نشكر أشتون دال، باركلي ف، بيمفوهر ك.، بوجوركويز واو، J. كانتريل، كاسترو زاي، كريستنسن ر.، J. فيرن، جارا جيم، ميد دال، اوينز زاي، رودارتي L.، سيجلاف دال، سونوكوي ألف، استيفانيك م.، ستيوارت باء، تريخو J.، سليد ألف وييسكاس هاء-للمساعدة التقنية. وقدم الدعم الجزئي بخدمة البحوث الزراعية وزارة الزراعة، المعهد الوطني وزارة الزراعة الأميركية للأغذية والزراعة IPM تمديد البرنامج والآفات إدارة بدائل خاصة المشاريع، القطن Incorporated، "أريزونا رابطة مزارعي القطن"، القطن أسس، وزارة الزراعة-الكريز، نابياب (المنطقة الغربية)، والمشاريع الخاصة في المنطقة الغربية IPM.

الكتاب ليس لها علاقة بالكشف عن.

عادة، تستخدم تطوير الحياة مقيدة بالجداول للحشرات مولتيفولتيني مع تداخل الأجيال على نطاق واسع إلى نهج عمودي حيث هو عينات من سكان مرارا وتكرارا على مر الزمن وتقنيات رسومية ورياضية مختلفة ثم إلى تقدير التوظيف لمختلف المراحل واستنتاج معدلات الوفيات من تغيير كثافة من مختلف مراحل الحياة<sup class...

