1. Topo Anestesia Procedure <ol><li> Gli animali vengono rimossi dal loro gabbia e messi in anestesia pre-operatoria camera di induzione per l&#39;induzione di gas al 5% isoflurano e il 100% di ossigeno, ad una portata di 0,5 litri al minuto (vaporizzatore controllato). </li><li> I topi sono sedato nella camera di induzione dell&#39;anestesia, rimosso dalla camera e l&#39;addome ventrale è rasata con cesoie elettriche, o mantenuti all&#39;interno della camera se un depilatorio capelli è usato (1 minuto). </li><li> Mentre ancora sotto sedazione, sono pesati, gli occhi sono lubrificati con pomata oftalmica sterile e quindi posto in un recumbancy dorsale su un acqua calda in circolazione dispositivo di riscaldamento in anestesia generale, con un musetto, con isoflurano e ossigeno. A questo punto il tasso di ossigeno si riduce a 0,2 litri al minuto. </li><li> L&#39;addome viene spruzzato con una soluzione di clorexidina (clorexidina diacetato è rapidamente bacterialcidal e persistente) e si asciugò con garza sterile o tre volte fino a quando il sito chirurgico è pulito. </li></ol> 2. Micro Mouse-chirurgici e procedure di ripristino <ol><li> Una incisione della linea mediana ventrale (2cm) è fatto con le forbici iris attraverso la pelle e la parete addominale esporre l&#39;addome. Una garza sterile imbevuta 2x2in soluzione salina viene utilizzato per riflettere l&#39;intestino alla sinistra dell&#39;animale. Un dispositivo di immobilizzazione mouse è messo in atto a consentire la visualizzazione della vena cava inferiore (IVC). </li><li> A questo punto, un livello di manutenzione del 2% isoflurance e tasso di ossigeno al 100% di 0,2 litri / min viene utilizzato per il resto della procedura chirurgica. </li><li> Dissezione Blunt è facilitato utilizzando un tampone sterile applicatore ed extra delicato tessuto dell&#39;iride pinze mezzo curvo. Bisogna fare attenzione nel maneggiare il mouse per tessuti sono estremamente fragili. Una volta entrati nella cavità addominale, utilizzare una garza sterile imbevuta di soluzione fisiologica 4x4in riflettere e esteriorizzare l&#39;intestino su un telino sterile, permettendo così la visualizzazione della IVC. </li><li> Tutte le filiali indietro IVC, dalle vene renali alla biforcazione iliaca, mentre sono cauterizzato rami laterali sono legatura con 7-0 punti di sutura non reattivi prolene. </li><li> L&#39;IVC è separato dall&#39;aorta, appena inferiore alle vene renali. 7-0 prolene viene usato per legare la IVC. </li><li> Il sito laparotomia è chiuso in due strati di moda. Il nostro laboratorio utilizza Vicryl 5-0, una sutura sintetica, in un modello continuo per chiudere la parete addominale. Colla pelle adesivo utilizzato per chiudere la pelle. Non ci sono suture esterne per la rimozione. </li><li> I topi sono poi recuperati in una gabbia di topo individuale, ha osservato post-operatoria (45 minuti a 2 ore) sotto una lampada riscaldante (distanza minima di-24 cm di distanza dalla gabbia), poi tornati alle loro abitazioni originale. Farmaci antidolorifici e antinfiammatori può essere utilizzato se non interferisce con l&#39;obiettivo di studio. Giustificazione scientifica per trattenere farmaci per il dolore, veterinario, e l&#39;approvazione ICUCA sono necessari. Il nostro laboratorio ha scoperto che la buprenorfina, 0,05-0,1 mg / kg SQ è un analgesico ottimo pre-e post-operatoria per i topi. Inoltre, a 4mg/kg lidocaina (0,4 ml / kg di una soluzione all&#39;1%) può essere infusa nel sito di incisione, quando gli analgesici sistemici possono confondere i risultati sperimentali. </li><li> Sham animali di ogni gruppo sperimentale sottoposto la dissezione sopra utilizzate per l&#39;approccio chirurgico, ad eccezione del IVC o rami di scarico non sono legatura o cauterizzato. </li><li> L&#39;eutanasia è eseguita in conformità con le raccomandazioni stabilite dalla American Veterinary Medical Association Linee guida sull&#39;eutanasia per i roditori. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Naess, I. A., Christiansen, S. C., Romundstad, P., Cannegieter, S. C., Rosendaal, F. R., Hammerstrom, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+and+mortality+of+venous+thrombosis:+a+population-based+study.">Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study.</a> J Thromb Haemost. 5, 692-699 (2007).</li><li>White, R. H., Keenan, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+race+and+ethnicity+on+the+incidence+of+venous+thromboembolism.">Effects of race and ethnicity on the incidence of venous thromboembolism.</a> Thromb Res. 123, S11-S17 (2009).</li><li>Heit, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epidemiology+of+venous+thromboembolism+in+the+community.">The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28, 370-372 (2008).</li><li>Henke, P. K., Varga, A., De, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+vein+thrombosis+resolution+is+modulated+by+monocyte+CXCR2-mediated+activity+in+a+mouse+model.">Deep vein thrombosis resolution is modulated by monocyte CXCR2-mediated activity in a mouse model.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 24, 1130-1137 (2004).</li><li>McDonald, A. P., Meier, T. R., Hawley, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+is+associated+with+impaired+thrombus+resolution+in+a+mouse+model+of+stasis+induced+thrombosis.">Aging is associated with impaired thrombus resolution in a mouse model of stasis induced thrombosis.</a> Thromb Res. 125, 72-78 (2010).</li><li>Myers, D., Farris, D., Hawley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selectins+influence+thrombosis+in+a+mouse+model+of+experimental+deep+venous+thrombosis.">Selectins influence thrombosis in a mouse model of experimental deep venous thrombosis.</a> J Surg Res. 108, 212-221 (2002).</li><li>Myers, D. D., Hawley, A. E., Farris, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=P-selectin+and+leukocyte+microparticles+are+associated+with+venous+thrombogenesis.">P-selectin and leukocyte microparticles are associated with venous thrombogenesis.</a> J Vasc Surg. 38, 1075-1089 (2003).</li><li>Myers, D. D. J. r., Rectenwald, J. E., Bedard, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decreased+venous+thrombosis+with+an+oral+inhibitor+of+P+selectin.">Decreased venous thrombosis with an oral inhibitor of P selectin.</a> J Vasc Surg. 42, 329-336 (2005).</li></ol>

