1。鼠标麻醉程序<ol><li>动物从它们的笼子中被删除，和放置在手术前麻醉诱导在5％异氟醚和100％的氧气室气体感应，在每分钟0.5升（蒸发器控制）的流量。 </li><li>小鼠镇静麻醉诱导室，室拆除，剃腹腹部与电动快船，或分庭内保持，如果使用一毛脱毛（1分）。 </li><li>虽然仍在镇静，他们权衡，眼睛用无菌眼药膏润滑，然后放置在一个温暖的循环水加热装置，在全身麻醉下背recumbancy，用鼻锥，采用异氟醚和氧气。此时氧率降低到每分钟0.2升。 </li><li>腹部洗必泰溶液喷洒（洗必泰双乙酸钠是迅速bacterialcidal和持久的），并用无菌纱布擦拭三次，直到手术部位是干净的。 </li></ol> 2。鼠标显微手术和恢复过程<ol><li>一个腹正中切口（2CM）是用虹膜剪刀通过皮肤和腹壁，露出腹部。一个无菌生理盐水浸泡2x2in的纱布是用来反映动物的左侧肠。鼠标限位到位，使下腔静脉（IVC）的可视化。 </li><li>此时，一个isoflurance 2％和100％，为0.2升/分钟的氧率维持原有水平用于手术过程的其余部分。 </li><li>促进使用无菌敷贴拭子和额外的细腻光圈半弧形组织钳钝性分离。在处理鼠标组织，因为他们是极其脆弱的，必须小心。进入腹腔后，用无菌生理盐水浸泡4x4in的纱布，以反映和exteriorize到无菌的悬垂性的肠子，从而使下腔静脉的可视化。 </li><li>所有的下腔静脉回分支，从肾静脉至髂分叉，烧灼而偏科7-0非活性普理灵缝线结扎。 </li><li>下腔静脉分离主动脉，肾静脉逊色。 7-0普理灵用于结扎下腔静脉。 </li><li>开腹网站是封闭在两层的方式。我们的实验室使用5-0薇乔，合成缝合线，在连续模式，关闭腹壁。胶粘剂皮胶是用来关闭皮肤。有没有外部缝线拆除。 </li><li>然后在一个单独的鼠笼恢复小鼠，观察手术后的下一个加热灯（最小距离24英寸离笼）（45分钟到2小时），然后返回到原来的公屋单位。可以使用止痛药和消炎药，如果它不干预研究的目的。科学理由隐瞒止痛药，兽医学，和ICUCA审批是必要的。我们的实验室已经发现，丁丙诺啡，0.05-0.1毫克/公斤SQ是一个极好的前和手术后的小鼠的镇痛。此外，利多卡因在4mg/kg（1％溶​​液0.4毫升/公斤），可在切口部位注入的全身性镇痛药时，可能会混淆实验结果。 </li><li>从各实验组的深水动物进行的手术方式使用上述解剖，除不结扎或烧灼下腔静脉或任何排水分行。 </li><li>执行安乐死，安乐死美国兽医医疗协会的准则啮齿类动物中提出的建议。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Naess, I. A., Christiansen, S. C., Romundstad, P., Cannegieter, S. C., Rosendaal, F. R., Hammerstrom, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+and+mortality+of+venous+thrombosis:+a+population-based+study.">Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study.</a> J Thromb Haemost. 5, 692-699 (2007).</li><li>White, R. H., Keenan, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+race+and+ethnicity+on+the+incidence+of+venous+thromboembolism.">Effects of race and ethnicity on the incidence of venous thromboembolism.</a> Thromb Res. 123, S11-S17 (2009).</li><li>Heit, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epidemiology+of+venous+thromboembolism+in+the+community.">The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28, 370-372 (2008).</li><li>Henke, P. K., Varga, A., De, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+vein+thrombosis+resolution+is+modulated+by+monocyte+CXCR2-mediated+activity+in+a+mouse+model.">Deep vein thrombosis resolution is modulated by monocyte CXCR2-mediated activity in a mouse model.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 24, 1130-1137 (2004).</li><li>McDonald, A. P., Meier, T. R., Hawley, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+is+associated+with+impaired+thrombus+resolution+in+a+mouse+model+of+stasis+induced+thrombosis.">Aging is associated with impaired thrombus resolution in a mouse model of stasis induced thrombosis.</a> Thromb Res. 125, 72-78 (2010).</li><li>Myers, D., Farris, D., Hawley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selectins+influence+thrombosis+in+a+mouse+model+of+experimental+deep+venous+thrombosis.">Selectins influence thrombosis in a mouse model of experimental deep venous thrombosis.</a> J Surg Res. 108, 212-221 (2002).</li><li>Myers, D. D., Hawley, A. E., Farris, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P-selectin+and+leukocyte+microparticles+are+associated+with+venous+thrombogenesis.">P-selectin and leukocyte microparticles are associated with venous thrombogenesis.</a> J Vasc Surg. 38, 1075-1089 (2003).</li><li>Myers, D. D. J. r., Rectenwald, J. E., Bedard, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decreased+venous+thrombosis+with+an+oral+inhibitor+of+P+selectin.">Decreased venous thrombosis with an oral inhibitor of P selectin.</a> J Vasc Surg. 42, 329-336 (2005).</li></ol>