جداول الحياة أداة مشتركة مع تاريخ طويل في الإيكولوجيا1،2. جداول الحياة أساسا جدولاً زمنياً للولادات والوفيات بين السكان مع مرور الوقت وهذه البيانات يمكن استخدامها لقياس عدد من المعالم الهامة لفهم وتوقع الديناميات السكانية. جداول الحياة يجوز أيضا تقديم معلومات عن أسباب الوفاة التي هامة لفهم التفاعلات التغذوية، وفي وضع استراتيجيات مكافحة لإدارة الآفات في النظم الزراعية والطبيعية. وتم تشييد جداول الحياة ميدانية عديدة للحشرات3،،من45، وقدمت تحليلات أفكاراً هامة في ديناميات والتنظيم والتنبؤ بالسكان الحشرات في كثير من إدارة و النظم الطبيعية6،،من78،9،10،11،12،،من1314. الجدول الحياة مصطلح يستخدم أيضا في كثير من الأحيان لوصف الدراسات المختبرية على أساس أن دراسة مواعيد الولادات والوفيات ولكن تحت الظروف الاصطناعية التي لا تعرض الحشرة إلى قوات الوفيات الطبيعية ومتغيرات بيئية واقعية إلى حد كبير. وبوجه عام، هدف الدراسات المختبرية تقدير إمكانات الحيوية النسبية للأنواع. يتم تركيز الأساليب الموصوفة هنا للحقل على أساس التحقيقات التي تحدد تحقيق إمكانات بالنسبة إلى البيئة.
جداول الحياة يمكن أن يوصف أفقي، التي تتبع مجموعة حقيقية من تساوي الأفراد الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين من بداية حياتهم حتى الموت، أو عمودي، حيث يتم أخذ عينات متكررة عبر الزمن للسكان مع بنية سن مستقرة المفترضة ومن ثم يتم الاستدلال على المعدلات الحيوية من الأفواج رياضيا شيدت2،15. يعتمد نوع الجدول الحياة التي يمكن نشرها على الطبيعة للحشرة. يمكن غالباً ما وضع جداول الحياة الأفقية للحشرات أونيفولتيني (جيل واحد في السنة)، في حين أن هذا نهج يمكن أن تكون صعبة للغاية للحشرات مولتيفولتيني مع متعددة ومتداخلة الأجيال كل عام على نطاق واسع. تم اقتراح مجموعة من الأساليب التحليلية والمستخدمة لوضع جداول الحياة الرأسي للسكان الحشرات (انظر ساوثوود2 للحصول على أمثلة). المنهجية التي أثبتت هنا يسمح لتطوير جداول الحياة المستندة إلى الفوج، والأفقية في الميدان للحشرات مولتيفولتيني ذات خصائص معينة من تاريخ حياته، من الجدير بالذكر أن وجود مراحل الحياة لاطئة. ويتجلى الأسلوب للآفات رئيسية في القطن كنظام نموذجي.
الذبابة، حيث دراسة بيوتيبي ب (= أرجينتيفولي دراسة، الشرق الأوسط وآسيا طفيفة 116) هو آفة عالمية للزراعة التي تؤثر سلبا على المحصول والجودة في العديد من المحاصيل الزراعية والبستانية، بما في ذلك حماية النظم الزراعية في المناطق المعتدلة17. الآثار تحدث بسبب تغذية لحاء يعطل تدفق المغذيات، واضطرابات مسببات غير معروف الناجمة عن التغذية نيمفال، انتقال العديد من الفيروسات النباتية والآثار ذات جودة المحاصيل نتيجة لترسب المن،من18إلى19 . يحتوي على نطاق واسع مضيف الحشرة وهو مولتيفولتيني، وبعد ما يصل إلى 12-13 في أجيال سنوياً تبعاً للمنطقة و الموارد الغذائية المتاحة20. تتفاقم التحديات الإدارية أيضا بقدرته الإنجابية عالية، قدرته على تفريق وتهاجر داخل وبين النظم الزراعية، وافتقاره إلى مرحلة هادئة (ديبوس أو استيفيشن) والتصرف فيها لسرعة تطوير المقاومة للمبيدات الحشرية المستخدمة لقمع21،22.
أحرز تقدم كبير في تطوير استراتيجيات إدارة (IPM) للمكافحة المتكاملة للآفات على نحو فعال واقتصادي إدارة السكان لهذه الآفات في المحاصيل المتضررة23،،من2425. أنظمة إدارة هذه كانت تستند إلى فهم أساسي سليم للديناميات السكانية من حيث (ب) وجداول الحياة تقنية رئيسية التي مكنت هذا الفهم. في أريزونا، جداول الحياة قد يسمح بتقدير وتحديد القوات وفيات هامة باء-حيث في نظم المحاصيل متعددة13،26، ومكنت من قياس ديناميات الوفيات نسبة إلى استراتيجيات الإدارة بما في ذلك الآثار غير المستهدفة من14من المبيدات الحشرية، ووفرت وسيلة لتقدير الآثار غير المستهدفة الوظيفية المحتملة للقطن المعدلة وراثيا المنتجة للبروتينات إبادة الحشرات27، دعمت دقيق تقييم المكافحة البيولوجية الكلاسيكية البرنامج28 (نارانخو، معطيات غير منشورة) وساعد على استكشاف آثار النسبية من آثار أعلى إلى أسفل ومن أسفل إلى أعلى على الآفات ديناميات29. وقد نشر جميع هذه التطبيقات المنهجية الموضحة هنا. هذا النهج يمكن أن تكون مفيدة لدراسة البيئة عدد الحشرات في عدد من النظم الطبيعية وإدارتها.

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methodology for developing life tables for sessile insects in the field using the whitefly, bemisia tabaci, in cotton as a model system

