5 L/min</td></tr><tr><td>turning jig</td><td>Vactron&lt;br /&gt;(www.vactron.co.kr)</td><td>Made to order</td><td>Made to order</td></tr><tr><td>Ar gas</td><td>Lindekorea (www.lindekorea.com)</td><td></td><td>Purity 99.999%</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Leak test&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leak detector</td><td>Adixen&lt;br /&gt;(www.adixen.fr/en/)</td><td>ASM380</td><td>Pumping Speed (air): 9.7 L/sec</td></tr><tr><td>He gas</td><td>Lindekorea (www.lindekorea.com)</td><td></td><td>Purity 99.999%</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Vacuum equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spinning rotor gauge&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MKS Instruments (www.mks.com)</td><td>SRG-3</td><td>Controller, head, and thimble set</td></tr><tr><td>Oscilloscope</td><td>Tektronix&lt;br /&gt;(www.tek.com)</td><td>TDS2012B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Residulal gas analyser</td><td>Balzers</td><td>QMA200</td><td>m/e 0-100&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>TMP (HiPace 80)</td><td>Pfeiffer Vacuum (www.pfeiffer-vacuum.com)</td><td>PMP03941</td><td>Pumping Speed (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;): 67 L/sec</td></tr><tr><td>Scroll pump</td><td>Anest Iwata&lt;br /&gt;(www.anest-iwata.co.jp)</td><td>ISP 90</td><td>Pumping Speed (Air): 1.8 L/sec</td></tr><tr><td>All-metall easy close angle valve (CF35)</td><td>VAT Inc.&lt;br /&gt;(www.vatvalve.com)</td><td>54032-GE02-0002</td><td>Rotatable flange</td></tr><tr><td>Angle valve (KF25)</td><td>MDC Vacuum Inc. (www.mdcvacuum.com)</td><td>KAV-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Temperature control&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chiller</td><td>JEIO Tech&lt;br /&gt;(www.jeiotech.com)</td><td>RW-2025G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cooling line</td><td>LS Metal&lt;br /&gt;(www.lsmetal.biz)</td><td>C1100</td><td>Level Wound Coil, Diameter 10 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Heater controllers</td><td>HMT</td><td>Made to order</td><td>Bakeout program controller</td></tr><tr><td>Electrical heater tapes</td><td>Brisk heat (www.briskheat.com)</td><td>BIH101080L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermocouple (K type)</td><td>miraesensor (www.miraesensor.com)</td><td>MR-2290</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Handheld multimeter</td><td>Saehan&lt;br /&gt;(www.saehan.co.kr)</td><td>3234</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data recorder (Temp.)</td><td>Yokogawa (www.yokogawa.com)</td><td>GP10-1E1F-UC10</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of outgassing rates of steels

وتستخدم الفولاذ عادة المواد في تصنيع أنظمة فراغ لما له من خصائص الميكانيكية والتآكل، وفراغ الصالح. مجموعة متنوعة من الفولاذ تلبية معيار من إطلاق الغازات منخفضة المطلوبة للتطبيقات عالية أو عالية جدا فراغ. ومع ذلك، يمكن للمادة معينة تقدم معدلات إطلاق الغازات المختلفة اعتمادا على عملية التصنيع أو مختلف عمليات المعالجة العلاقة خلال تلفيق. وهكذا، فإن قياس معدلات إطلاق الغازات مرغوب فيه للغاية لتطبيق فراغ معين. لهذا السبب، وارتفاع معدل من الضغط (ROR) طريقة وكثيرا ما يستخدم لقياس إطلاق الغازات الهيدروجين بعد bakeout. في هذه المقالة، وتقدم وصفا مفصلا لتصميم وتنفيذ بروتوكول تجريبي تشارك في طريقة رور. يستخدم الأسلوب رور والغزل قياس الدوار للحد من الأخطاء التي تنبع من إطلاق الغازات أو عمل ضخ مقياس فراغ. معدلات إطلاق الغازات اثنين من الفولاذ العادي (الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ ومتم قياس ILD الصلب). تم إجراء القياسات قبل وبعد المعالجة الحرارية للفولاذ. تم إجراء المعالجة الحرارية للفولاذ للحد من إطلاق الغازات. معدلات منخفضة للغاية من إطلاق الغازات (بناء على أمر من 10-11 باسكال م 3 ثانية - 1 م - 2) يمكن قياسها بشكل روتيني باستخدام عينات صغيرة نسبيا.