鼠标完成瘀下腔静脉血栓模型上可以执行多个不同年龄的小鼠品系。该模型是最适合小鼠至少20克的重量。这种静脉血栓形成的动物模型，使调查研究静脉壁和闭塞的静脉血栓炎症之间的相互作用。从我们的经验，我们发现，每10个或更多组动物都需要获得重量血栓，静脉壁炎性细胞计数，静脉壁蛋白，静脉壁的基因表达，和全血或血浆活动分析组之间统计学意义检测。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 用品和设备 </td></tr><tr><td>异氟醚气体</td></tr><tr><td>普理灵7-0缝合</td></tr><tr><td>薇乔5-0缝合</td></tr><tr><td>皮胶</td></tr><tr><td>眼润滑油</td></tr><tr><td> Nolvasan解决方案或抑菌的解决方案</td></tr><tr><td>体视显微镜范围</td></tr><tr><td> MediCapture </td></tr><tr><td>棉花喷枪</td></tr><tr><td> 2x2的纱布</td></tr><tr><td>加热垫</td></tr><tr><td>麻醉机</td></tr><tr><td>玻璃珠仪器消毒柜</td></tr><tr><td>微型手术器械</td></tr><tr><td>腹部限位</td></tr></tbody></table>

mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis

静脉血栓栓塞（VTE）包括深静脉血栓形成（DVT）和肺栓塞（PE）。在美国（美国），高发病率和死亡率的利率使VTE的一个严重的健康问题 1-2 。心脏病和中风后，静脉血栓栓塞是第三大最常见的血管疾病 3 。仅在美国，就有影响，每年估计有900000人，与30万死亡发生每年 3 。一个可靠在体内动物模型，以研究这种疾病的机制是必要的。 使用鼠标完成瘀下腔静脉血栓模型的优点是几个。在小鼠模型，让有限的可用性测试剂的极少量的管理，大大降低了成本。最有前途的是与基因敲除，让特定的炎症和凝血因子功能划定小鼠的潜力。目前的分子检测允许静脉壁血栓，全血和血浆用于检测的定量。然而，这种模式的一个重大问题，涉及手术的大小的限制，血管脆性。此外，由于下腔静脉的小样品的重量（平均0.005克），它是必要的，以增加动物数量进行准确的统计分析，组织，血栓和血液检测，如实时聚合酶链反应（RT - PCR检测），免疫印迹，酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA），酶谱法，静脉壁和血栓细胞分析，全血和血浆检测4-8。 血瘀模型的主要缺点是，血流量不足，抑制全身治疗药物的管理上的血栓和静脉壁的最大效应。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Complete Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis at JoVE.com