جداول الحياة توفر وسيلة لقياس الجداول الزمنية للولادات والوفيات من السكان مع مرور الوقت. كما يمكن استخدامها لتحديد مصادر ومعدلات الوفيات في السكان، والذي يحتوي على مجموعة متنوعة من التطبيقات في البيئة، بما في ذلك النظم الإيكولوجية الزراعية. الحياة الأفقية، أو المستندة إلى الفوج، توفر جداول للطريقة الأكثر مباشرة ودقيقة لقياس معدلات السكان حيوية لأنها تتبع مجموعة من الأفراد في عدد سكان من الولادة حتى الموت. هنا، يتم عرض بروتوكولات لإجراء وتحليل الجداول المستندة إلى فوج الحياة في الحقل الذي يستفيد من طبيعة مراحل الحياة غير ناضجة من الآفات الحشرية العالمية، حيث دراسةلاطئة. الحشرات الفردية الموجودة على الجانب السفلي أوراق القطن وتميزت برسم دائرة صغيرة حول الحشرة بقلم غير سامة. هذه الحشرة يمكن ثم ملاحظة مرارا وتكرارا على مر الزمن مع معونة العدسات اليد لقياس التنمية من مرحلة إلى المرحلة التالية وتحديد أسباب الوفاة الخاصة بالمرحلة المرتبطة بالوفيات الطبيعية وأدخلت القوات. تحليلات تشرح كيف قوات وفيات متعددة للتدبير بشكل صحيح أن قانون متزامنة داخل كل مرحلة وكيفية استخدام هذه البيانات لتوفير قياسات دينامية السكان ذات مغزى. الأسلوب غير حساب مباشرة للكبار البقاء والتكاثر، مما يحد من الاستدلال على القوى المحركة لمراحل غير ناضجة. ويرد مثال التي ركزت على قياس الأثر التصاعدي (مصنع الجودة) وآثار (الأعداء الطبيعية) من أعلى إلى أسفل على ديناميات الوفيات حيث باء في نظام القطن.

ويرد فوج مثال في الجدول 2 لإظهار عرض نموذجي وحساب نتائج جدول الحياة. يتم التقاط بيانات مفيدة للغاية في معدلات الوفيات الهامشية لكل عامل داخل كل مرحلة من المراحل. عن طريق تحويل هذه المعدلات إلى قيم k (المادة 6 من البروتوكول)، الخاصة بالمرحلة على جميع العوامل ووفيات ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System at JoVE.com

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

السماح بالتحديد الكمي لمصادر ومعدلات الوفيات في السكان الحشرات جداول الحياة والإسهام في الفهم والتنبؤ ومعالجة الديناميات السكانية في النظم الإيكولوجية الزراعية. وترد أساليب لإجراء وتحليل الجداول المستندة إلى فوج الحياة في الحقل لحشرة مع مراحل الحياة غير ناضجة لاطئة.

منهجية "وضع جداول الحياة" "الحشرات لاطئة" في "الحقل باستخدام" الذبابة،، حيث دراسةفي "القطن كنموذج النظام"

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and ...

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Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

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11.7K Views.  USDA-ARS, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center. السماح بالتحديد الكمي لمصادر ومعدلات الوفيات في السكان الحشرات جداول الحياة والإسهام في الفهم والتنبؤ ومعالجة الديناميات السكانية في النظم الإيكولوجية الزراعية. وترد أساليب لإجراء وتحليل الجداول المستندة إلى فوج الحياة في الحقل لحشرة مع مراحل الحياة غير ناض?...

Video: Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail millet. Recently, the 510 Mb genome of foxtail millet, S. italica, has been sequenced 1,2 and a 25x coverage genome sequence of the weedy relative S. viridis is in progress. S. viridis has a number of characteristics that make it a potentially excellent model genetic system including a rapid generation time, small stature, simple growth requirements, prolific seed production 3 and developed systems for both transient and stable transformation 4. However, the genetics of S. viridis is largely unexplored, in part, due to the lack of detailed methods for performing crosses. To date, no standard protocol has been adopted that will permit rapid production of seeds from controlled crosses.
The protocol presented here is optimized for performing genetic crosses in S. viridis, accession A10.1. We have employed a simple heat treatment with warm water for emasculation after pruning the panicle to retain 20-30 florets and labeling of flowers to eliminate seeds resulting from newly developed flowers after emasculation. After testing a series of heat treatments at permissive temperatures and varying the duration of dipping, we have established an optimum temperature and time range of 48 &deg;C for 3-6 min. By using this method, a minimum of 15 crosses can be performed by a single worker per day and an average of 3-5 outcross progeny per panicle can be recovered. Therefore, an average of 45-75 outcross progeny can be produced by one person in a single day. Broad implementation of this technique will facilitate the development of recombinant inbred line populations of S. viridis X S. viridis or S. viridis X S. italica, mapping mutations through bulk segregant analysis and creating higher order mutants for genetic analysis.