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Completa il modello di mouse Stasi di trombosi vena cava inferiore può essere eseguita su più ceppi di topi di diversa età. Il modello è più adatto ai topi di almeno 20 grammi di peso. Questo modello animale di trombosi venosa permette ai ricercatori di studiare le interazioni tra infiammatorio della parete venosa e del trombo venoso occlusivo. Dalla nostra esperienza, abbiamo scoperto che 10 o più animali per gruppo sono necessari per ottenere una significatività statistica tra i gruppi per i pesi trombo, vena c...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Materiali di consumo e attrezzature </td></tr><tr><td> Gas isoflurano </td></tr><tr><td> Prolene 7-0 sutura </td></tr><tr><td> Vicryl 5-0 sutura </td></tr><tr><td> Colla pelle </td></tr><tr><td> Occhio lubrificante </td></tr><tr><td> Nolvasan soluzione o la soluzione batteriostatica </td></tr><tr><td> Stereomicroscopio portata </td></tr><tr><td> MediCapture </td></tr><tr><td> Cotone Applicatori </td></tr><tr><td> Garza 2x2 </td></tr><tr><td> Riscaldamento pad </td></tr><tr><td> Anestetico macchina </td></tr><tr><td> Perle di vetro strumento sterilizzatore </td></tr><tr><td> Micro strumenti chirurgici </td></tr><tr><td> Restrainers addominale </td></tr></tbody></table>

mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis

Tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) comprende sia la trombosi venosa profonda (TVP) ed embolia polmonare (EP). Negli Stati Uniti (US), l&#39;alta morbilità e mortalità tassi di TEV fare un serio problema di salute 1-2. Dopo le malattie cardiache e ictus, tromboembolismo venoso è il terzo 3 più comuni malattie vascolari. Solo negli Stati Uniti, c&#39;è un circa 900.000 persone colpite ogni anno, con 300.000 decessi che si verificano ogni anno 3. Un affidabile in un modello animale in vivo per studiare i meccanismi di questa malattia è necessario. I vantaggi di utilizzare il modello murino completa stasi di trombosi della vena cava inferiore sono diversi. Il modello del mouse permette la somministrazione di volumi molto piccoli di agenti limitata disponibilità di test, riducendo i costi drasticamente. Più promettente è la possibilità di topi con knockout gene che permettono funzioni specifiche fattore infiammatorio e della coagulazione a delinearsi. Attuali test molecolare consentono la quantificazione di parete venosa, trombi, sangue intero e plasma per saggi. Tuttavia, una delle maggiori preoccupazioni che coinvolgono questo modello è il limitare la dimensione operativa e la friabilità dei vasi. Inoltre, a causa del piccolo peso campione IVC (media 0,005 grammi), è necessario aumentare il numero degli animali per l&#39;accurata analisi statistiche per il tessuto, trombo, e saggi di sangue come real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western Blot, enzyme-linked immunoenzimatico (ELISA), zimografia, parete venosa e trombosi analisi cellulare e sangue intero e plasma saggi 4-8. Il principale svantaggio con il modello di stasi è che la mancanza di flusso di sangue inibisce l&#39;effetto massimo di somministrare agenti terapeutici sistemici sul trombo e la parete venosa.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Complete Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis at JoVE.com

