我们感谢青丹博士在这些实验技术的发展提供了技术投入。这项工作是支持由美国国立卫生研究院资助R01 - EY016849A和史密斯家族的新研究者奖。

第一部分：钨在玻璃电极的制备<ol><li>石墨环是放置在一个烧杯中充满了一个集中硝酸钠（0.71g/mL）和氢氧化钾（0.34g/mL）溶解于水1的解决方案，是根据修改后的缝纫机缝制的手臂放在烧杯。 </li><li>钨丝（直径0.5mm，长度6厘米）录音缝制的手臂，使其部分浸泡在溶液（1 - 2cm的）。 </li><li> 2V适用于整个钨丝附加了积极的带头缝制一只胳膊和一条负导致石墨环。 </li><li>缝纫机是开启和钨丝成溶液浸泡2分钟，电解蚀刻金属尖锐点〜4Hz的速率在反复。 </li><li>蚀刻线放置在手动显微操作和微观指导下，用一个玻璃吸管（0.25毫米OD，0.175毫米ID）拉1毫米提示与玻璃拉马轴（40倍的放大倍率）对齐点。为了防止在导线插入的运动，玻璃是暂时担保显微镜用腻子阶段。 </li><li>丝仔细先进的玻璃unpulled，上下轴，并通过1μm的开放一小片玻璃被视为断绝在视频的提示，表明了在玻璃钨紧密配合。线应延长为5 - 10mm左右，超出大鼠光纤录音提示。 </li><li>氰基丙烯酸酯应用于玻璃unpulled和硬化后的电阻抗测量，1MΩ电极一般工作最好。 </li></ol>第二部分：立体定向设置和穗列车录音<ol><li>在视频说明刺激显示系统，以及立体定位仪，定位和降低进入大脑的电极的微型硬盘。 </li><li>要执行视网膜穗列车录音大鼠麻醉后瘫痪。 （无插图）的标准程序是用于为药物输送和在麻痹（Y型管），机械通气气管插管股静脉插管手术插入。实验动物的终端。 </li><li>准备程序后，动物放在加热毯，进入立体的位置是固定的头部，耳朵和牙齿酒吧定义大鼠脑图谱2，。 </li><li>插入直肠的探头，它控制加热毯通过一个homeothermic控制单元，体温保持在37 ° C。 </li><li>金属针是用来作为导线测量心电图监测心率。 </li><li>皮肤是打开的头骨上，暴露颅骨板的交点（前囟）。定制设计的交叉帧设置到位，一个圆圈标记begma周围的头骨上，通过在了横梁上的孔，和暂时删除了横梁。 </li><li>超过前囟定位导针，脑立体定位系统校准。在显着位置一个5毫米的洞钻入颅骨和骨头去掉，露出了大脑。一个薄薄的腻子环周围放置在颅骨开放横梁，这是到位复位孔周围形成一个密封。 </li><li>如果动物在一段时间稳定的麻醉平面，这是为了防止数据收集过程中眼球运动注入与麻痹。动物是机械通气后呼吸停止。自定义程序跟踪整个实验过程中的通风和生理参数，并通知实验者如果任何参数超出正常水平，代偿性的行动是必要的。 </li><li>导针与钨电极是backloaded降低到大脑。经过大脑的渗透，交叉孔填充用琼脂（未显示）和微型硬盘大会钳位机械稳定性横。钨电极，然后慢慢地先进了导针（2μm/sec），直到提示视交叉位于下面的头骨，约8 - 9mm的。 </li><li>穗列车属于视网膜神经节细胞识别视觉输入的响应。记录细胞的感受野是一个单一的光纤隔离后映射在视觉空间，其反应特性与漂流格栅或其他感兴趣的视觉模式的特点。 3几个小时的单机录音系统的稳定性，允许。 </li></ol>材料从商业的供应商购买成人棕色挪威大鼠（250 - 400G）和受规管（12/12）光/暗周期下之内。腹腔注射盐酸氯胺酮和甲苯噻嗪（70％和2毫克/公斤，分别亨利施恩公司），麻醉诱导维持exper时间iment公司与葡萄糖，生理盐水混合静脉滴注氯胺酮和甲苯噻嗪（30和1毫克/公斤/小时），并通过导管gallamine triethiodide（40毫克/公斤/小时，菲舍尔公司）（0.13毫米外径，小部件在右股静脉）。 Gallamine包括在眼球运动瘫痪的混合物。输液泵（WPI的公司）的利率调整，需要保持一个稳定的平面麻醉心率和血压变异性评估。后瘫痪，动物是机械通气（哈佛仪器，型号683）通过必要的调整，以保持率在60-80次/ min（2CC量）气管插管，呼气末二氧化碳测量行capnometer（型号710Sp Novametrix公司）30％。体温调节通过homeothermic毯控制系统（哈佛仪器公司）。连续监测体温，呼气末二氧化碳 ，心率，血压在整个实验由LabVIEW程序。视觉刺激了索尼Multiscan 17E CRT显示器，分辨率为800x600像素在100赫兹运行（平均30 CD / M 2的亮度）。数据采集和监控输出分别控制在MATLAB和LabVIEW编写定制软件结合的视频图像处理器（剑桥研究系统公司，位+ +）和心理物理学工具箱4。动物通过隐形眼镜（眼科仪器公司）的距离观看的16.5厘米刺激显示器（40.4 x 30.2厘米），并定期眼科解决方案应用在实验过程中保持眼睛湿润。安装在立体定位仪（Stoelting合作）升高14厘米以上浮动表（以下简称丰田公司）表面的动物和设置显示器上定制设计的雪橇，在桌子上沿着反向刺激视野最大化一个± 100度弧对鼻子。这提供了一个重新定位的显示领域，扩展60度以上和35度低于眼水平± 42度横向监控中心。钨electodes是捏造的小部件公司和定制的高硼硅玻璃从弗里德里希和Dimmock公司标准micropippete拉马（萨特仪器，模型P - 97）获得获得丝，是用来塑造玻璃尖。电极阻抗测试仪是从朴电子购买。电极先进的机动微型硬盘系统（新港公司，StepperMike）。心电图及视神经信号放大和滤波与高输入阻抗的多极放大器（金控公司，X细胞3X4）。心跳检测一个窗口鉴别器（WPI的公司，型号121）。神经动作电位进行检测，并与数字穗鉴别（金控公司，APM）0.1ms的决议时间戳记。穗鉴别门控触发信号从视频图像处理器，使尖峰时间被锁定的刺激。