كما هو متوقع، كان الغاز المتبقي بعد bakeout معظمهم من الهيدروجين. 7 وكان ارتفاع الضغط يتم قياسها باستخدام SRG خطية على مدى فترة طويلة من الزمن (الشكل 5). وبالتالي، قد يكون الأثر readsorption يكاد يذكر، ومعدل إطلاق الغازات جوهري (ف) للفولاذ اخت...

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Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels

A protocol for the measurement of outgassing rates of hydrogen from ordinary steel vacuum chambers using the rate-of-pressure rise method is presented.

قياس أنتج الانبعاث الغازي الاسعار من فولاذ

Steels are commonly used materials in the fabrication of vacuum systems because of their good mechanical, corrosion, and vacuum properties. A variety of ...

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11.5K Views.  POSTECH. A protocol for the measurement of outgassing rates of hydrogen from ordinary steel vacuum chambers using the rate-of-pressure rise method is presented.

Video: Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

قياس الجريان غازات الاحتباس الحراري من الأراضي الزراعية عن طريق الغرف ثابت

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

Environment

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe (casing), and protects metal components from corrosive fluids. These are essential for uncompromised wellbore integrity. Cements can undergo multiple forms of failure, such as debonding at the cement/rock and cement/metal interfaces, fracturing, and defects within the cement matrix. Failures and defects within the cement will ultimately lead to fluid migration, resulting in inter-zonal fluid migration and premature well abandonment. Currently, there are over 1.8 million operating wells worldwide and over one third of these wells have leak related problems defined as Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP)1. 
The focus of this research was to develop an experimental setup at bench-scale to explore the effect of mechanical manipulation of wellbore casing-cement composite samples as a potential technology for the remediation of gas leaks. 
The experimental methodology utilized in this study enabled formation of an impermeable seal at the pipe/cement interface in a simulated wellbore system. Successful nitrogen gas flow-through measurements demonstrated that an existing microannulus was sealed at laboratory experimental conditions and fluid flow prevented by mechanical manipulation of the metal/cement composite sample. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied not only for the remediation of leaky wellbores, but also in plugging and abandonment procedures as well as wellbore completions technology, and potentially preventing negative impacts of wellbores on subsurface and surface environments.

This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

التوسع الميكانيكي للأنابيب الصلب كحل للراشح Wellbores

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe ...

Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope facilities. This protocol has been used to effectively evaluate many different bedding materials, environmental variables (temperature, humidity), and potential mitigation treatments that can improve air quality in commercial deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. The model is dynamic and allows researchers to easily collect many chemical and physical measurements from the bedded pack. Weekly measurements, collected over the course of six to seven weeks, allows sufficient time to see changes in air quality measurements over time as the bedded pack matures. The data collected from the simulated bedded packs is within the range of concentrations previously measured in commercial deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. Past studies have demonstrated that 8 - 10 experimental units per treatment are sufficient to detect statistical differences among the simulated bedded packs. The bedded packs are easy to maintain, requiring less than 10 minutes of labor per bedded packs per week to add urine, feces, and bedding. Sample collection using the gas sampling system requires 20 - 30 minutes per bedded pack, depending on the measurements that are being collected. The use of lab-scaled bedded packs allows the researcher to control variables such as temperature, humidity, and bedding source that are difficult or impossible to control in a research or commercial facility. While not a perfect simulation of &#34;real-world&#34; conditions, the simulated bedded packs serve as a good model for researchers to use to examine treatment differences among bedded packs. Several lab-scale studies can be conducted to eliminate possible treatments before trying them in a research or commercial-sized facility.

A protocol has been developed to measure gases, odors, and nutrient composition in lab-scaled bedded manure packs, which can be used to study ways to improve air quality in commercial cattle facilities using deep-bedded manure packs.

نموذج مختبر-مقياس لتقييم الرائحة وتركيزات الغازات المنبعثة من أعماق أسرة حزمة السماد الطبيعي

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope ...

Metal Corrosion and the Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitors in Less Conductive Media

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, prevent them and minimize the damages associated with them. One of the most important characteristics of corrosion processes is the corrosion rate. The measurement of corrosion rates is often very difficult or even impossible especially in less conductive, non-aqueous environments such as biofuels. Here, we present five different methods for the determination of corrosion rates and the efficiency of anti-corrosion protection in biofuels: (i) a static test, (ii) a dynamic test, (iii) a static test with a reflux cooler and electrochemical measurements (iv) in a two-electrode arrangement and (v) in a three-electrode arrangement. The static test is advantageous due to its low demands on material and instrumental equipment. The dynamic test allows for the testing of corrosion rates of metallic materials at more severe conditions. The static test with a reflux cooler allows for the testing in environments with higher viscosity (e.g., engine oils) at higher temperatures in the presence of oxidation or an inert atmosphere. The electrochemical measurements provide a more comprehensive view on corrosion processes. The presented cell geometries and arrangements (the two-electrode and three-electrode systems) make it possible to perform measurements in biofuel environments without base electrolytes that could have a negative impact on the results and load them with measurement errors. The presented methods make it possible to study the corrosion aggressiveness of an environment, the corrosion resistance of metallic materials, and the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors with representative and reproducible results. The results obtained using these methods can help to understand corrosion processes in more detail to minimize the damages caused by corrosion.