Mouse Complete Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis

L&#39;intero modello murino stasi di trombosi della vena cava inferiore rendimenti quantificabile quantità di tessuto della parete venosa e trombosi. Si è dimostrato utile per valutare le interazioni tra la parete venosa e il trombo occlusivo e nel valutare la progressione da acuta a cronica.

Modello del mouse completa stasi della vena cava inferiore Trombosi

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).  In the United States (U.S.), the high morbidity and ...

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Medicine

18.1K Views.  University of Michigan. L'intero modello murino stasi di trombosi della vena cava inferiore rendimenti quantificabile quantità di tessuto della parete venosa e trombosi. Si è dimostrato utile per valutare le interazioni tra la parete venosa e il trombo occlusivo e nel valutare la progressione da acuta a cronica.

Video: Mouse Complete Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis

Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model (EIM) of Venous Thrombosis

Animal models serve a vital role in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) research in order to study thrombus formation, thrombus resolution and to test potential therapeutic compounds (1). New compounds to be utilized in the treatment and prevention of DVT are currently being developed. The delivery of potential therapeutic antagonist compounds to an affected thrombosed vein has been problematic. In the context of therapeutic applications, a model that uses partial stasis and consistently generates thrombi within a major vein has been recently established. The Electrolytic Inferior vena cava Model (EIM) is mouse model of DVT that permits thrombus formation in the presence of continuous blood flow. This model allows therapeutic agents to be in contact with the thrombus in a dynamic fashion, and is more sensitive than other models of DVT (1). In addition, this thrombosis model closely simulates clinical situations of thrombus formation and is ideal to study venous endothelial cell activation, leukocyte migration, venous thrombogenesis, and to test therapeutic applications (1). The EIM model is technically simple, easily reproducible, creates consistent thrombi sizes and allows for a large sample (i.e. thrombus and vein wall) which is required for analytical purposes.

Electrolytic Inferior Vena Cava Model EIM of Venous Thrombosis

The electrolytic induction of endothelial activation to the internal surface of the Inferior Vena Cava results in venous type thrombus formation due to endothelial activation and partial blood stasis, two components of Virchow's triad.

Elettrolitico vena cava inferiore Model (EIM) della Trombosi Venosa

Animal models serve a vital role in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) research in order to study thrombus formation, thrombus resolution and to test potential ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Implantation of Inferior Vena Cava Interposition Graft in Mouse Model

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are often used for reconstructive surgery to treat congenital cardiac anomalies. The long-term clinical results showed excellent patency rates, however, with significant incidence of stenosis. To investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular neotissue formation and prevent stenosis development in tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), we developed a mouse model of the graft with approximately 1 mm internal diameter. First, the TEVGs were assembled from biodegradable tubular scaffolds fabricated from a polyglycolic acid nonwoven felt mesh coated with &#949;-caprolactone and L-lactide copolymer. The scaffolds were then placed in a lyophilizer, vacuumed for 24 hr, and stored in a desiccator until cell seeding. Second, bone marrow was collected from donor mice and mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Third, approximately one million cells were seeded on a scaffold and incubated O/N. Finally, the seeded scaffolds were then implanted as infrarenal vena cava interposition grafts in C57BL/6 mice. The implanted grafts demonstrated excellent patency (&#62;90%) without evidence of thromboembolic complications or aneurysmal formation. This murine model will aid us in understanding and quantifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neotissue formation in the TEVG.

To improve our knowledge of cellular and molecular neotissue formation, a murine model of the TEVG was recently developed. The grafts were implanted as infrarenal vena cava interposition grafts in C57BL/6 mice. This model achieves similar results to those achieved in our clinical investigation, but over a far shortened time-course.

