우리는이 실험 기술의 발전 중에 기술 입력을 제공하는 박사 댄 그린 주셔서 감사합니다. 이 작품은 NIH 그랜트 R01 - EY016849A와 스미스 패밀리 새로운 탐정 수상에 의해 지원되었다.

부품 I : 텅스텐 - 인 - 유리 전극 제작 <ol><li> 흑연 반지 나트륨 질산 (0.71g/mL)와 물 1 녹아 수산화 칼륨 (0.34g/mL)의 집중 솔루션으로 가득한 비커에 배치되며, 비커는 수정된 재봉틀의 바느질 겨드랑이 위치 . </li><li> 텅스텐 와이어 (0.5mm 직경 6cm 길이)가 부분적으로 솔루션 (1-2cm) 잠겨 있도록 바느질 팔이 테이프로 붙여져 있습니다. </li><li> 2V은 흑연 반지에 바느질 팔과 부정적인 리드에 긍정적인 리드를 부착하여 텅스텐 와이어에 걸쳐 적용됩니다. </li><li> 재봉틀이 켜져 있고 텅스텐 와이어는 electrolytically 샵 포인트로 금속을 파 놓았 2 분에 대해 ~ 4Hz의 속도로 솔루션에 반복적으로 감소합니다. </li><li> 에칭 와이어는 수동 micromanipulator과 유리 피펫 (0.25mm OD, 0.175mm ID) 유리 풀러와 1mm 팁로 뽑았의 샤프트와 미세한지도 (40x 배율)에서 정렬 지점에 배치됩니다. 와이어 삽입하는 동안 움직임을 방지하기 위해 유리가 일시적으로 퍼티로 현미경 단계로 보안이됩니다. </li><li> 와이어는 조심스럽게 축 아래, 유리의 unpulled 끝에 고급이며, 1μm 개방을 통해 유리의 작은 조각은 유리에 텅스텐의 꽉 맞는를 나타내는, 비디오 팁을를 끊다을 볼 수 있습니다. 와이어 쥐 광섬유 레코딩을위한 팁 이외 5-10밀리미터 주변 연장해야합니다. </li><li> Cyanoacrylate는 유리의 unpulled 끝에 적용되고 1MΩ 전극은 일반적으로 최고의 작품 어디 경화 후 전기 임피던스가 측정됩니다. </li></ol> 부 II : Stereotaxic 설치 및 스파이크 기차 레코딩 <ol><li> 자극 디스플레이 시스템은 위치와 두뇌에 전극을 낮추는위한 stereotaxic기구 및 microdrive와 함께 비디오에 그림입니다. </li><li> 망막 스파이크 열차 레코딩을 수행하려면 생쥐가 anesthetized 나중에 마비입니다. 표준 절차 (삽화가되지 않음) 약물 전달 및 마비 동안 기계적 환기를위한 tracheal (Y - 튜브) 정맥의 대퇴 정맥의 정맥의 삽입 수술을 위해 사용됩니다. 실험 동물 터미널입니다. </li><li> 준비 절차 후, 동물은 난방 담요에 위치하고 있으며 머리는 귀 및 치아 바와 같은 쥐의 뇌 아틀라스 2 정의 stereotaxic 위치에 고정됩니다. </li><li> 직장 프로브가 삽입됩니다, 이것은 37 체온을 유지 homeothermic 제어 장치 ° C. 통해 난방 담요를 제어 </li><li> 심전도 및 모니터 심장 박동수를 측정하는 리드와 같은 금속 바늘이 사용됩니다. </li><li> 피부는 두개골 위에 개설하고 두개골 플레이트의 교차로는 (bregma) 노출됩니다. 맞춤 디자인 크로스바 프레임이 위치에 설정, 원형이 크로스바에 구멍 begma 주변 두개골에 표시된이며, 크로스바가 일시적으로 제거됩니다. </li><li> stereotaxic 시스템은 bregma 통해 안내 바늘을 위치하여 보정합니다. 5 mm 구멍이 표시된 위치에 두개골에 몰락하고 뼈가 두뇌를 노출, 제거됩니다. 퍼티 얇은 반지는 장소로 재설정됩니다 크로스바에 구멍 주위에 도장을 형성하기 위해 두개골에 구멍 주위에 배치됩니다. </li><li> 동물이 잠시 마취의 안정적인 비행기에있다면, 그것은 데이터 수집 중에 눈동자의 움직임을 방지하기 위해 중풍로 주입됩니다. 호흡 후 동물 기계적 통풍이 중지됩니다. 사용자 지정 프로그램은 실험을하는 동안 환기 및 생리 매개 변수를 추적하고 매개 변수가 정상 수준 밖에 나가서해야 보상 조치가 필요한 경우 실험자을 알려줍니다. </li><li> 가이드 바늘은 텅스텐 전극과 backloaded과 두뇌로 저하됩니다. 뇌 침투 후 크로스바 구멍은 한천 (표시되지 않음)으로 가득합니다, 그리고 microdrive 조립은 기계적 안정성에 대한 크로스바에 고정되어 있습니다. 