XHTW是WM凯克基金会杰出青年学者在医学研究中，也是由NHLBI /美国国立卫生研究院拨款HL089598 R01 - R01 - R01HL091947，和肌肉萎缩症协会授予＃69238支持。 RJvO是2008-2010年美国生理学学会在生理基因组学博士后奖学金收件人。这项工作是支持部分由Leducq基金会CaMKII在心脏信号的联盟。

第1部分：操作现场的制备<ol><li>操作现场消毒用75％异丙醇。 </li><li>确保加热垫，并在合适的温度是。一个推荐系统是一个Gaymar循环水泵连接到一个治疗垫，保持在37 ° C ± 1 ° C。重要的是要在手术过程中保持正常体温，以避免在心率迅速下降。 </li><li>在炎热珠手术前灭菌消毒外科手术工具。对于此过程，您将需要手术器械：钝剪刀，当然弯钳× 2，罚款45 ° × 2，角度弹簧剪刀，胸部拉钩和持针器，直角钳。 </li><li>棉花施药应在出血的情况下的手。 </li></ol>第2部分：对小鼠的制备和插管<ol><li>小鼠是麻醉诱导室与2％异氟醚0.5 -1.0升/分钟100％O 2的混合。 </li><li>卷发器是用来刮胡子的皮草，从领口到中期胸部水平。 </li><li>鼠标被放置在一个加热垫上面的仰卧姿势，以保持体温。 </li><li>橡皮筋的是放置在动物的前牙颈部延长。一方面在使用弯钳，舌头轻轻地操纵到了一边。另一方面，进行气管插管，使用了PE 90管。气管内管，然后连接到一个哈佛量循环灭鼠呼吸机在125-150次/分钟骑自行车和潮气量的0.1 -0.3毫升。在手术过程中，麻醉维持在1.5-2％异氟醚为0.5 - 1.0 L / min的100％O 2 。麻醉正确的验证鼠标钉床（趾捏反射）施加压力。 </li><li>与70％的酒精优碘溶液消毒手术野。此过程重复三次。 </li><li>为了防止在操作过程中手术野的污染，无菌的悬垂放置在鼠标离开只有手术视野暴露。 </li><li>无菌手套是用来为每个单独的鼠标。 </li></ol>第3部分：横向主动脉结扎<ol><li>部分开胸手术显微镜下进行第二肋骨和胸骨缩回使用胸部拉钩。 </li><li>精尖45 °直角钳轻轻分开从主动脉弓的胸腺和脂肪组织。 </li><li>鉴定横向主动脉，6.0丝线缝合的小片放在之间的无名和左侧颈总动脉（图1） 。 </li><li>两个松散的绳结绑在横向主动脉和小片的一个27 ½计钝针平行放置的横向主动脉。迅速并列第一结对针，第二针及时摘除，以产生一个直径0.4毫米收缩。在深水对照组小鼠，整个过程是相同的主动脉结扎除外。 </li><li>胸部拉钩将被删除，2秒重新膨胀肺的呼吸机捏过的流出。 </li><li>肋骨被关闭使用6.0普理灵缝线间断缝合模式。 </li><li>皮肤是封闭使用一个6.0普理灵缝合与连续缝合模式。 </li></ol>第4部分：手术后恢复<ol><li>手术后的镇痛，丁丙诺啡（0.1毫克/公斤）腹腔注射小鼠。如果有手术后的脱水的迹象，无菌生理盐水腹腔注射。 </li><li>麻醉逐渐降低至关闭位置，气管插管，自主呼吸的迹象出现时，将删除。 </li><li>鼠标移动到俯卧位，并允许恢复加热垫。 </li></ol>第5部分：确认成功的横向主动脉结扎<ol><li>一个星期后，交咨会，鼠标重新麻醉，以确定横向主动脉结扎引起的压力超负荷的程度。如上所述，麻醉维持在1.5-2％异氟醚为0.5 - 1.0 L / min的100％O 2和体温保持在37 ° C ± 1 ° C。 </li><li>一个20 MHz多普勒探头被放置在一个45度角检测流速对颈部的左，右两侧。一个基于计算机的多普勒信号处理器（梧桐仪器，休斯敦，得克萨斯州）5使用多普勒信号显示和存储。 </li><li>根据实验的协议所需的压力超负荷的程度，与右颈（RC）/左侧颈（立法会）在一定范围内流动比率只小鼠作进一步分析。例如，一个中等程度的压力超负荷导致的比例为5-8，而更严格的收缩resultin克在严重压力超负荷导致了8-10的比例（图5.3A）。深水动物（操作，但不结扎），然而，预计有〜1（图5.3B）的比例。 </li></ol> 6：代表结果以下交咨会在野生型小鼠的生存，是典型的手术约80-90％。成功的横向主动脉手术结扎会导致左，右颈总动脉之间的一个多普勒血流速度比5-10（RC / LC）（图1）。假手术组小鼠（图2A），随压力超负荷的小鼠相比，预计开发在1-2周，心脏扩张，心肌肥厚，6至8星期之后，根据缢（图2B）的松紧程度在野生型小鼠在第一个月后，交咨会的死亡率通常较低（&lt;20％），虽然转基因小鼠可能会表现出不同的的存活率。6,7 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1729/1729fig1.jpg"><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1729/1729fig1tmb.jpg" alt="图1" border="0" /></a> 图1。使用横向主动脉结扎多普勒速度测量确认。代表权的多普勒速度信号（RC）和左侧颈（立法会）动脉后TAC 6天。这些录音表现出一个成功的结扎〜6.8的RC / LC流动比率。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1729/1729fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2。以下交咨会的代表整个心脏图像 。 一个假手术野生型小鼠心脏。B。野生型小鼠心脏16周后，交咨会。每行= 1毫米。