L&#39;impianto di Vena cava inferiore Interposizione Graft in modello murino

Biodegradable scaffolds seeded with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) are often used for reconstructive surgery to treat congenital cardiac anomalies. ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the functions of proteins involved in oncogenic progression or help to discover new tumor suppressors. In addition, injecting cancer cells into mice with different genotypes might provide a better understanding of the importance of the stromal compartment. Many models may be useful to investigate certain aspects of disease progression but do not recapitulate the entire cancerous process. In contrast, breast cancer cells engraftment to the mammary fat pad of mice better recapitulates the location of the disease and presence of the proper stromal compartment and therefore better mimics human cancerous disease. In this article, we describe how to implant breast cancer cells into mice orthotopically and explain how to collect tissues to analyse the tumor milieu and metastasis to distant organs. Using this model, many aspects (growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis) of cancer can be investigated simply by providing a proper environment for tumor cells to grow.

Cancer is a complex disease that is influenced by the tissue surrounding the tumor as well as local pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Therefore, orthotropic injection models, rather than subcutaneous models may be useful to study cancer progression in a manner that better mimics human pathology.

Iniezione ortotopico di cellule di carcinoma mammario nel mammaria Fat Pad di Mice per studiare la crescita del tumore.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric chloride injury is now a well-established technique to rapidly and accurately induce the formation of thrombi in exposed veins or artery of small and large diameter. This model has played a key role in the study of the pathophysiology of thrombosis, in the discovery and validation of novel antithrombotic drugs and in the understanding of the mechanism of action of these new agents. Here, the implementation of this technique on a mesenteric vessel and carotid artery in mice is presented. The method describes how to label circulating leukocytes and platelets with a fluorescent dye and to observe, by intravital microscopy on the exposed mesentery, their accumulation at the injured vessel wall which leads to the formation of a thrombus. On the carotid artery, the occlusion caused by the clot formation is measured by monitoring the blood flow with a Doppler probe.

The FeCl3 induced thrombosis model in mice is described herein. A method to monitor thrombus growth by intravital microscopy observation on a mesenteric vessel and by blood flow measurement in the carotid artery is presented.

Cloruro ferrico-indotta Trombosi modello murino sulla carotide e Mesentere Vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric ...

Patch Angioplasty in the Rat Aorta or Inferior Vena Cava

Pericardial patches are commonly used in vascular surgery to close vessels. To facilitate studies of the neointimal hyperplasia that forms on the patch, we developed a rat model of patch angioplasty that can be used in either a vein or an artery, creating a patch venoplasty or a patch arterioplasty, respectively. Technical aspects of this model are discussed. The infra-renal IVC or aorta are dissected and then clamped proximally and distally. A 3 mm venotomy or arteriotomy is performed in the infrarenal inferior vena cava or aorta of 6 to 8 week-old Wistar rats. A bovine pericardial patch (3 mm x 1.5 mm x 0.6 mm) is then used to close the site using a 10-0 nylon suture. Compared to arterial patches, venous patches show increased neointimal thickness on postoperative day 7. This novel model of pericardial patch angioplasty can be used to examine neointimal hyperplasia on vascular biomaterials, as well as to compare the differences between the arterial and venous environments.

We have established a model of pericardial patch angioplasty that can be used in either small-diameter veins or arteries. This model can be used to compare venous and arterial neointimal hyperplasia formation.

Patch Angioplastica nel ratto aorta o vena cava inferiore

Pericardial patches are commonly used in vascular surgery to close vessels. To facilitate studies of the neointimal hyperplasia that forms on the patch, ...

A Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Using a Novel Magnetic Anastomosis Technique for Suprahepatic Vena Cava Reconstruction

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep learning curve. The introduction of the cuff technique for anastomosis of the portal vein (PV) and infrahepatic vena cava (IHVC) has significantly simplified the transplant procedure in rats. However, due to the short anterior wall of the recipients' suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC), the cuff technique is very difficult to use for the reconstruction of the SHVC. Most researchers in this field still use the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction, which makes it the bottleneck step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. The magnetic anastomosis technique (i.e., magnamosis) is a method of connecting two vessels using the attractive force between two magnets. Our recent study has shown that the magnetic anastomosis technique is superior to the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction in rats. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using the novel magnetic anastomosis technique. In this model, the reconstruction of the PV and IHVC was performed by the standard cuff technique, while the reconstruction of the bile duct (BD) was performed by a stent technique. The hepatic re-arterialization was not performed. The magnetic anastomosis technique made SHVC reconstruction much easier and significantly shortened the anphepatic phase. After a reasonable learning curve, even researchers without advanced microsurgical skills can produce reliable and reproducible results using this rat model of OLT.

