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将不同的突触输入与神经元的整合最好用一种制备来测量,这种制备保留了所有突触前核,以便自然计时和电路可塑性,但大脑切片通常切断许多连接。我们开发了一个经过修改的大脑切片来模拟体内回路活动,同时保持体外实验能力。
体外切片电生理学技术以精确的电和时间分辨率测量单细胞活动。脑片必须相对薄,以正确可视化和访问神经元进行贴片夹紧或成像,并且对大脑电路的体外检查仅限于急性切片中物理存在的。为了保持体外切片实验的好处,同时保留大部分前突触核,我们开发了一种新型切片制备。这种"楔形切片"设计用于贴片式电生理学记录,以描述脑干中中层胆汁(MOC)神经元的多种单声道、声驱动输入。这些神经元从由反边耳和相应的耳蜗核(CN)的刺激激活的神经元中接收其主要兴奋和抑制性输入。设计了一个不对称的大脑切片,在一个半球的横向边缘的玫瑰花外域中最厚,然后向相反半球的横向边缘变薄。在厚的一面,该片包含听觉神经根向大脑传递有关听觉刺激的信息,内在的CN电路,以及融合在反向MOC神经元上的脱联兴奋和三联突抑制的通路。记录从片片薄侧的MOC神经元进行,在该实验中,使用DIC光学元件进行典型贴片夹实验。当听觉神经进入听觉脑干时,直接刺激它,允许内在CN电路活性和突触可塑性发生在MOC神经元上游的突触。使用这种技术,可以尽可能密切地模拟切片内的体内电路激活。这种楔形切片制备适用于其他脑电路,其中电路分析将受益于保持上游连接和远程输入,结合体外切片生理学的技术优势。
神经回路活动的观察是理想地用原生感官输入和反馈进行的,以及大脑区域之间在体内的完整连接。然而,进行神经回路功能单细胞分辨率的实验仍然受到完整大脑中技术挑战的受限。虽然在体内细胞外电生理学或多光子成像方法可用于调查完整神经系统的活动,但解释不同输入如何集成或测量亚星体突触输入仍然很困难。体内全细胞记录克服了这些限制,但很难执行,即使在大脑区域,很容易访问。单细胞分辨率实验的技术挑战在位于大脑深处的某些神经元群体或空间扩散群体中进一步放大,这些群体需要基因工具来定位体内细胞(例如,与视光记录配对的通道霍多辛的遗传表达)或记录站点标记后(例如具有神经传递特异性标记)后组织化学识别。位于脑干的腹外表面附近,中层胆道(MOC)神经元受到上述限制1,使得它们极难进入体内实验。
脑片(±100-500μm厚度)长期以来一直用于研究脑电路,包括听觉脑干电路,因为同一切片2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9中所含的神经元的物理分离。
所有实验程序都得到国家神经疾病和中风研究所/国家耳聋和其他沟通障碍动物护理和使用委员会的批准。
1. 实验准备
注:有关切片制备的详细信息,包括切片溶液、切片温度、切片孵化温度和装置(等)是本实验中进行脑干制备的特明。切片孵育细节可以根据实验室经验进行更改。
楔形切片的组织学研究
为了研究听觉脑干神经元功能,楔形切片制剂被设计为包含听觉神经根和CN反面的MOC神经元的目标记录(例如切片如图1B所示)。初步组织学检查的准备是重要的,以确认切片包含电路激活所必需的核,并且与弓投影完好无损。CN 中的两种细胞类型为 MOC 神经元提供声音信息。T-斯特拉特细胞被假设为MOC神经元39,40,41,58提供
这里描述的楔形切片切片过程对于保持完整的前突触神经元电路是强大的,但脑切片实验的可访问性,用于分析神经元功能。必须注意几个初始步骤,以最大限度地提高电路分析准备的效用。楔形的尺寸应使用组织学检查进行确认,这是确认前突触核及其囊突投影都包含在准备好的楔形切片中不可或缺的。如果投影被切断或几个轴子到达目标核,则切片几何可能需要修改。更一般来说,楔形切片?.......