Mouse Complete Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis

鼠标完成瘀下腔静脉血栓模型的静脉壁组织和血栓产生的可量化的数额。它已被证明有用的评估之间的静脉壁和闭塞的血栓，并在评估急性慢性发炎恶化的互动。

鼠标完成血瘀模型的下腔静脉血栓

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).  In the United States (U.S.), the high morbidity and ...

mouse-complete-stasis-model-of-inferior-vena-cava-thrombosis

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

18.0K 次观看.  University of Michigan. 鼠标完成瘀下腔静脉血栓模型的静脉壁组织和血栓产生的可量化的数额。它已被证明有用的评估之间的静脉壁和闭塞的血栓，并在评估急性慢性发炎恶化的互动。

视频: Mouse Complete Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis

Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model (EIM) of Venous Thrombosis

Animal models serve a vital role in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) research in order to study thrombus formation, thrombus resolution and to test potential therapeutic compounds (1). New compounds to be utilized in the treatment and prevention of DVT are currently being developed. The delivery of potential therapeutic antagonist compounds to an affected thrombosed vein has been problematic. In the context of therapeutic applications, a model that uses partial stasis and consistently generates thrombi within a major vein has been recently established. The Electrolytic Inferior vena cava Model (EIM) is mouse model of DVT that permits thrombus formation in the presence of continuous blood flow. This model allows therapeutic agents to be in contact with the thrombus in a dynamic fashion, and is more sensitive than other models of DVT (1). In addition, this thrombosis model closely simulates clinical situations of thrombus formation and is ideal to study venous endothelial cell activation, leukocyte migration, venous thrombogenesis, and to test therapeutic applications (1). The EIM model is technically simple, easily reproducible, creates consistent thrombi sizes and allows for a large sample (i.e. thrombus and vein wall) which is required for analytical purposes.

Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model EIM of Venous Thrombosis

The electrolytic induction of endothelial activation to the internal surface of the Inferior Vena Cava results in venous type thrombus formation due to endothelial activation and partial blood stasis, two components of Virchow's triad.

电解下腔静脉静脉血栓形成的模型（EIM）

Animal models serve a vital role in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) research in order to study thrombus formation, thrombus resolution and to test potential ...

科研

医学

Implantation of Inferior Vena Cava Interposition Graft in Mouse Model

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are often used for reconstructive surgery to treat congenital cardiac anomalies. The long-term clinical results showed excellent patency rates, however, with significant incidence of stenosis. To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular neotissue formation and prevent stenosis development in tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), we developed a mouse model of the graft with approximately 1 mm internal diameter. First, the TEVGs were assembled from biodegradable tubular scaffolds fabricated from a polyglycolic acid nonwoven felt mesh coated with &#949;-caprolactone and L-lactide copolymer. The scaffolds were then placed in a lyophilizer, vacuumed for 24 hr, and stored in a desiccator until cell seeding. Second, bone marrow was collected from donor mice and mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Third, approximately one million cells were seeded on a scaffold and incubated O/N. Finally, the seeded scaffolds were then implanted as infrarenal vena cava interposition grafts in C57BL/6 mice. The implanted grafts demonstrated excellent patency (&#62;90%) without evidence of thromboembolic complications or aneurysmal formation. This murine model will aid us in understanding and quantifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neotissue formation in the TEVG.

To improve our knowledge of cellular and molecular neotissue formation, a murine model of the TEVG was recently developed. The grafts were implanted as infrarenal vena cava interposition grafts in C57BL/6 mice. This model achieves similar results to those achieved in our clinical investigation, but over a far shortened time-course.

下腔静脉间置移植物在小鼠模型中植入

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are often used for reconstructive surgery to treat congenital cardiac anomalies. ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric chloride injury is now a well-established technique to rapidly and accurately induce the formation of thrombi in exposed veins or artery of small and large diameter. This model has played a key role in the study of the pathophysiology of thrombosis, in the discovery and validation of novel antithrombotic drugs and in the understanding of the mechanism of action of these new agents. Here, the implementation of this technique on a mesenteric vessel and carotid artery in mice is presented. The method describes how to label circulating leukocytes and platelets with a fluorescent dye and to observe, by intravital microscopy on the exposed mesentery, their accumulation at the injured vessel wall which leads to the formation of a thrombus. On the carotid artery, the occlusion caused by the clot formation is measured by monitoring the blood flow with a Doppler probe.