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

We have developed a methodology for performing crosses in Setaria viridis (S. viridis). The method involves pruning the panicle prior to a hot water treatment to kill viable pollen. Crosses are performed following a well-controlled growth regime and typically result in the recovery of 1 to 7 cross-pollinated seed/s per panicle.

طرق لإجراء الصلبان في<em&gt; الهلبانة البلدي</em&gt;، نظام نموذج جديد للأعشاب

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

نظام التعرض تدفق من خلال لتقييم موقوف الرواسب التأثيرات على الحياة المائية

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties of the pouch were monitored in containers with or without fruit. The pouch was affixed to the inside of a perforated clamshell containing grape tomatoes, and the effect on microbial population, firmness, and weight loss was evaluated during a 14 day storage period at 20 &#176;C. Within 3 days, the ClO2 concentration in the clamshells reached 3.5 ppm and remained constant until day 10. Thereafter, it decreased to 2 ppm by day 14. The ClO2 pouch exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, reducing Escherichia coli populations by 3.08 log CFU/g and Alternaria alternata populations by 2.85 log CFU/g after 14 days of storage. The ClO2 treatment also reduced softening and weight loss and extended the overall shelf life of the tomatoes. Our results suggest that ClO2 treatment is useful for extending the shelf life and improving the microbial safety of tomatoes during storage without impairing their quality.

Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

تسيطر عليها الافراج عن ثاني أكسيد الكلور في نظام تغليف مثقوبة لتمديد حياة التخزين وتحسين سلامة العنب الطماطم

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

Techniques for Investigating the Anatomy of the Ant Visual System

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include traditional histological techniques optimized for work on ant eyes and adapted to work in concert with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These techniques, although vastly useful, can be difficult for the novice microscopist, so great emphasis has been placed in this article on troubleshooting and optimization for different specimens. We provide information on imaging techniques for the entire specimen (photo-microscopy and SEM) and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We highlight the technique used in determining lens diameters for the entire eye and discuss new techniques for improvement. Lastly, we discuss techniques involved in preparing samples for LM and TEM, sectioning, staining, and imaging these samples. We discuss the hurdles that one might come across when preparing samples and how best to navigate around them.

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light and electron microscopy to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include several traditional techniques optimized for work on ant eyes, detailed troubleshooting, and suggestions for optimization for different specimens and regions of interest.

تقنيات التحقيق تشريح النظام المرئي النمل

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye ...

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Heteropteran insects such as assassin bugs (Reduviidae) and giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) descended from a common predaceous and venomous ancestor, and the majority of extant heteropterans retain this trophic strategy. Some heteropterans have transitioned to feeding on vertebrate blood (such as the kissing bugs, Triatominae; and bed bugs, Cimicidae) while others have reverted to feeding on plants (most Pentatomomorpha). However, with the exception of saliva used by kissing bugs to facilitate blood-feeding, little is known about heteropteran venoms compared to the venoms of spiders, scorpions and snakes.
One obstacle to the characterization of heteropteran venom toxins is the structure and function of the venom/labial glands, which are both morphologically complex and perform multiple biological roles (defense, prey capture, and extra-oral digestion). In this article, we describe three methods we have successfully used to collect heteropteran venoms. First, we present electrostimulation as a convenient way to collect venom that is often lethal when injected into prey animals, and which obviates contamination by glandular tissue. Second, we show that gentle harassment of animals is sufficient to produce venom extrusion from the proboscis and/or venom spitting in some groups of heteropterans. Third, we describe methods to harvest venom toxins by dissection of anaesthetized animals to obtain the venom glands. This method is complementary to other methods, as it may allow harvesting of toxins from taxa in which electrostimulation and harassment are ineffective. These protocols will enable researchers to harvest toxins from heteropteran insects for structure-function characterization and possible applications in medicine and agriculture.