<ol>
	<li>Rockman, H. A., Ross, R. S., Harris, A. N., Knowlton, K. U., Steinhelper, M. E., Field, L. J., Ross, J., Chein, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segregation+of+atrial-specific+and+inducible+expression+of+an+atrial+natriuretic+factor+transgene+in+an+in+vivo+murine+model+of+cardiac+hypertrophy.">Segregation of atrial-specific and inducible expression of an atrial natriuretic factor transgene in an in vivo murine model of cardiac hypertrophy.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88, 8277-8281 (1991).</li><li>Heineke, J., Molkentin, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+cardiac+hypertrophy+by+intracellular+signaling+pathways.">Regulation of cardiac hypertrophy by intracellular signaling pathways.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 589-600 (2006).</li><li>Hartley, C. J., Reddy, A. K., Madala, S., Michael, L. H., Entman, M. L., Taffett, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doppler+estimation+of+reduced+coronary+flow+reserve+in+mice+with+pressure+overload+cardiac+hypertrophy.">Doppler estimation of reduced coronary flow reserve in mice with pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy.</a> Ultrasound Med. Biol. 34, 892-901 (2008).</li><li>Reddy, A. K., Taffett, G. E., Li, Y. -. H., Lim, S. -. W., Pham, T. T., Pocius, J. S., Entman, M. L., Michael, L. H., Hartley, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doppler+signal+processing+for+use+in+mice:+applications.">Doppler signal processing for use in mice: applications.</a> IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 52, 1771-1783 (2005).</li><li>Li, Y. -. H., Reddy, A. K., Ochoa, L. N., Pham, T. T., Hartley, C. J., Micheal, L. H., Entman, M. L., Taffett, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+age+on+peripheral+vascular+response+to+transverse+aortic+banding+in+mice.">Effect of age on peripheral vascular response to transverse aortic banding in mice.</a> J. Gerontol. 58A, 895-899 (2003).</li><li>Bourajjaj, M., Armand, A. S., Martins, d. a. C. o. s. t. a., Weijts, P. A., Nagel, B. V. a. n. d. e. r., Heeneman, R., Wehrens, S., Windt, X. H. D. e., J, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NFATc2+is+a+necessary+mediator+of+calcineurin-dependent+cardiac+hypertrophy+and+heart+failure.">NFATc2 is a necessary mediator of calcineurin-dependent cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 28, 22295-22303 (2008).</li><li>Oort, R. J. v. a. n., Respress, J. L., Li, N., Reynolds, C., Almeida, A. C. D. e., Skapura, D. G., Windt, L. J. D. e., Wehrens, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+development+of+pressure+overload+induced+cardiac+hypertrophy+and+dysfunction+in+an+RyR2-R176Q+knockin+mouse+model.">Accelerated development of pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in an RyR2-R176Q knockin mouse model.</a> Hypertension. 55, (2010).</li><li>Tarnavski, O., McMullen, J. R., Schinke, M., Nie, Q., Kong, S., Izumo, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+cardiac+surgery:+comprehensive+techniques+for+the+generation+of+mouse+models+of+human+diseases+and+their+application+for+genomic+studies.">Mouse cardiac surgery: comprehensive techniques for the generation of mouse models of human diseases and their application for genomic studies.</a> Physiol Genomics. 16, 349-360 (2004).</li></ol>

