我们感谢教授马克·阿贝（UGA）为碳酸盐在这项工作中使用的钡提供的近红外成像设备和Rasik Raythatha博士（苏威高性能化学品）。我们承认以赛亚·诺里斯（UGA本科）和Terra布莱文斯（北奥科尼高中），谁帮助测试合成方法的努力。

1，准备CaCuSi 4 O 10 <ol><li> CaCuSi 4 O 10的熔体通量合成<ol><li>称出的CaCO 3，SiO 2的，和Cu 2 CO 3（OH）2在2点08分01秒的摩尔比:SiO 2的，0.1470克的碳酸钙 ，0.3196克（5.319毫摩尔）的0.1331克（1.330毫摩尔）（ 0.6648毫摩尔的Cu 2 CO 3）（OH）2。此外，掂量出焊剂成分（按重量计12.5％）。0.0375克的Na 2 CO 3的0.0125克氯化钠，并0.0250克的Na 2 B 4 O 7 10H 2 O。这些材料加入到一个干净的玛瑙研钵。 </li><li>手磨为〜5分钟用玛瑙杵直到混合物变成均匀的浅绿色粉末（ 图1a和图2a）。这种混合物转移到一个干净，干燥的铂金坩埚。 </li><li>加热在炉中的坩埚中，以875℃（2℃/ min的升温速率），保持在875℃下进行16小时，然后冷却至室温（速率为0.8℃/分钟）。 </li><li>从坩埚中取出晶体，轻轻地用杵粉碎他们。 </li><li>让该晶体在50ml的1M HCl水溶液中浸泡过夜，以除去熔融焊剂。 </li><li>过滤和结晶用去离子水冲洗，以完全消除任何剩余的熔助焊剂。 注意:该材料应磨成更细的粉末的粉末X射线衍射（PXRD）分析（ 图5）。它也可被表征通过光学显微镜（ 图3），扫描电子显微镜（SEM）（ 图4），和近红外照相（ 图8）。 </li></ol></li><li> CaCuSi 4 O 10的固相合成<ol><li>称出的CaCO 3，SiO 2的和CuO在1点04分01秒的摩尔比:0.1331克（1.330毫摩尔）的CaCO 3，0.3196克（5.319毫摩尔）的SiO 2，和0.1058克氧化铜（1.330毫摩尔）并加入到一个干净的玛瑙研钵。 </li><li>用1-2毫升丙酮和手磨用玛瑙杵〜5分钟挫伤粉末混合物。传送所产生的浅灰色粉末（ 图1b和2b）中放入铂坩埚中。 </li><li>加热的箱式炉中的坩埚，以1020℃，以5℃/分钟的升温速率，保持16小时，然后冷却至室温</li><li>掏出使用聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）刮刀的松动，淡蓝灰色粉末。 注:该产品的特点可以用光学显微镜（ 图3），扫描电镜（ 图4），PXRD（图5），和近红外照相（ 图8）。 </li></ol></li></ol> BaCuSi 4 O 10 2。合成<ol><li> BaCuSi 4 O 10的熔体通量合成 <ol><li>称出的BaCO 3，SiO 2的和CuO在1点04分01秒的摩尔比:0.2085克的BaCO 3（1.057毫摩尔），0.2539克的SiO 2（4.226毫摩尔），并0.0840克氧化铜（1.056毫摩尔）。此外，称出的磁通成分（按重量计12.5％）:0.0765克的PbO。这些材料加入到一个干净的玛瑙研钵。 </li><li>手磨为〜5分钟用玛瑙杵直到混合物变成均匀的浅灰色粉末（ 图1C和2C）。这种混合物转移到一个干净，干燥的铂金坩埚。 </li><li>加热在炉中的坩埚中，以950℃（2℃/ min的升温速率），保持在950℃下放置24小时，然后慢慢冷却到700℃（速率为0.1℃/分钟），并最后冷却至室温。 </li><li>从坩埚中取出晶体，轻轻地用杵粉碎他们。 </li><li>让该晶体在50毫升的1M含水HNO 3浸泡过夜，以除去熔融焊剂。 </li><li>过滤和结晶用去离子水冲洗，充分去除熔体通量的其余部分。注:此马terial应磨成细粉末的PXRD分析（ 图6）。它也可被表征通过光学显微镜（ 图3）和近红外照相（ 图8）。 </li></ol></li><li> BaCuSi 4 O 10的固相合成<ol><li>称出的BaCO 3，SiO 2的和CuO在1点04分01秒的摩尔比:0.2085克的BaCO 3（1.057毫摩尔），0.2539克的SiO 2（4.226毫摩尔），并0.0840克氧化铜（1.056毫摩尔），并加入到一个干净的玛瑙研钵。 </li><li>用1-2毫升丙酮和手磨用玛瑙杵〜5分钟挫伤粉末混合物。传送所产生的浅灰色粉末（ 图1d和 2d）放入铂坩埚中。 </li><li>加热的箱式炉中的坩埚中，以960℃，以5℃/分钟的升温速率和保持16小时，然后冷却至室温。 </li><li>掏出使用聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）抹刀松蓝色粉末。注意:该产品的特征在于通过光学显微镜（ 图3），PXRD（图6），和近红外照相（ 图8）。 </li></ol></li></ol> CaCuSi 4 O 10 3。剥离<ol><li>充的50ml圆底烧瓶中，用0.50克CaCuSi 4 O 10的40毫升去离子水和玻璃涂覆的磁性搅拌棒。 </li><li>附加一个水冷式冷凝器的烧瓶中。加热反应至85℃，以400rpm两周磁力搅拌。 </li><li>从热源取下，使溶液沉降原状过夜，然后通过0.4微米的膜过滤器过滤上清液。真空干燥该固体。注意:该产品是一种淡蓝色的粉末，可以表征通过光学显微镜（ 图3），PXRD（图5），透射电子显微镜（TEM）（ 图7），和近红外照相（ 图URE 8）。 </li></ol> BaCuSi 4 O 10 4。剥离<ol><li>充电50毫升塑料离心管中0.14克BaCuSi 4 O 10和20毫升N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮。 </li><li>用离心管浸入冰/水浴中，超声处理用探针超声波发生器以40％的幅度（17瓦）1小时。 </li><li>让分散体沉降不受干扰过夜，然后倒出上清液到新的离心管中。 </li><li>用离心机降速为10,286 XG。倒出上清液，留下纳米片在离心管的底部。 </li><li>重悬这种材料在20毫升的水，浴超声几分钟。以分离出粉末，过滤通过0.4微米滤膜过滤并真空干燥固体。注意:该产品是一种淡蓝色的粉末，可以表征通过光学显微镜（ 图3），PXRD（图6），透射电子显微镜（ 图7 </sTRONG&gt;）和近红外摄影（ 图8）。 </li></ol> 5，油墨的制备<ol><li>驱散〜0.10克CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片在5毫升去离子水中超声浴〜10分钟。注意:该油墨（ 图9）可用于涂装，印刷等 见图10为一个有代表性的例子，其中将油墨施加到纸用刷子。 </li></ol> 6，近红外感光成像<ol><li>采用红光（ 例如用红色发光二极管阵列），照顾，以消除光的任何其他来源照射样品。 </li><li>拍摄用修改图像中的近红外区域的摄像机。使用f止损设置f/22时为0.5秒的曝光时间。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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埃及蓝颜料的制备方法，主要是CaCuSi 4 O 10和SiO 2的混合物，是一个充分研究的过程中4,13-21。众多的报告程序可以被归类为熔融焊剂或固态反应。的熔融焊剂的方法的两个主要优点是，它允许较低的反应温度（&lt;900℃），并允许CaCuSi 4 O 10晶体的成核和从熔融玻璃相20成长。磁通分量通常是碱金属盐（ 如的Na 2 CO 3）或硼酸酯化合物（ 例如硼砂）。相比较而言，固态合成中省略了磁通，但需要较高的温度（〜1000℃）的Ca，氧化铜之间的反应，和SiO 2的来源，以达到完成。 虽然汉蓝颜料的合成是没有得到很好的研究作为埃及蓝4,22-25，B的制备aCuSi 4 O 10所示相似的熔融焊剂和具有两个不同的固态路线:（1）一氧化铅焊剂应被使用，并且（2）该反应的温度必须更紧密，因为替代钡铜的Si-O相的控制可以形成（ 如 BaCuSi 2 O 6）。 这些点在本文所描述的详细过程和结果说明。