The FeCl3 induced thrombosis model in mice is described herein. A method to monitor thrombus growth by intravital microscopy observation on a mesenteric vessel and by blood flow measurement in the carotid artery is presented.

三氯化铁诱发血栓形成小鼠模型上的颈动脉和肠系膜血管

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric ...

Patch Angioplasty in the Rat Aorta or Inferior Vena Cava

Pericardial patches are commonly used in vascular surgery to close vessels. To facilitate studies of the neointimal hyperplasia that forms on the patch, we developed a rat model of patch angioplasty that can be used in either a vein or an artery, creating a patch venoplasty or a patch arterioplasty, respectively. Technical aspects of this model are discussed. The infra-renal IVC or aorta are dissected and then clamped proximally and distally. A 3 mm venotomy or arteriotomy is performed in the infrarenal inferior vena cava or aorta of 6 to 8 week-old Wistar rats. A bovine pericardial patch (3 mm x 1.5 mm x 0.6 mm) is then used to close the site using a 10-0 nylon suture. Compared to arterial patches, venous patches show increased neointimal thickness on postoperative day 7. This novel model of pericardial patch angioplasty can be used to examine neointimal hyperplasia on vascular biomaterials, as well as to compare the differences between the arterial and venous environments.

We have established a model of pericardial patch angioplasty that can be used in either small-diameter veins or arteries. This model can be used to compare venous and arterial neointimal hyperplasia formation.

血管补片在大鼠主动脉和下腔静脉

Pericardial patches are commonly used in vascular surgery to close vessels. To facilitate studies of the neointimal hyperplasia that forms on the patch, ...

A Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Using a Novel Magnetic Anastomosis Technique for Suprahepatic Vena Cava Reconstruction

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep learning curve. The introduction of the cuff technique for anastomosis of the portal vein (PV) and infrahepatic vena cava (IHVC) has significantly simplified the transplant procedure in rats. However, due to the short anterior wall of the recipients' suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC), the cuff technique is very difficult to use for the reconstruction of the SHVC. Most researchers in this field still use the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction, which makes it the bottleneck step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. The magnetic anastomosis technique (i.e., magnamosis) is a method of connecting two vessels using the attractive force between two magnets. Our recent study has shown that the magnetic anastomosis technique is superior to the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction in rats. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using the novel magnetic anastomosis technique. In this model, the reconstruction of the PV and IHVC was performed by the standard cuff technique, while the reconstruction of the bile duct (BD) was performed by a stent technique. The hepatic re-arterialization was not performed. The magnetic anastomosis technique made SHVC reconstruction much easier and significantly shortened the anphepatic phase. After a reasonable learning curve, even researchers without advanced microsurgical skills can produce reliable and reproducible results using this rat model of OLT.

The reconstruction of the suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC) remains a difficult step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using a novel magnetic anastomosis technique.

应用新型磁吻合技术 Suprahepatic 腔静脉重建大鼠原位肝移植模型的研究

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, we have translated a vascular injury model from a small animal into a large animal (canine), with slight modifications that can be used for pre-clinical screening of prophylactic and thrombolytic agents. In addition to the surgical methods, the modified protocol describes the step-by-step methods to assess carotid artery canalization by angiography, detailed instructions to process both the brain and carotid artery for histological analysis to verify carotid canalization and cerebral hemorrhage, and specific parameters to complete an assessment of downstream thromboembolic events by utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, specific procedural changes from the previously well-established small animal model necessary to translate into a large animal (canine) vascular injury are discussed.

Here, we present the modifications necessary to a well characterized and commonly used small animal ferric chloride-induced (FeCl3) carotid artery injury model for use in a large animal vascular injury model. The resulting model can be utilized for pre-clinical trial assessment of both prophylactic and thrombolytic pharmacological and mechanical interventions.