<ol>
	<li>Levick, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Another+tungsten+microelectrode.">Another tungsten microelectrode.</a> Med Biol Eng. 10 (4), 510-515 (1972).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Watson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. , (1998).</li><li>Freeman, D. K., Heine, W. F., Passaglia, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+maintained+discharge+of+rat+retinal+ganglion+cells.">The maintained discharge of rat retinal ganglion cells.</a> Vis Neurosci. 25 (4), 535-548 (2008).</li><li>Brainard, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+psychophysics+toolbox.">The psychophysics toolbox.</a> Spat Vis. 10, 433-436 (1997).</li></ol>

所有的实验程序批准的机构动物护理和使用委员会在波士顿大学。

光纤录音是一个有吸引力的方法，为解决有关视网膜的信息编码和传输，需要一个完整的眼的实验问题。此外，两只眼睛的信号属性，可以在几乎相同的生理状态研究中，如果电极定​​位在视交叉或道交叉和非交叉的视神经纤维的活性，可以用一个电极渗透记录。光纤录音常见于猫，但不是在其他流行的视觉研究中使用的动物模型，如啮齿类动物，也许是由于其体积小，。我们已经尝试了各种?...

single-unit in vivo recordings from the optic chiasm of rat

视觉世界的信息传递到大脑，使视神经视网膜神经节细胞轴突的动作电位序列。<em&gt;在体内</em在几种动物模型的神经节细胞尖峰列车&gt;录音揭示了什么是关于如何早期的视觉系统进程和编码的视觉信息。然而，这样的录音已经很少，其中最常见的动物模型，大鼠，可能是由于在检测小直径的轴突发射峰值困难。许多涉及大鼠视网膜病模型激励为特征，而不会干扰眼睛的神经节细胞的功能特性的需要，与人工或<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;录音。在这里，我们展示了一个用于记录神经节细胞穗列车从麻醉大鼠视交叉的方法。首先，我们显示如何制造玻璃钨电极，可以拿起电活动从单一的大鼠神经节细胞的轴突。电极的性能要优于所有我们已经尝试过的商业。然后，我们说明了我们的定制设计的立体系统<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;视觉神经生理学的实验和动物的制备及可靠和稳定的电极放置在视交叉的程序。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat at JoVE.com