팁는 광학 chiasm가있는 두개골 아래 8~9밀리미터에 대한 때까지 텅스텐 전극은 다음 가이드 바늘 아웃 (2μm/sec) 천천히 고급입니다. </li><li> 망막 신경절 세포에 속하는 스파이크 열차는 Visual 입력 자신의 반응에 의해 식별됩니다. 단일 광섬유의 분리시 기록된 세포의 수용 필드는 시각적 공간에서 매핑이며 응답 특성은 표류 통같이 또는 관심의 다른 시각적 패턴과 특징. 시스템의 안정성을 몇 시간 3의 단일 단위 레코딩을 허용합니다. </li></ol> 자료 성인 브라운 - 노르웨이 쥐 (250~400g)은 상업적인 공급 업체로부터 구입하여 규제 (12분의 12) 진한 / 라이트 사이클에 따라 보관되어 있었다. 마취는 마취제 하이드로 클로라이드와 xylazine (70과 2 MG / kg, 각각, 헨리 Schein 병원)의 intraperitoneal 주사로 유도하고 exper의 기간 동안 유지되었다카테터를 통해 정맥 호수 덱스 트로 오스와 혼합 마취제와 xylazine의 주입 (30 1 MG / ㎏ / HR) 및 gallamine의 triethiodide (40 MG / ㎏ / HR, 피셔 부동산) (0.13mm OD, 작은 부분 병원과 iment 오른쪽 대퇴 정맥에서). Gallamine는 눈동자의 움직임을 마비하는 혼합물에 포함되어 있습니다. 심장 박동과 혈압 변화에 의해 평가로 마취의 안정적인 비행기를 유지하는 데 필요한 같은 펌프 (WPI 병원)의 주입 속도가 조정되었습니다. 마비 후, 동물은 기계 최종 조류 CO 2 인 - 라인 측정 유지하기 위해 필요에 따라 조정 속도, 60-80 심호흡 / 분 (2cc 볼륨)에 tracheal 정맥을 통해 (하버드 장치, 모델 683) 통풍이되었습니다 capnometer (Novametrix 병원, 모델 710Sp) 30 %. 체온은 homeothermic 담요 제어 시스템 (하버드 장치 병원)​​을 통해 규제되었습니다. 체온, 최종 갯벌 CO 2, 심장 박동과 혈압이 지속적으로 LABVIEW 프로그램에 의해 실험을하는 동안 모니터링했다. 시각적 자극은 800x600 이상 픽셀의 해상도와 100 Hz에서에서 실행 소니 Multiscan 17e CRT 모니터 (30 CD / m 2의 휘도를 의미)에 발표했다. 데이터 수집 및 모니터 출력은 비디오 이미지 프로세서 (캠브리지 연구 시스템 병원, 비트 + +)와 Psychophysics 도구 상자 4 함께 Matlab와 LabView로 작성된 사용자 정의 소프트웨어와 제어했습니다. 동물 콘택트 렌즈 (안구 인스 트루먼 트의 병원)을 통해 16.5cm의 거리에 자극 디스플레이 (40.4 X 30.2 cm) 조회하고, 안과 솔루션은 촉촉한 눈을 유지하기 위해 실험 기간 동안 주기적으로 적용되었다. 자극에 액세스할 수 시야는 (공동 스토엘팅) 부동 테이블 (TMC 병원)의 표면 위에 고가 14cm stereotaxic 장치에있는 동물을 장착하고 함께 테이블에 옮겨 맞춤 설계 썰매에서 모니터 설정을 반대하여 최대화했습니다 코가에 대한 ± 100 데그 아크. 이것은 60 - 데그 이상 및 35 데그 눈높이 아래와 ± 42 - 데그 옆으로 모니터의 중심에서 확장 repositionable 표시 필드를 제공합니다. 텅스텐 electodes은 유리 팁을 형성하는 데 사용된 작은 부분 부동산과 프리드리히와 딤막 주식 회사 표준 micropippete 풀러 (셔터 인 스트 루먼트, 모델 P - 97)에서 얻은 사용자 borosilicate 유리에서 얻은 철사로 조작했다. 전극 임피던스 시험기는 박 - 전자에서 구입한했다. 전극은 전동 microdrive 시스템 (뉴 포트 병원, StepperMike)와 고급되었습니다. 심전도 및 시신경 신호는 높은 입력 임피던스 multielectrode 증폭기 (FHC 병원, X - 셀 3x4)으로 증폭하고 필터링되었습니다. 심장 박동은 윈도우 discriminator (WPI 병원, 모델 121)을 발견했다. 신경 행동 잠재력은 디지털 대못 discriminator (FHC 병원, APM)에 의해 0.1ms 해상도 감지와 시간 스탬프를했다. 스파이크 스파이크 discriminator은 시간이 자극에 잠겨 있었 있도록 비디오 이미지 프로세서에서 트리거 신호에 의해 문이되었다.