交咨会，它模仿人类的​​主动脉瓣狭窄，是一种常见的方法诱导小鼠心肌肥厚和心脏衰竭。主动脉缩窄的其他地点包括升序和腹主动脉。升主动脉缩窄提供了一个极端，更迅速地的超负荷左心室（LV）的。相比之下，腹主动脉缩窄叶完整的作为一个可能的补偿手段的流通的较大部分。因此，交咨会往往是首选模式，因为它提供了足够的低压过载时间依赖性的方式更适合调查。虽然此程序可以在?...

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		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Gaymar T/pump</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
<td>Model TP-500</td>
<td>Circulating water pump</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Temp. therapy pads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
<td>60-3414</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hot bead sterilizer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>18000-45</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Blunt scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roboz</td>
<td>RS-5980</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Angled spring scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roboz</td>
<td>RS-5668</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Chest retractor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>17002-02</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Course curved forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roboz</td>
<td>RS-5138</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dumont fine 45&deg; angled forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11253-25</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Needle holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>12565-14</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Electric shaver</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>General Electric</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For shaving mouse fur</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PE 90 tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>427420</td>
<td>For intubation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MiniVent (ventilator)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
<td>Type 845</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Betadine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>19-027132</td>
<td>May be purchased at medical supply store</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sterile gloves</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mckesson</td>
<td>20-1565</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Stereo microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Unico</td>
<td>ZM186</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6-0 silk suture</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>18020-60</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>27 &frac12; gauge needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD</td>
<td>305109</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6-0 prolene suture</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mckesson</td>
<td>3286</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Buprenorphine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Institutional Animal Facility</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

transverse aortic constriction in mice

横向主动脉缩窄（交咨会）在小鼠压力超负荷引起的心肌肥厚和心力衰竭是一种常用的的实验模型。<sup&gt; 1</sup最初&gt;交咨会导致肥大的心，这往往是关联的心肌收缩力的临时增强，以补偿。然而，随着时间的推移，慢性血流动力学超负荷的反应变得不适应，导致心脏扩张和心力衰竭。<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;小鼠TAC模型验证洛克人<em&gt;等</em&gt;。<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;，至今已广泛应用于作为一个有价值的工具，模仿人类的​​心血管疾病，并阐明根本的信号在心脏肥大和心力衰竭的发展过程。当相比，心脏衰竭，如完全闭塞（LAD）冠状动脉左前降前，其他实验模型，交咨会提供更重现模型的心肌肥厚和心力衰竭的发展逐步日久。在这里，我们描述一个一步一步的程序执行交咨会在小鼠体内的手术。要确定主动脉结扎压力超负荷的水平，高频率的多普勒探头是用来衡量在左，右颈总动脉血流速度之间的比率。<sup&gt; 3，4</sup随着手术存活率为80-90％，横向主动脉绑扎诱导小鼠左心室肥厚和心脏衰竭的有效方法。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice at JoVE.com

Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

横向主动脉缩窄（TAC）的鼠标是一种常用的实验模型研究的内在机制，心肌肥厚和心力衰竭的发展。在这里，我们描述程序，创建一个小鼠心肌肥厚的重复性程度的主动脉。

在小鼠体内的横向主动脉缩窄

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

66.4K 次观看.  Baylor College of Medicine (BCM). 横向主动脉缩窄（TAC）的鼠标是一种常用的实验模型研究的内在机制，心肌肥厚和心力衰竭的发展。在这里，我们描述程序，创建一个小鼠心肌肥厚的重复性程度的主动脉。

视频: Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Creation of Murine Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Elastase 