氯化铁诱导的犬颈动脉血栓形成: 一种大的血管损伤动物模型

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Establishment of a Severe Dry Eye Model Using Complete Dacryoadenectomy in Rabbits

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex disease with multiple etiologies and variable symptoms, having ocular surface inflammation as its key pathophysiologic step. Despite advances in our understanding of DED, significant knowledge gaps remain. Advances are limited in part due to the lack of informative animal models. The authors recently reported on a method of DED induced by injecting all orbital lacrimal gland (LG) tissues with the lectin concanavalin A. Here, we report a novel model of aqueous-deficient DED based on the surgical resection of all orbital LG (dacryoadenectomy) tissues. Both methods use rabbits because of their similarity to human eyes in terms of the size and structure of the ocular surface. One week after removal of the nictitating membrane, the orbital superior LG was surgically removed under anesthesia, followed by removal of the palpebral superior LG, and finally removal of the inferior LG. Dacryoadenectomy induced severe DED, evidenced by a marked reduction in the tear break up time test and the Schirmer&#39;s tear test, and significantly increased tear osmolarity and rose bengal staining. Dacryoadenectomy-induced DED lasted at least eight weeks. There were no complications and animals tolerated the procedure well. The technique can be mastered relatively easily by those with adequate surgical experience and appreciation of the relevant rabbit anatomy. Since this model recapitulates the features of human aqueous-deficient DED, it is suitable for studies of ocular surface homeostasis, DED, and candidate therapeutics.

A novel approach is presented to induce chronic dry eye disease in rabbits by surgically removing all orbital lacrimal glands. This method, distinct from those previously reported, produces a stable, reproducible model of aqueous deficient dry eye well suited to study tear physiology and pathophysiology and ocular therapeutics.

在兔子中使用完全的白眼切除术建立严重干眼模型

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex disease with multiple etiologies and variable symptoms, having ocular surface inflammation as its key pathophysiologic ...

Establishment of a Mouse Severe Acute Pancreatitis Model using Retrograde Injection of Sodium Taurocholate into the Biliopancreatic Duct

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a lack of effective treatments in the current clinical practice. With the easy accessibility of transgenic and knockout strains and their small size, which allows minimal doses of drugs required for in vivo evaluation, a well-established experimental model in mice is preferred for AP research. Moreover, SAP induced through sodium taurocholate (TC) is currently one of the most widely used and best characterized models. This model has been investigated for novel therapies and possible molecular events during the process of AP. Here, we present the generation of an AP mouse model using sodium taurocholate and a simple homemade microsyringe. Moreover, we also provide the methodology for the subsequent histology and serological testing.

A mouse model of severe acute pancreatitis is described herein. The procedure presented here is very rapid, simple, and accessible, thereby potentially allowing the study of the molecular mechanisms and different therapeutic interventions in acute pancreatitis in a convenient way.

建立小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型，将牛磺胆酸钠逆行注射到胆胰管中

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a ...

Image Acquisition Method for the Sonographic Assessment of the Inferior Vena Cava

Over the past several decades, clinicians have incorporated several applications of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) into medical decision-making. Among the applications of POCUS, imaging the inferior vena cava (IVC) is practiced by a wide variety of specialties, such as nephrology, emergency medicine, internal medicine, critical care, anesthesiology, pulmonology, and cardiology. Although each specialty uses IVC data in slightly different ways, most medical specialties, at minimum, attempt to use IVC data to make predictions about intravascular volume status. While the relationship between IVC sonographic data and intravascular volume status is complex and highly context-dependent, all clinicians should collect the sonographic data in standardized ways to ensure repeatability. This paper describes standardized IVC image acquisition including patient positioning, transducer selection, probe placement, image optimization, and the pitfalls and limitations of IVC sonographic imaging.&#160;This paper also describes the commonly performed anterior IVC long-axis view and three other views of the IVC that can each provide helpful diagnostic information when the anterior long-axis view is difficult to obtain or interpret.

Point-of-care ultrasound evaluation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is commonly utilized to identify, among other things, the volume status. Imaging should be performed systematically to ensure repeatability. This manuscript reviews the methods and pitfalls of sonographic IVC examination.