<ol>
	<li>Levick, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Another+tungsten+microelectrode.">Another tungsten microelectrode.</a> Med Biol Eng. 10 (4), 510-515 (1972).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Watson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. , (1998).</li><li>Freeman, D. K., Heine, W. F., Passaglia, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+maintained+discharge+of+rat+retinal+ganglion+cells.">The maintained discharge of rat retinal ganglion cells.</a> Vis Neurosci. 25 (4), 535-548 (2008).</li><li>Brainard, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+psychophysics+toolbox.">The psychophysics toolbox.</a> Spat Vis. 10, 433-436 (1997).</li></ol>

모든 실험 절차는 보스턴 대학에서 기관 애니멀 케어 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다.

광섬유 레코딩이 그대로 눈에 필요한 망막 정보 인코딩 및 전송에 관한 실험적 질문을 해결하기위한 매력적인 접근 방식입니다. 전극은 광학 chiasm이나 교차 및 교차되지 않은 시신경 섬유의 활동이 하나의 전극 침투로 기록될 수 트랙트의 위치에있는 경우 또한, 두 눈의 신호 특성이 거의 같은 생리적 상태에서 공부하실 수 있습니다. 광섬유 레코딩은 그들의 작은 크기에 아마도 때문에 설치류 ?...

single-unit in vivo recordings from the optic chiasm of rat

시각 세계에 대한 정보가 시신경을 만들어 망막 신경절 세포 axons의 행동 잠재력의 시퀀스에있는 두뇌에 전송됩니다.<em&gt; 생체내에서</em여러 동물 모델에서 신경절 세포 스파이크 열차&gt; 녹음 방법은 초기 시각 시스템 프로세스에 대한 알려진 무엇의 많은 발표와 시각 정보를 인코딩합니다. 그러나, 녹음 작은 직경 axons에 의해 해고 스파이크를 감지에 어려움을 가능성 때문에 가장 일반적인 동물 모델 중 하나 쥐에서 희귀되었습니다. 쥐를 포함한 여러 망막 질환 모델은 intraocular 또는, 시선을 방해하지 않고 신경절 세포의 기능 특성을 특성화를위한 필요 동기를 부여<em&gt; 체외에서</em&gt; 녹음. 여기, 우리는 anesthetized 암흑의 광학 chiasm에서 기록 신경절 세포 스파이크 열차에 대한 방법을 보여줍니다. 우리가 먼저 쥐의 단일 신경절 세포 axons에서 전기 활동을 선택할 수 있습니다 텅스텐 - 인 - 유리 전극을 조작하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 전극은 우리가 시도해야하는 모든 상업 사람 들보다 뛰어난 실력을 보이고. 그러면 우리의 맞춤 설계 stereotaxic 시스템을 설명<em&gt; 생체내에</em&gt; 비주얼 neurophysiology 실험 및 동물 준비 및 광학 chiasm의 신뢰성과 안정적인 전극 배치를위한 절차.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat at JoVE.com

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

망막 신경절 세포는 눈의 작업 잠재력의 시퀀스와 뇌로 영상 정보를 전송. 여기, 우리는 하나의 신경절 세포의 활동 잠재력을 기록하는 방법을 보여줍니다<em&gt; 생체내에</em&gt; anesthetized 쥐에서.

단일 유닛 생체내에서</em암흑의 광학 Chiasm에서> 레코딩

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic ...

single-unit-in-vivo-recordings-from-the-optic-chiasm-of-rat

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

11.6K 조회수.  Boston University. 망막 신경절 세포는 눈의 작업 잠재력의 시퀀스와 뇌로 영상 정보를 전송. 여기, 우리는 하나의 신경절 세포의 활동 잠재력을 기록하는 방법을 보여줍니다 생체내에 anesthetized 쥐에서.