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

视网膜神经节细胞传递视觉信息从眼睛到大脑与动作电位的序列。在这里，我们将演示如何记录单个神经节细胞动作电位<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;从麻醉大鼠。

单机在体内</em从大鼠视交叉>录音

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic ...

single-unit-in-vivo-recordings-from-the-optic-chiasm-of-rat

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

11.6K 次观看.  Boston University. 视网膜神经节细胞传递视觉信息从眼睛到大脑与动作电位的序列。在这里，我们将演示如何记录单个神经节细胞动作电位在体内从麻醉大鼠。

视频: Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

逆行荧光染料标记允许有针对性的外单细胞记录技术鉴定神经元<em&gt;在体内</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

科研

神经科学

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell level. The technique allows experimenters to examine temporally and regionally specific firing patterns in order to correlate recorded action potentials with ongoing behavior. Moreover, single-unit recordings can be combined with a plethora of other techniques in order to produce comprehensive explanations of neural function. In this article, we describe the anesthesia and preparation for microwire implantation. Subsequently, we enumerate the necessary equipment and surgical steps to accurately insert a microwire array into a target structure. Lastly, we briefly describe the equipment used to record from each individual electrode in the array. The fixed microwire arrays described are well-suited for chronic implantation and allow for longitudinal recordings of neural data in almost any behavioral preparation. We discuss tracing electrode tracks to triangulate microwire positions as well as ways to combine microwire implantation with immunohistochemical techniques in order to increase the anatomical specificity of recorded results.

Implanting organized arrays of microwires for use in single-unit electrophysiological recordings presents a number of technical challenges.&#160;Methods for performing this technique and the equipment necessary are described.&#160;Also, the beneficial use of organized microwire arrays to record from distinct neural subregions with high spatial selectivity is discussed.

一个程序植入微丝的有组织阵列的单机录音清醒，举止动物

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell ...

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex using a method developed by Lima and colleagues1. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. This technique &#8211; termed &#8220;PINP&#8221;, or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations &#8211; can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment. It can serve as an inexpensive and accessible alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching, for the purpose of targeting extracellular recordings to genetically-identified cells. Here we provide a set of guidelines for optimizing the method in everyday practice. We refined our strategy specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons.

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

指南<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;单单元从Optogenetically鉴定皮质抑制性录像

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to monitor the disease course in the follow-up period. Changes in the VEP parameters closely correlate with pathological damage in the optic nerve. This protocol provides a detailed description about the rodent model of optic nerve microinjection, in which a partial demyelination lesion is produced in the optic nerve. VEP recording techniques are also discussed. Using skull implanted electrodes, we are able to acquire reproducible intra-session and between-session VEP traces. VEPs can be recorded on individual animals over a period of time to assess the functional changes in the optic nerve longitudinally. The optic nerve demyelination model, in conjunction with the VEP recording protocol, provides a tool to investigate the disease processes associated with demyelination and remyelination, and can potentially be employed to evaluate the effects of new remyelinating drugs or neuroprotective therapies.

Focal demyelination is induced in the optic nerve using lysolecithin microinjection. Visual evoked potentials are recorded via skull electrodes implanted over the visual cortex to examine the signal conduction along the visual pathway in vivo. This protocol details the surgical procedures underlying electrode implantation and optic nerve microinjection.

在实验视神经脱髓鞘模型大鼠视觉诱发电位记录

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to ...

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular recording has historically been a common technique used to study sensitivities of individual photoreceptor cells to different light stimuli that is still being used today. However, there remains a dearth of detailed methodology in the literature for researchers wishing to replicate intracellular recording experiments in the eye. Here we present the insect as a model for examining eye physiology more generally. Insect photoreceptor cells are located near the surface of the eye and are therefore easy to reach, and many of the mechanisms involved in vision are conserved across animal phyla. We describe the basic procedure for in vivo intracellular recording of photoreceptor cells in the eye of a butterfly, with the goal of making this technique more accessible to researchers with little prior experience in electrophysiology. We introduce the basic equipment needed, how to prepare a live butterfly for recording, how to insert a glass microelectrode into a single cell, and finally the recording procedure itself. We also explain the basic analysis of raw response data for determining spectral sensitivity of individual cell types. Although our protocol focuses on determining spectral sensitivity, other stimuli (e.g., polarized light) and variations of the method are applicable to this setup.

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

The electrophysiological technique of intracellular recording is demonstrated and used to determine spectral sensitivities of single photoreceptor cells in the compound eye of a butterfly.