Transient intraluminal infusion of porcine pancreatic elastase into the infrarenal segment of the abdominal aorta is the most widely used animal model of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) ever since it was first described in rats by Anidjar and colleagues.1 The rationale for its development was based on the disrupted nature of elastin observed in AAAs. This rat model has been modified to produce AAAs in the infrarenal aortic region of mice.2 The model has the ability to add broad insight into the pathobiology of AAA due to the emergence of numerous transgenic and gene knockout mice. Moreover, it is a viable platform to test potential therapeutic agents for AAA. In this video, we demonstrate the elastase infusion AAA procedure used in our laboratory. 
Mice are anesthetized using 2.5% isoflurane, and a laparotomy is performed under sterile conditions. The abdominal aortais isolated with the assistance of an operating stereomicroscope (Leica). After placing temporary ligatures around the proximal and distal aorta, an aortotomy is created at the bifurcation with the tip of a 30-gauge needle. A heat-tapered segment of PE-10 polyethylene tubing is introduced through the aortotomy and secured. The aortic lumen is subsequently perfused for 5-15 minutes at 100 mm Hg with saline containing type I porcine pancreatic elastase (4.5 U/mL; Sigma Chemical Co.). After removing the perfusion catheter, the aortotomy is repaired without constriction of the lumen.

Creation of Murine Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with Elastase

This video shows how to induce abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) in mice via transient intraluminal infusion of porcine pancreatic elastase into the infrarenal segment of the abdominal aorta. The model has the ability to add broad insight into the pathobiology of AAA due to the emergence of numerous transgenic and gene knockout mice.

创建小鼠实验与弹性蛋白酶的腹主动脉瘤

Transient intraluminal infusion of porcine pancreatic elastase into the infrarenal segment of the abdominal aorta is the most widely used animal model of ...

科研

生物学

Aortic Ring Assay

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of blood vessels from preexisting vasculature is associated with both natural and pathological processes. Various angiogenesis assays involve the study of individual endothelial cells in culture conditions (1). The aortic ring assay is an angiogenesis model that is based on organ culture. In this assay, angiogenic vessels grow from a segment of the aorta (modified from (2)). Briefly, mouse thoracic aorta is excised, the fat layer and adventitia are removed, and rings approximately 1 mm in length are prepared. Individual rings are then embedded in a small solid dome of basement matrix extract (BME), cast inside individual wells of a 48-well plate. Angiogenic factors and inhibitors of angiogenesis can be directly added to the rings, and a mixed co-culture of aortic rings and other cell types can be employed for the study of paracrine angiogenic effects. Sprouting is observed by inspection under a stereomicroscope over a period of 6-12 days. Due to the large variation caused by the irregularities in the aortic segments, experimentation in 6-plicates is strongly advised. Neovessel outgrowth is monitored throughout the experiment and imaged using phase microscopy, and supernatants are collected for measurement of relevant angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, cell death markers and nitrite.

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is associated with both natural and pathological processes. Here we demonstrate an aortic ring assay that allows angiogenic potentiators and inhibitors to be directly added to aortic rings in culture. Sprouting and neovessel outgrowth can be determined by inspecting the aortic rings over a period of 6-12 days.

主动脉环含量

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of blood vessels from preexisting vasculature is associated with both natural and pathological processes. Various angiogenesis ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

隔离和鼠标主动脉内皮细胞原代培养

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

Differentiation Capacity of Human Aortic Perivascular Adipose Progenitor Cells

Adipose tissue is a rich source of multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) capable of differentiating into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Adipogenic differentiation of progenitor cells is a major mechanism driving adipose tissue expansion and dysfunction in response to obesity. Understanding changes to perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is thus clinically relevant in metabolic disease. However, previous studies have been predominately performed in the mouse and other animal models. This protocol uses human thoracic PVAT samples collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Adipose tissue from the ascending aorta was collected and used for explantation of the stromal vascular fraction. We previously confirmed the presence of adipose progenitor cells in human PVAT with the capacity to differentiate into lipid-containing adipocytes. In this study, we further analyzed the differentiation potential of cells from the stromal vascular fraction, presumably containing multi-potent progenitor cells. We compared PVAT-derived cells to human bone marrow MSC for differentiation into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Following 14 days of differentiation, specific stains were utilized to detect lipid accumulation in adipocytes (Oil red O), calcific deposits in osteogenic cells (Alizarin Red), or glycosaminoglycans and collagen in chondrogenic cells (Masson&#8217;s Trichrome). While bone marrow MSC efficiently differentiated into all three lineages, PVAT-derived cells had adipogenic and chondrogenic potential, but lacked robust osteogenic potential.