The testing of processes associated with material corrosion can often be difficult especially in non-aqueous environments. Here, we present different methods for short-term and long-term testing of corrosion behavior of non-aqueous environments such as biofuels, especially those containing bioethanol.

تآكل المعادن وكفاءة مثبطات التآكل في وسائل الإعلام أقل موصلة

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, ...

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas industry faces continued scrutiny for methane emissions from across the supply chain, due to methane&#39;s relatively high global warming potential (25-84x that of carbon dioxide, according to the Energy Information Administration). Currently, a variety of techniques of varied uncertainties exists to measure or estimate methane emissions from components or facilities. Currently, only one commercial system is available for quantification of component level emissions and recent reports have highlighted its weaknesses.
In order to improve accuracy and increase measurement flexibility, we have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases based on transportation emissions measurement principles. The FFS is a modular system that consists of an explosive-proof blower(s), mass airflow sensor(s) (MAF), thermocouple, sample probe, constant volume sampling pump, laser based greenhouse gas sensor, data acquisition device, and analysis software. Dependent upon the blower and hose configuration employed, the current FFS is able to achieve a flow rate ranging from 40 to 1,500 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). Utilization of laser-based sensors mitigates interference from higher hydrocarbons (C2+). Co-measurement of water vapor allows for humidity correction. The system is portable, with multiple configurations for a variety of applications ranging from being carried by a person to being mounted in a hand drawn cart, on-road vehicle bed, or from the bed of utility terrain vehicles (UTVs). The FFS is able to quantify methane emission rates with a relative uncertainty of &#177; 4.4%. The FFS has proven, real world operation for the quantification of methane emissions occurring in conventional and remote facilities.

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

We have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases from across the natural gas supply chain.

تصميم واستخدام نظام أخذ العينات التدفق الكامل (FFS) لالكمي لانبعاثات الميثان

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas ...

The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, building and food industries, amongst others. Polyester and coatings containing both polyester and silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) have been widely used to protect steel substrata from corrosion. In this study, we utilized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements, optical profiling and atomic force microscopy to provide an insight into how exposure to sunlight can cause changes in the micro- and nanoscale integrity of the coatings. No significant change in surface micro-topography was detected using optical profilometry, however, statistically significant nanoscale changes to the surface were detected using atomic force microscopy. Analysis of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection infrared micro-spectroscopy data revealed that degradation of the ester groups had occurred through exposure to ultraviolet light to form COO&#903;, -H2C&#903;, -O&#903;, -CO&#903; radicals. During the degradation process, CO and CO2 were also produced.

Two types of surfaces, polyester-coated steel and polyester coated with a layer of silica nanoparticles, were studied. Both surfaces were exposed to sunlight, which was found to cause substantial changes in the chemistry and nanoscale topography of the surface.

تطور السيليكا طلاءات الجسيمات النانوية البوليستر على السطوح المعرضة لأشعة الشمس

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, ...

Determining the Chemical Composition of Corrosion Inhibitor/Metal Interfaces with XPS: Minimizing Post Immersion Oxidation

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, the focus is on metallic substrates immersed in acidic solutions containing organic corrosion inhibitors, as these systems can be particularly sensitive to oxidation following removal from solution. To minimize the likelihood of such degradation, samples are removed from solution within a glove box purged with inert gas, either N2 or Ar. The glove box is directly attached to the load-lock of the ultra-high vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instrument, avoiding any exposure to the ambient laboratory atmosphere, and thus reducing the possibility of post immersion substrate oxidation. On this basis, one can be more certain that the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy features observed are likely to be representative of the in situ submerged scenario, e.g. the oxidation state of the metal is not modified.

A protocol to avoid the oxidation of metallic substrates during sample transfer from an inhibited acidic solution to an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is presented.

تحديد التركيب الكيميائي لالمانع للتآكل واجهات / المعادن مع XPS: التقليل المشاركة الغمر الأكسدة

An approach for acquiring more reliable X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data from corrosion inhibitor/metal interfaces is described. More specifically, ...