光感受器细胞光谱灵敏度在从昆虫模型决定<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;细胞内记录

Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular ...

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, it is necessary to precisely characterize in which way the processing of information is disturbed between the different neuronal parts of the circuit. Using extracellular in vivo electrophysiological recordings, it is possible to accurately delineate neuronal activity within a neuronal network. The application of this method has several advantages over alternative techniques, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and calcium imaging, as it allows a unique temporal and spatial resolution and does not rely on genetically engineered organisms. However, the use of extracellular in vivo recordings is limited since it is an invasive technique that cannot be universally applied. In this article, a simple and easy to use method is presented with which it is possible to simultaneously record extracellular potentials such as local field potentials and multiunit activity at multiple sites of a network. It is detailed how a precise targeting of subcortical nuclei can be achieved using a combination of stereotactic surgery and online analysis of multi-unit recordings. Thus, it is demonstrated, how a complete network such as the hyperdirect cortico-basal ganglia loop can be studied in anesthetized animals in vivo.

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

In this study, the methodology is presented on how to perform multi-site in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the hyperdirect pathway under urethane anesthesia.

急性<em&gt;体内</em&gt;麻醉大鼠超导途径局部场电位和多单位活动的电生理记录

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

自由运动大鼠皮质局部电位、心电图、肌电图和呼吸节律的同步记录

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Previous studies have shown that neurons in parieto-frontal areas of the macaque brain can be highly selective for real-world objects, disparity-defined curved surfaces, and images of real-world objects (with and without disparity) in a similar manner as described in the ventral visual stream. In addition, parieto-frontal areas are believed to convert visual object information into appropriate motor outputs, such as the pre-shaping of the hand during grasping. To better characterize object selectivity in the cortical network involved in visuomotor transformations, we provide a battery of tests intended to analyze the visual object selectivity of neurons in parieto-frontal regions.

A detailed protocol to analyze object selectivity of parieto-frontal neurons involved in visuomotor transformations is presented.

用单单元记录法研究猕猴背视流中的对象表示

Previous studies have shown that neurons in parieto-frontal areas of the macaque brain can be highly selective for real-world objects, disparity-defined ...

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. Development of these tools is crucial for understanding complex behaviors and cognition and for advancing clinical applications. However, it remains a challenge to densely record from cell populations stably and continuously over long time periods. Many popular electrodes, such as tetrodes and silicon arrays, feature large cross-diameters that produce damage upon insertion and elicit chronic reactive tissue responses associated with neuronal death, hindering the recording of stable, continuous neural activity. In addition, most wire bundles exhibit broad spacing between channels, precluding simultaneous recording from a large number of cells clustered in a small area. The carbon fiber microelectrode arrays described in this protocol offer an accessible solution to these concerns. The study provides a detailed method for fabricating carbon fiber microelectrode arrays that can be used for both acute and chronic recordings in vivo. The physical properties of these electrodes make them ideal for stable and continuous long-term recordings at high cell densities, enabling the researcher to make robust, unambiguous recordings from single units across months.

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

This protocol describes a procedure for constructing carbon fiber microelectrode arrays for chronic and acute in vivo electrophysiological recordings in mouse (Mus musculus) and ferret (Mustela putorius furo) from multiple brain regions. Each step, following the purchase of raw carbon fibers to microelectrode array implantation, is described in detail, with emphasis on microelectrode array construction.

用于慢性和急性体内记录的碳纤维微电极阵列 的 构建和实现

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. ...

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals

The optic nerve collects axons signals from the retinal ganglion cells and transmits visual signal to the brain. Large animal models of optic nerve injury are essential for translating novel therapeutic strategies from rodent models to clinical application due to their closer similarities to humans in size and anatomy. Here we describe some in vivo methods to evaluate the function and structure of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve (ON) in large animals, including visual evoked potential (VEP), pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Both goat and non-human primate were employed in this study. By presenting these in vivo methods step by step, we hope to increase experimental reproducibility among different labs and facilitate the usage of large animal models of optic neuropathies.

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals

Here we demostrate several in vivo tests (flash visual evoked potential, pattern electroretinogram and optic coherence tomography) in goat and rhesus macaque to understand the structure and function of the optic nerve and its neurons.

体内 大型动物视网膜神经节细胞及视神经功能及结构的评估方法

The optic nerve collects axons signals from the retinal ganglion cells and transmits visual signal to the brain. Large animal models of optic nerve injury ...

单机在体内录音