The reconstruction of the suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC) remains a difficult step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using a novel magnetic anastomosis technique.

Un modello del ratto di orthotopic del trapianto del fegato usando una tecnica novella dell'anastomosi magnetico per la ricostruzione della Vena Cava Suprahepatic

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Misurazione di contrattilità isometrica dell'arteria mesenterica Mouse con filo Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Establishment of a Severe Dry Eye Model Using Complete Dacryoadenectomy in Rabbits

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex disease with multiple etiologies and variable symptoms, having ocular surface inflammation as its key pathophysiologic step. Despite advances in our understanding of DED, significant knowledge gaps remain. Advances are limited in part due to the lack of informative animal models. The authors recently reported on a method of DED induced by injecting all orbital lacrimal gland (LG) tissues with the lectin concanavalin A. Here, we report a novel model of aqueous-deficient DED based on the surgical resection of all orbital LG (dacryoadenectomy) tissues. Both methods use rabbits because of their similarity to human eyes in terms of the size and structure of the ocular surface. One week after removal of the nictitating membrane, the orbital superior LG was surgically removed under anesthesia, followed by removal of the palpebral superior LG, and finally removal of the inferior LG. Dacryoadenectomy induced severe DED, evidenced by a marked reduction in the tear break up time test and the Schirmer&#39;s tear test, and significantly increased tear osmolarity and rose bengal staining. Dacryoadenectomy-induced DED lasted at least eight weeks. There were no complications and animals tolerated the procedure well. The technique can be mastered relatively easily by those with adequate surgical experience and appreciation of the relevant rabbit anatomy. Since this model recapitulates the features of human aqueous-deficient DED, it is suitable for studies of ocular surface homeostasis, DED, and candidate therapeutics.

A novel approach is presented to induce chronic dry eye disease in rabbits by surgically removing all orbital lacrimal glands. This method, distinct from those previously reported, produces a stable, reproducible model of aqueous deficient dry eye well suited to study tear physiology and pathophysiology and ocular therapeutics.

Istituzione di un modello di occhio secco severo utilizzando la dacrigofectomia completa nei conigli

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex disease with multiple etiologies and variable symptoms, having ocular surface inflammation as its key pathophysiologic ...

Establishment of a Mouse Severe Acute Pancreatitis Model using Retrograde Injection of Sodium Taurocholate into the Biliopancreatic Duct

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a lack of effective treatments in the current clinical practice. With the easy accessibility of transgenic and knockout strains and their small size, which allows minimal doses of drugs required for in vivo evaluation, a well-established experimental model in mice is preferred for AP research. Moreover, SAP induced through sodium taurocholate (TC) is currently one of the most widely used and best characterized models. This model has been investigated for novel therapies and possible molecular events during the process of AP. Here, we present the generation of an AP mouse model using sodium taurocholate and a simple homemade microsyringe. Moreover, we also provide the methodology for the subsequent histology and serological testing.

A mouse model of severe acute pancreatitis is described herein. The procedure presented here is very rapid, simple, and accessible, thereby potentially allowing the study of the molecular mechanisms and different therapeutic interventions in acute pancreatitis in a convenient way.

Creazione di un modello di pancreatite acuta grave del topo mediante iniezione retrograda di taurocolato di sodio nel dotto biliopancreatico

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a ...

Image Acquisition Method for the Sonographic Assessment of the Inferior Vena Cava

Over the past several decades, clinicians have incorporated several applications of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) into medical decision-making. Among the applications of POCUS, imaging the inferior vena cava (IVC) is practiced by a wide variety of specialties, such as nephrology, emergency medicine, internal medicine, critical care, anesthesiology, pulmonology, and cardiology. Although each specialty uses IVC data in slightly different ways, most medical specialties, at minimum, attempt to use IVC data to make predictions about intravascular volume status. While the relationship between IVC sonographic data and intravascular volume status is complex and highly context-dependent, all clinicians should collect the sonographic data in standardized ways to ensure repeatability. This paper describes standardized IVC image acquisition including patient positioning, transducer selection, probe placement, image optimization, and the pitfalls and limitations of IVC sonographic imaging.&#160;This paper also describes the commonly performed anterior IVC long-axis view and three other views of the IVC that can each provide helpful diagnostic information when the anterior long-axis view is difficult to obtain or interpret.

Point-of-care ultrasound evaluation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is commonly utilized to identify, among other things, the volume status. Imaging should be performed systematically to ensure repeatability. This manuscript reviews the methods and pitfalls of sonographic IVC examination.