비디오: Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

역행 형광 라벨이 확인 된 신경 세포의 표적 세포 외 단일 단위 기록을 허용<em&gt; 생체 내</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

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신경과학

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell level. The technique allows experimenters to examine temporally and regionally specific firing patterns in order to correlate recorded action potentials with ongoing behavior. Moreover, single-unit recordings can be combined with a plethora of other techniques in order to produce comprehensive explanations of neural function. In this article, we describe the anesthesia and preparation for microwire implantation. Subsequently, we enumerate the necessary equipment and surgical steps to accurately insert a microwire array into a target structure. Lastly, we briefly describe the equipment used to record from each individual electrode in the array. The fixed microwire arrays described are well-suited for chronic implantation and allow for longitudinal recordings of neural data in almost any behavioral preparation. We discuss tracing electrode tracks to triangulate microwire positions as well as ways to combine microwire implantation with immunohistochemical techniques in order to increase the anatomical specificity of recorded results.

Implanting organized arrays of microwires for use in single-unit electrophysiological recordings presents a number of technical challenges.&#160;Methods for performing this technique and the equipment necessary are described.&#160;Also, the beneficial use of organized microwire arrays to record from distinct neural subregions with high spatial selectivity is discussed.

동물 행동하자, 깨어있는 단일 단위 레코딩을위한 Microwires의 조직 된 배열을 주입하기위한 절차

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell ...

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex using a method developed by Lima and colleagues1. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. This technique &#8211; termed &#8220;PINP&#8221;, or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations &#8211; can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment. It can serve as an inexpensive and accessible alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching, for the purpose of targeting extracellular recordings to genetically-identified cells. Here we provide a set of guidelines for optimizing the method in everyday practice. We refined our strategy specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons.

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

에 가이드<em&gt; 생체</emOptogenetically 확인 된 대뇌 피질의 억제의 interneurons에서&gt; 단일 단위 기록

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to monitor the disease course in the follow-up period. Changes in the VEP parameters closely correlate with pathological damage in the optic nerve. This protocol provides a detailed description about the rodent model of optic nerve microinjection, in which a partial demyelination lesion is produced in the optic nerve. VEP recording techniques are also discussed. Using skull implanted electrodes, we are able to acquire reproducible intra-session and between-session VEP traces. VEPs can be recorded on individual animals over a period of time to assess the functional changes in the optic nerve longitudinally. The optic nerve demyelination model, in conjunction with the VEP recording protocol, provides a tool to investigate the disease processes associated with demyelination and remyelination, and can potentially be employed to evaluate the effects of new remyelinating drugs or neuroprotective therapies.

Focal demyelination is induced in the optic nerve using lysolecithin microinjection. Visual evoked potentials are recorded via skull electrodes implanted over the visual cortex to examine the signal conduction along the visual pathway in vivo. This protocol details the surgical procedures underlying electrode implantation and optic nerve microinjection.

실험 시신경의 탈수 초화의 쥐 모델에서 시각 유발 전위 기록

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to ...

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular recording has historically been a common technique used to study sensitivities of individual photoreceptor cells to different light stimuli that is still being used today. However, there remains a dearth of detailed methodology in the literature for researchers wishing to replicate intracellular recording experiments in the eye. Here we present the insect as a model for examining eye physiology more generally. Insect photoreceptor cells are located near the surface of the eye and are therefore easy to reach, and many of the mechanisms involved in vision are conserved across animal phyla. We describe the basic procedure for in vivo intracellular recording of photoreceptor cells in the eye of a butterfly, with the goal of making this technique more accessible to researchers with little prior experience in electrophysiology. We introduce the basic equipment needed, how to prepare a live butterfly for recording, how to insert a glass microelectrode into a single cell, and finally the recording procedure itself. We also explain the basic analysis of raw response data for determining spectral sensitivity of individual cell types. Although our protocol focuses on determining spectral sensitivity, other stimuli (e.g., polarized light) and variations of the method are applicable to this setup.

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

The electrophysiological technique of intracellular recording is demonstrated and used to determine spectral sensitivities of single photoreceptor cells in the compound eye of a butterfly.

에서 곤충 모델에서 시각 세포 스펙트럼 감도의 결정<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 세포 내 녹음

Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular ...

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the pathophysiological basis of these diseases, it is necessary to precisely characterize in which way the processing of information is disturbed between the different neuronal parts of the circuit. Using extracellular in vivo electrophysiological recordings, it is possible to accurately delineate neuronal activity within a neuronal network. The application of this method has several advantages over alternative techniques, e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and calcium imaging, as it allows a unique temporal and spatial resolution and does not rely on genetically engineered organisms. However, the use of extracellular in vivo recordings is limited since it is an invasive technique that cannot be universally applied. In this article, a simple and easy to use method is presented with which it is possible to simultaneously record extracellular potentials such as local field potentials and multiunit activity at multiple sites of a network. It is detailed how a precise targeting of subcortical nuclei can be achieved using a combination of stereotactic surgery and online analysis of multi-unit recordings. Thus, it is demonstrated, how a complete network such as the hyperdirect cortico-basal ganglia loop can be studied in anesthetized animals in vivo.