The goal of this protocol is to test the ability of progenitor cells derived from human perivascular adipose tissue to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Differentiation was compared to mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow, which is known to differentiate into adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte lineages.

人主动脉周脂肪祖细胞的分化能力

Adipose tissue is a rich source of multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) capable of differentiating into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic ...

Induction of Right Ventricular Failure by Pulmonary Artery Constriction and Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Mice

The mechanism of right ventricular failure (RVF) requires clarification due to the uniqueness, high morbidity, high mortality, and refractory nature of RVF. Previous rat models imitating RVF progression have been described. Compared with rats, mice are more accessible, economical, and widely used in animal experiments. We developed a pulmonary artery constriction (PAC) approach which is comprised of banding the pulmonary trunk in mice to induce right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy. A special surgical latch needle was designed that allows for easier separation of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. In our experiments, the use of this fabricated latch needle reduced the risk of arteriorrhexis and improved the surgical success rate to 90%. We used different padding needle diameters to precisely create quantitative constriction, which can induce different degrees of RV hypertrophy. We quantified the degree of constriction by evaluating the blood flow velocity of the PA, which was measured by noninvasive transthoracic echocardiography. RV function was precisely evaluated by right heart catheterization at 8 weeks after surgery. The surgical instruments made inhouse were composed of common materials using a simple process that is easy to master. Therefore, the PAC approach described here is easy to imitate using instruments made in the lab and can be widely used in other labs. This study presents a modified PAC approach that has a higher success rate than other models and an 8-week postsurgery survival rate of 97.8%. This PAC approach provides a useful technique for studying the mechanism of RVF and will enable an increased understanding of RVF.

Here, we provide a useful approach for studying the mechanism of right ventricular failure. A more convenient and efficient approach to pulmonary artery constriction is established using surgical instruments made inhouse. In addition, methods to evaluate the quality of this approach by echocardiography and catheterization are provided.

小鼠肺动脉收缩引起的右心室衰竭及右心室功能评价

The mechanism of right ventricular failure (RVF) requires clarification due to the uniqueness, high morbidity, high mortality, and refractory nature of ...

Transverse Fracture of the Mouse Femur with Stabilizing Pin

Fracture repair is an essential function of the skeleton that cannot be reliably modeled in vitro. A mouse injury model is an efficient approach to test whether a gene, gene product or drug influences bone repair because murine bones recapitulate the stages observed during human fracture healing. When a mouse or human breaks a bone, an inflammatory response is initiated, and the periosteum, a stem cell niche surrounding the bone itself, is activated and expands. Cells residing in the periosteum then differentiate to form a vascularized soft callus. The transition from the soft callus to a hard callus occurs as the recruited skeletal progenitor cells differentiate into mineralizing cells, and the bridging of the fractured ends results in the bone union. The mineralized callus then undergoes remodeling to restore the original shape and structure of the healed bone. Fracture healing has been studied in mice using various injury models. Still, the best way to recapitulate this entire biological process is to break through the cross-section of a long bone that encompasses both cortices. This protocol describes how a stabilized, transverse femur fracture can be safely performed to assess healing in adult mice. A surgical protocol including detailed harvesting and imaging techniques to characterize the different stages of fracture healing is also provided.

This protocol describes a method to perform fractures on adult mice and monitor the healing process.

带稳定针的小鼠股骨横断

Fracture repair is an essential function of the skeleton that cannot be reliably modeled in vitro. A mouse injury model is an efficient approach to test ...

A Modified Technique for Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) is a frequently used surgery in research regarding heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy based on the formation of pressure overload in mouse models. The main challenge of this procedure is to clearly visualize the transverse aortic arch and precisely band the target vessel. Classical approaches perform a partial thoracotomy to expose the transverse aortic arch. However, it is an open-chest model that causes a rather large surgical trauma and requires a ventilator during the surgery. To prevent unnecessary trauma and simplify the operating procedure, the aortic arch is approached via the proximal proportion of the sternum, reaching and binding the target vessel using a small self-made retractor that contains a snare. This procedure can be conducted without entering the pleura cavity and does not need a ventilator or microsurgical operation, which leaves the mice with physiological breathing patterns, simplifies the procedure, and significantly reduces operation time. Due to the less invasive approach and less operation time, mice can undergo fewer stress reactions and recover rapidly.