Chemistry

Applicability Analysis of Assessment Methods for Morphological Parameters of Corroded Steel Bars

The irregular and uneven residual sections along the length of a corroded steel bar substantially change its mechanical properties and significantly dominate the safety and performance of an existing concrete structure. As a result, it is important to measure the geometry and amount of corrosion of a steel bar in a structure properly to assess the residual bearing capacity and service life of the structure. This paper introduces and compares five different methods for measuring the geometry and amount of corrosion of a steel bar. A single 500 mm long and 14 mm diameter steel bar is the specimen that is subjected to accelerated corrosion in this protocol. Its morphology and the amount of corrosion were carefully measured before and after using mass loss measurements, a Vernier caliper, drainage measurements, 3D scanning, and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT). The applicability and suitability of these different methods were then evaluated. The results show that the Vernier caliper is the best choice for measuring the morphology of a non-corroded bar, while 3D scanning is the most suitable for quantifying the morphology of a corroded bar.

This paper measures the geometry and the amount of corrosion of a steel bar using different methods: mass loss, calipers, drainage measurements, 3D scanning, and X-ray micro-computed tomography (XCT).

تحليل تطبيق أساليب التقييم لمعلمات المورفولوجية لقضبان الصلب المتآكلة

The irregular and uneven residual sections along the length of a corroded steel bar substantially change its mechanical properties and significantly ...

Quantitative Analysis by Thermogravimetry-Mass Spectrum Analysis for Reactions with Evolved Gases

During energy conversion, material production, and metallurgy processes, reactions often have the features of unsteadiness, multistep, and multi-intermediates. Thermogravimetry-mass spectrum (TG-MS) is seen as a powerful tool to study reaction features. However, reaction details and reaction mechanics have not been effectively obtained directly from the ion current of TG-MS. Here, we provide a method of an equivalent characteristic spectrum analysis (ECSA) for analyzing the mass spectrum and giving the mass flow rate of reaction gases as precise as possible. The ECSA can effectively separate overlapping ion peaks and then eliminate the mass discrimination and temperature-dependent effect. Two example experiments are presented: (1) the decomposition of CaCO3 with evolved gas of CO2 and the decomposition of hydromagnesite with evolved gas of CO2 and H2O, to evaluate the ECSA on single-component system measurement and (2) the thermal pyrolysis of Zhundong coal with evolved gases of inorganic gases CO, H2, and CO2, and organic gases C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, C6H14, etc., to evaluate the ECSA on multi-component system measurement. Based on the successful calibration of the characteristic spectrum and relative sensitivity of specific gas and the ECSA on mass spectrum, we demonstrate that the ECSA accurately gives the mass flow rates of each evolved gas, including organic or inorganic gases, for not only single but multi-component reactions, which cannot be implemented by the traditional measurements.

Precise determination of the evolved gases&#39; flow rate is key to study the details of reactions. We provide a novel quantitative analysis method of equivalent characteristic spectrum analysis for thermogravimetry-mass spectrum analysis by establishing the calibration system of the characteristic spectrum and relative sensitivity, for obtaining the flow rate.

التحليل الكمي بتحليل الطيف الكتلة ثيرموجرافيميتري لردود الفعل مع الغازات تطورت

During energy conversion, material production, and metallurgy processes, reactions often have the features of unsteadiness, multistep, and ...

Identification and Quantification of Decomposition Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries; Input to Heat Flow Simulation for Modeling Thermal Runaway

The risks and possible accidents related to the normal use of lithium-ion batteries remain a serious concern. In order to get a better understanding of thermal runaway (TR), the exothermic decomposition reactions in anode and cathode were studied, using a Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA)/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)/Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer system. These techniques allowed the identification of the reaction mechanisms in each electrode, owing to the analysis of evolved gaseous species, the amount of heat released and mass loss. These results provided insight into the thermal events happening within a broader temperature range than covered in previously published models. This allowed the formulation of an improved thermal model to depict TR. The heat of reaction, activation energy, and frequency factor (thermal triplets) for each major exothermic process at material level were investigated in a Lithium Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide (NMC (111))-Graphite battery cell. The results were analyzed, and their kinetics were derived. These data can be used to successfully simulate the experimental heat flow.

This work aims at determining the reaction kinetics of Li-ion battery cathode and anode materials undergoing thermal runaway (TR). Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA)/Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer/Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to reveal thermal events and to detect evolved gases.

تحديد وقياس آليات التحلل في بطاريات الليثيوم أيون ؛ مدخلات لمحاكاة تدفق الحرارة لنمذجة الهروب الحراري

The risks and possible accidents related to the normal use of lithium-ion batteries remain a serious concern. In order to get a better understanding of ...