Acute In Vivo Electrophysiological Recordings of Local Field Potentials and Multi-unit Activity from the Hyperdirect Pathway in Anesthetized Rats

In this study, the methodology is presented on how to perform multi-site in vivo electrophysiological recordings from the hyperdirect pathway under urethane anesthesia.

심각한<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; 마취 된 래트에서의 Hyperdirect 경로로부터의 국소 장 전위 및 다중 단위 활성의 전기 생리 학적 기록

Converging evidence shows that many neuropsychiatric diseases should be understood as disorders of large-scale neuronal networks. To better understand the ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

대뇌 피 질의 로컬 필드 전위, 심전도, 치십시오, 그리고 자유롭게 움직이는 쥐에서 리듬 호흡의 동시 녹음

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Previous studies have shown that neurons in parieto-frontal areas of the macaque brain can be highly selective for real-world objects, disparity-defined curved surfaces, and images of real-world objects (with and without disparity) in a similar manner as described in the ventral visual stream. In addition, parieto-frontal areas are believed to convert visual object information into appropriate motor outputs, such as the pre-shaping of the hand during grasping. To better characterize object selectivity in the cortical network involved in visuomotor transformations, we provide a battery of tests intended to analyze the visual object selectivity of neurons in parieto-frontal regions.

A detailed protocol to analyze object selectivity of parieto-frontal neurons involved in visuomotor transformations is presented.

단일 단위 기록을 사용 하 여 원숭이 등 Visual 스트림에 개체 표현을 조사

Previous studies have shown that neurons in parieto-frontal areas of the macaque brain can be highly selective for real-world objects, disparity-defined ...

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. Development of these tools is crucial for understanding complex behaviors and cognition and for advancing clinical applications. However, it remains a challenge to densely record from cell populations stably and continuously over long time periods. Many popular electrodes, such as tetrodes and silicon arrays, feature large cross-diameters that produce damage upon insertion and elicit chronic reactive tissue responses associated with neuronal death, hindering the recording of stable, continuous neural activity. In addition, most wire bundles exhibit broad spacing between channels, precluding simultaneous recording from a large number of cells clustered in a small area. The carbon fiber microelectrode arrays described in this protocol offer an accessible solution to these concerns. The study provides a detailed method for fabricating carbon fiber microelectrode arrays that can be used for both acute and chronic recordings in vivo. The physical properties of these electrodes make them ideal for stable and continuous long-term recordings at high cell densities, enabling the researcher to make robust, unambiguous recordings from single units across months.

Construction and Implementation of Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Arrays for Chronic and Acute In Vivo Recordings

This protocol describes a procedure for constructing carbon fiber microelectrode arrays for chronic and acute in vivo electrophysiological recordings in mouse (Mus musculus) and ferret (Mustela putorius furo) from multiple brain regions. Each step, following the purchase of raw carbon fibers to microelectrode array implantation, is described in detail, with emphasis on microelectrode array construction.

만성 및 급성 생체 내 기록을 위한 탄소 섬유 미세 전하 배열의 구성 및 구현

Multichannel electrode arrays offer insight into the working brain and serve to elucidate neural processes at the single-cell and circuit levels. ...

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals

The optic nerve collects axons signals from the retinal ganglion cells and transmits visual signal to the brain. Large animal models of optic nerve injury are essential for translating novel therapeutic strategies from rodent models to clinical application due to their closer similarities to humans in size and anatomy. Here we describe some in vivo methods to evaluate the function and structure of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve (ON) in large animals, including visual evoked potential (VEP), pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Both goat and non-human primate were employed in this study. By presenting these in vivo methods step by step, we hope to increase experimental reproducibility among different labs and facilitate the usage of large animal models of optic neuropathies.

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals

Here we demostrate several in vivo tests (flash visual evoked potential, pattern electroretinogram and optic coherence tomography) in goat and rhesus macaque to understand the structure and function of the optic nerve and its neurons.

인 비보 큰 동물의 망막 신경 세포 및 시신경 기능 및 구조를 평가하는 방법

The optic nerve collects axons signals from the retinal ganglion cells and transmits visual signal to the brain. Large animal models of optic nerve injury ...

단일 유닛 생체내에서 레코딩