The present protocol describes a modified and simplified technique with a minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (TAC) procedure using a self-made retractor. This procedure can be conducted without a ventilator or microscope and introduces pressure overload, eventually leading to cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure.

一种改良的小鼠横主动脉收缩技术

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) is a frequently used surgery in research regarding heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy based on the formation of ...

A Calcium Phosphate-Induced Mouse Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease that occurs worldwide and is characterized by irreversible dilation of the abdominal aorta. Currently, several chemically induced murine AAA models are used, each simulating a different aspect of the pathogenesis of AAA. The calcium phosphate-induced AAA model is a rapid and cost-effective model compared to the angiotensin II- and elastase-induced AAA models. The application of CaPO4 crystals to the mouse aorta results in elastic fiber degradation, loss of smooth muscle cells, inflammation, and calcium deposition associated with aortic dilation. This article introduces a standard protocol for the CaPO4-induced AAA model. The protocol includes material preparation, the surgical application of the CaPO4&#160;to the adventitia of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, the harvesting of aortas to visualize aortic aneurysms, and histological analyses in mice.

This protocol describes a calcium phosphate-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) mouse model to study the pathological features and molecular mechanisms of AAAs.

磷酸钙诱导的小鼠腹主动脉瘤模型

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease that occurs worldwide and is characterized by irreversible dilation of the ...

Establishing a Diaphyseal Femur Fracture Model in Mice

Bones have a significant regenerative capacity. However, fracture healing is a complex process, and depending on the severity of the lesions and the age and overall health status of the patient, failures can occur, leading to delayed union or nonunion. Due to the increasing number of fractures resulting from high-energy trauma and aging, the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to improve bone repair based on the combination of skeletal/mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and biomimetic biomaterials is urgently needed. To this end, the use of reliable animal models is fundamental to better understanding the key cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine the healing outcomes. Of all the models, the mouse is the preferred research model because it offers a wide variety of transgenic strains and reagents for experimental analysis. However, the establishment of fractures in mice may be technically challenging due to their small size. Therefore, this article aims to demonstrate the procedures for the surgical establishment of a diaphyseal femur fracture in mice, which is stabilized with an intramedullary wire and resembles the most common bone repair process, through cartilaginous callus formation.

This protocol describes a surgical procedure for the establishment of a diaphyseal fracture in the femur of mice, which is stabilized with an intramedullary wire, for fracture healing studies.

建立小鼠骨干股骨骨折模型

Bones have a significant regenerative capacity. However, fracture healing is a complex process, and depending on the severity of the lesions and the age ...

改进的玉米叶片原基成像方法

Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging

In maize (Zea mays) and other grasses (Poaceae), the leaf primordia are deeply ensheathed and rolled within the leaf whorl, making it difficult to study early leaf development. Here, we describe methods for preparing transverse sections and unrolled whole mounts of maize leaf primordia for fluorescence and confocal imaging. The first method uses a wire stripper to remove the upper portions of older leaves, exposing the tip of the leaf primordium and allowing its measurement for more accurate transverse section sampling. The second method uses clear, double-sided nano tape to unroll and mount whole-leaf primordia for imaging. We show the utility of the two methods in visualizing and analyzing fluorescent protein reporters in maize. These methods provide a solution to the challenges presented by the distinctive morphology of maize leaf primordia and will be useful for visualizing and quantifying leaf anatomical and developmental traits in maize and other grass species.

作者聚焦：用于荧光和共聚焦成像的玉米叶片原基横向切片和展开整片的改进方法  

Maize leaf primordia are deeply ensheathed and rolled, making them difficult to study. Here, we present methods for preparing transverse sections and unrolled whole mounts of maize leaf primordia for fluorescence and confocal imaging.

用于荧光和共聚焦成像的玉米叶原基横向切片和展开整片的制备方法的改进方法

In maize (Zea mays) and other grasses (Poaceae), the leaf primordia are deeply ensheathed and rolled within the leaf whorl, making it difficult to study ...