作者没有什么可透露的。
这项研究得到了国家卫生和宫内研究计划的支持,NIDCD,Z01 DC00091(CJCW)。
....Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Experimental Preparations | |||
Agar, powder | Fisher Scientific | BP1423500 | 4% agar block used to stabilize brain tissue during vibratome sectioning |
AlexaFluor Hydrazide 488 | Invitrogen | A10436 | Fluorophore used in internal solution to confirm successful MOC neuron patch |
Analytical Balance | Geneses Scientific (Intramalls) | AV114 | Weighing chemicals |
Double edged razor blade | Ted Pella | 121-6 | Vibratome cutting blade |
Kynurenic acid (5g) | Sigma Aldrich | K3375-5G | Slicing ACSF additive used to reduce neuron activity during dissection and slicing in order to improve tissue health for patch clamping |
pH Meter | Fisher Scientific (Intramalls) | 13-620-451 | Solution pH tester |
Plastic petri dishes 100mm dia X 20mm | Fisher Scientific (Intramalls) | 12-556-002 | 4% Agar Prep |
Stirring Hotplate | Fisher Scientific (Intramalls) | 11-500-150 | Heating for 4% Agar preparation |
Dissection and Slicing | |||
Biocytin | Sigma Aldrich | B4261-250MG | Chemical used for axonal tracing (conjugated to Streptavidin 488) |
Dissecting Microscope | Amscope | SM-1BN | For precision dissection during brain removal |
Dumont #5 Forceps | Fine Science Tools | 11252-20 | Fine forceps dissection tool |
Economy tweezers #3 | WPI | 501976 | Forceps dissection tool |
Glass Petri Dish 150mm dia x 15mm H | Fisher Scientific (Intramalls) | 08-747E | Dissection dish |
Interface paper (203 X 254mm PCTE Membrane 10um) | Thomas Scientific | 1220823 | Slice incubation/biocytin application |
Leica VT1200S Vibratome | Leica | 1491200S001 | Vibratome for wedge slice sectioning |
Mayo scissors | Roboz | RS-6872 | Dissection tool |
Single-edged carbon steel blades | Fisher Scientific (Intramalls) | 12-640 | Razor blade for dissection |
Specimen disc, orienting | Leica | 14048142068 | Specialized vibratome stage for reproducible tilting |
Spoonula | FisherSci | 14-375-10 | Dissection tool |
Super Glue | Newegg | 15187 | Used for glueing tissue to vibratome stage |
Vannas Spring Scissors | Fine Science Tools | 91500-09 | Dissection tool |
Electrophysiology | |||
A1R Upright Confocal Microscope | Nikon Instruments | Electrophysiology and imaging microscope, can be any microscope compatible with electrophysiology | |
Electrode Borosilicate glass w/ Filament OD 1.5mm, ID 1.1mm, 10 cm long | Sutter Instrument | BF150-110-10 | Patch clamping pipette glass |
Electrode Filler MicroFil | WPI | CMF20G | Patch electrode pipette filler |
In-line solution heater | Warner Instruments (GSAdvantage) | SH-27B | Slice perfusion system heater |
Multi-Micromanipulator Systems | Sutter Intruments | MPC-200 with MP285 | Micromanipulators for patch clamp and stimulation electrode placement |
P-1000 horizontal pipette puller for glass micropipettes | Sutter instruments | FG-P1000 | Patch clamp pipetter puller |
Patch-clamp amplifier and Software | HEKA | EPC-10 / Patchmaster Next | Can be any amplifier/software |
Recording Chamber | Warner Instruments | RC26G | Slice "bath" during recording |
Recording Chamber Harp | Warner Instruments | 640253 | Stablizes slice during electrophysiology recording |
Slice Incubation Chamber | Custom Build | Heated, oxygenated holding chamber for slices during recovery after slicing | |
Stimulus isolation unit | A.M.P.I. | Iso-Flex | Stimulus isolation unit for electrophysiology |
Syringe 60CC | Fischer Scientific (Intramalls) | 14-820-11 | Electrophysiology perfusion fluid handling |
Temperature controller | Warner Instruments (GSAdvantage) | TC-324C | Slice perfusion system temperature controller |
Tubing 1/8 OD 1/16 ID | Fischer Scientific (Intramalls) | 14-171-129 | Electrophysiology perfusion fluid handling |
Tugsten concentric bipolar microelectrode | WPI | TM33CCINS | Stimulating electrode for electrophysiology |
Histology | |||
24 well Plate | Fisher Scientific (Intramalls) | 12-556006 | Histology slice collection and immunostaining |
Alexa Fluor 488 Streptavidin | Jackson Immuno labs | 016-540-084 | Secondary antibody for biocytin visualization |
Corning Orbital Shaker | Sigma | CLS6780FP | Shaker for immunohistochemistry agitation |
Cresyl Violet Acetate | Sigma Aldrich (Intramalls) | C5042-10G | Cellular stain for histology |
Disposable Microtome Blades | Fisher Scientific | 22-210-052 | Sliding microtome blade |
Filter-syringe Nalgene 4mm Cellulose Acetate 0.2um | Fisher Scientific (Intramalls) | 09-740-34A | Syringe filter for filling recording pipettes with internal solution |
Fluoromount-G Slide Mounting Medium | Fisher Scientific | OB100-01 | Immunohistochemistry fluorescence mounting medium |
glass slide staining dish with rack | Fisher Scientific (Intramalls) | 08-812 | Cresyl Violet staining chamber |
Microm HM450 Sliding Microtome | ThermoFisher | 910020 | Freezing microtome for histology |
Microscope Cover Glasses: Rectangles 50mm X 24mm | Fisher Scientific (Intramalls) | 12-543D | Histochemistry slide cover glass |
Permount mounting medium | Fisher Scientific | SP15-100 | Cresyl violet section mounting medium |
Superfrost Slides | Fisher Scientific | 22-034980 | Histology slides |
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