Although many insects in the suborder Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) are venomous, their venom composition and the functions of their venom toxins are mostly unknown. This protocol describes methods to harvest heteropteran venoms for further characterization, using electrostimulation, harassment, and gland dissection.

حصاد السم السموم من قاتل الحشرات وغيرها من الحشرات هيتيروبتيران

Heteropteran insects such as assassin bugs (Reduviidae) and giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) descended from a common predaceous and venomous ancestor, ...

A Precise and Autonomous System for the Detection of Insect Emergence Patterns

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of emerging insects they can detect. In order to obtain precise measurement of insect emergence, it is necessary for systems to be semi-automated and able to measure large numbers of emerging insects. We addressed these issues by designing and building a system that is automated and can measure emergence of up to 1200 insects. We modified the existing &#34;falling-ball&#34; system using Arduino microcontrollers to automate data collection and expand the sample size through multiple data channels. Multiple data channels enable the user to not only increase their sample size, but also allows for multiple treatments to be run simultaneously in a single experiment. Furthermore, we created an R script to automatically visualize the data as a bubble plot, while also calculating the median day and time of emergence. The current system was designed using 3D printing so the user can modify the system to be adjusted for different species of insects. The goal of this protocol is to investigate important questions in chronobiology and stress physiology, using this precise and automated system to measure insect emergence patterns.

Measurement of insect emergence patterns requires precision. Existing systems are only semi-automated and sample size is limited. We addressed these issues by designing a system using microcontrollers to precisely measure the time of emergence of large numbers of emerging insects.

نظام دقيق ومستقل للكشف عن أنماط ظهور الحشرات

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of ...

Visualizing Efficacy of Pesticides Against Disease Vector Mosquitoes in the Field

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform across ecological zones. To best protect public and veterinary health from these insects, the environmental limitations of pesticides need to be investigated to inform effective use of the most appropriate pesticide formulations and techniques. We have developed a research program to evaluate combinations of pesticides, pesticide application equipment, and application techniques in hot-arid desert, hot-humid tropical, warm and cool temperate, and urban locations to derive pesticide use guidelines specific to target insect and environment. To these ends we designed a system of protocols to support efficient, cost-effective, portable, and standardized evaluation of a diverse range of pesticides and equipment across multiple environments. At the core of these protocols is the use of an array of small cages with colony-reared sentinel mosquitoes (adults and immatures) and sand flies (adults), strategically arranged in natural habitats and exposed to pesticide spray. Spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide efficacy are derived from percent mortality in sentinel cages, then mapped and visualized in a geographic information system. Maps of sentinel mortality data may be statistically compared to evaluate relative efficacy of a pesticide across multiple environments, or to study multiple pesticides in a single environment. Protocols may be modified to accommodate a variety of scenarios, including, for example, the vertical orientation of sentinels in canopy habitats or simultaneous testing of ground and aerial application methods.

The efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects is not uniform across different ecological zones. Here we present a system of techniques using captive vector insects as sentinels for pesticide efficacy to derive electronic maps supporting the standard evaluation of pesticides across multiple environments.

تصور فعالية المبيدات ضد البعوض ناقل المرض في الحقل

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform ...

A Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid Identification of Bemisia tabaci

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an invasive pest of considerable importance, affecting the production of vegetable and ornamental crops in many countries around the world. Severe yield losses are caused by direct feeding, and even more importantly, also by the transmission of more than 100 harmful plant pathogenic viruses. As for other invasive pests, increased international trade facilitates the dispersal of B. tabaci to areas beyond its native range. Inspections of plant import products at points of entry such as seaports and airports are, therefore, seen as an important prevention measure. However, this last line of defense against pest invasions is only effective if rapid identification methods for suspicious insect specimens are readily available. Because the morphological differentiation between the regulated B. tabaci and close relatives without quarantine status is difficult for non-taxonomists, a rapid molecular identification assay based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology has been developed. This publication reports the detailed protocol of the novel assay describing rapid DNA extraction, set-up of the LAMP reaction, as well as interpretation of its read-out, which allows identifying B. tabaci specimens within one hour. Compared to existing protocols for the detection of specific B. tabaci biotypes, the developed method targets the whole B. tabaci species complex in one assay. Moreover the assay is designed to be applied on-site by plant health inspectors with minimal laboratory training directly at points of entry. Thorough validation performed under laboratory and on-site conditions demonstrates that the reported LAMP assay is a rapid and reliable identification tool, improving the management of B. tabaci.

A Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification LAMP Assay for Rapid Identification of Bemisia tabaci

This paper reports the protocol for a rapid identification assay for Bemisia tabaci based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology. The protocol requires minimal laboratory training and can, therefore, be implemented on-site at points of entry for plant imports such as seaports and airports.

مقايسة متحاور تضخيم (مصباح) بوساطة حلقة "التعرف السريع على" دراسة حيث

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an invasive pest of considerable importance, affecting the production of vegetable and ornamental crops in many ...

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings

Stomatal movement mediates plant gas exchange, which is essential for photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomatal opening and closing are accomplished by a significant increase and decrease in guard cell volume, respectively. Because shuttle transport of ions and water occurs between guard cells and larger neighboring epidermal cells during stomatal movement, the spaced distribution of plant stomata is considered an optimal distribution for stomatal movement. Experimental systems for perturbing the spaced pattern of stomata are useful to examine the spacing pattern's significance. Several key genes associated with the spaced stomatal distribution have been identified, and clustered stomata can be experimentally induced by altering these genes. Alternatively, clustered stomata can be also induced by exogenous treatments without genetic modification. In this article, we describe a simple induction system for clustered stomata in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by immersion treatment with a sucrose-containing medium solution. Our method is easy and directly applicable to transgenic or mutant lines. Larger chloroplasts are presented as a cell biological hallmark of sucrose-induced clustered guard cells. In addition, a representative confocal microscopic image of cortical microtubules is shown as an example of intracellular observation of clustered guard cells. The radial orientation of cortical microtubules is maintained in clustered guard cells as in spaced guard cells in control conditions.

An Induction System for Clustered Stomata by Sugar Solution Immersion Treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to induce clustered stomata in cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by immersion treatment with a sugar-containing medium solution and how to observe intracellular structures such as chloroplasts and microtubules in the clustered guard cells using confocal laser microscopy.

نظام التوجيهي "الثغور متفاوت" "السكر الحل العلاج الغمر" في شتلات نبات التمويل

Stomatal movement mediates plant gas exchange, which is essential for photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomatal opening and closing are accomplished by a ...

A Gnotobiotic System for Studying Microbiome Assembly in the Phyllosphere and in Vegetable Fermentation

The phyllosphere, the above ground portion of the plant that can be colonized by microbes, is a useful model system to identify processes of microbial community assembly. This protocol outlines a system for studying microbial community dynamics in the phyllosphere of Napa cabbage plants. It describes how to grow germ-free plants in test tubes with a calcined clay and nutrient broth substrate. Inoculation of germ-free plants with specific microbial cultures provides opportunities to measure microbial growth and community dynamics in the phyllosphere. Through the use of sterile vegetable extract produced from cabbages shifts in microbial communities that occur during fermentation can also be assessed. This system is relatively simple and inexpensive to set up in the lab and can be used to address key ecological questions in microbial community assembly. It also provides opportunities to understand how phyllosphere community composition can impact the microbial diversity and quality of vegetable fermentations. This approach for developing gnotobiotic cabbage phyllosphere communities could be applied to other wild and agricultural plant species.

A method of growing germ-free Napa cabbages has been developed which enables researchers to evaluate how single microbial species or multispecies microbial communities interact on cabbage leaf surfaces. A sterile vegetable extract is also presented which can be used to measure shifts in community composition during vegetable fermentation.

نظام Gnotobiotic لدراسة تجميع الميكروبيوم في Phyllosphere وفي تخمير الخضروات

The phyllosphere, the above ground portion of the plant that can be colonized by microbes, is a useful model system to identify processes of microbial ...