12.3 : 中枢神经抑制剂：巴比妥类药物和苯二氮卓类药物

CNS depressants, including benzodiazepines and barbiturates, are often prescribed for insomnia.

Barbiturates interact with GABA_A receptors and prolong the duration of the chloride channel opening. They also block excitatory glutamate receptors.

This reduces neuronal activity and can lead to sedation or, at higher doses, even coma or death due to severe respiratory depression.

Chronic barbiturate use can lead to tolerance and physical dependence, resulting in withdrawal symptoms like tremors, anxiety, seizures, and cardiac arrest.

These risks can be managed by gradual dose reduction and alternative drugs, such as benzodiazepines.

Benzodiazepines also interact with GABA_A receptors, producing euphoric effects that can lead to abuse.

In addition to the withdrawal symptoms of barbiturates,  benzodiazepines can also cause irritability, insomnia, photophobia, and muscle cramps.

Benzodiazepines also pose a significant risk of abuse, sometimes in conjunction with other drugs like opioids.