The fundamental steps for resolving an ethical dilemma, such as end-of-life care, include the following.

First, identify the certainty of the ethical problem and the associated ethical dilemma. For instance, imagine a patient who wishes to die peacefully without aggressive treatment. Meanwhile, the family insists on taking all possible measures to save the patient.

Next, gather relevant data on the issue, including the patient's health status, family background, religious factors, and health literature like advanced directives. Additionally, consult with other healthcare team members to interpret the situation from another perspective.

Then, determine the problem's ethical elements by clarifying the facts, values, and opinions.

In step four, verbalize the problem with a simple, specific dilemma statement.

Then, determine possible courses of action, like communication and education. Know the resources to obtain help, like interprofessional team members.

In step six, create and execute the action plan by explaining different aspects of end-of-life care to the patient and family. Consider a few alternatives rather than determining a single action if the initial step fails to resolve the issue.

Finally, evaluate the plan over time.