首先，对于所有的方法，起始原料应研磨成光滑的粉末（ 图1a-d）由5-20微米的颗粒（通过SEM; 图2a-d）所示 。接着，在CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10导致高度结晶的产品，其特征是强烈的蓝色着色（ 图3a和3c）的制备中使用的显著量通量（以重量计12.5％），比较大粒径（ 图4a </strong&gt;）和强的PXRD图样（ 图5a和图6a）。该减弱的分离产率（〜70％）从这些制剂通过熔融反应混合物在坩埚的附着引起的。相比之下，CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10制备的固态路线展览较不强烈着色（ 图3b和3d）和较小的颗粒尺寸（ 图4b）。作为合成时，这些产品是粉末，可以是分离的，近乎定量的产率。因此，对于这两个CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10，通量和反应温度的重要性的优势不能被夸大。 值得注意的是，CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10的剥离下简单的水溶液条件下发生。在CaCuSi 4 O 10的情况下，该反应是在室温相当慢温度（≥6周看到任何明显的去角质），但它成为在80℃（大量脱落，2周后）合成有用的。相比之下，BaCuSi 4 O 10的剥离是缓慢的，即使在80℃，因此，我们采用一个更大的能量输入在超声波的形式。这些反应是有两点需要说明高度可靠。对于CaCuSi 4 O 10， 使用玻璃涂覆的搅拌棒是很重要的;如果一个标准的PTFE涂层的搅拌棒时，我们发现，聚四氟乙烯副产品污染CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的产品。为BaCuSi 4 O 10，重要的是，使反应停止前的纳米片成为退化来控制超声波的功率和时间。 的纳米片制品的透射电子显微镜（TEM）表明，这些非常薄的材料具有横向尺寸范围从几百纳米到几个麦克风RONS。一般来说，这些横向尺寸相关联的三维起始材料的微晶尺寸。在以前的工作中，原子力显微镜，惟证实这些纳米片12的单层厚度（〜1.2 nm）的地形测绘。粉的照片CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片样品（ 图3E-H）表明，它们的颜色比的起始原料，纳米结构的直接结果的那么强烈。 附加信息是通过PXRD（ 图5和6），它揭示了沿（001）面，并沿{00升 }系列的所有纳米片样品择优取向基底切割提供的。这些特征反映了这些的时候，下拉式浇铸在基板高度各向异性的纳米材料的堆积排列。此外，CaCuSi 4 O 10的〜9的特性近红外荧光在约950纳米10纳米和BaCuSi 4 O 10中示出的所有8个样本的NIR照片（ 图8）。 CaCuSi 4 O 10的溶液处理可以通过简单地制备CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的胶态分散体（ 图9）作为油墨使用来实现。该油墨然后可以通过旋涂法，喷涂法，喷墨印刷12，或仅仅刷牙（ 图10）被施加到基材上。重要的是，CaCuSi 4 O 10的近红外发光特性被保留在这个过程中的所有阶段。这些新的可能性突出CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片和传统的利用埃及的蓝色颜料，即是具有挑战性的合并成一个光滑的漆非常细微的材料之间的对比。

鲜艳的色彩被撬开整个古代世界。即使在今天，我们仍然可以看到由各大文化创造颜料和染料的遗体。值得注意的是，两个最有名的合成蓝色色素有着相似的化学组成和结构，尽管已开发的广泛的不同的时间和地点。两个埃及蓝，CaCuSi 4 O 10，和韩青，BaCuSi 4 O 10的有色成分，属于碱土铜四硅系列，ACuSi 4 O 10（A =钙，锶，钡）1，以及在大gillespite组，ABSI 4 O 10（B =铁，铜，铬）2,3。 除了传统颜料的应用，目前在这些材料科学的兴趣在他们强大的近红外（NIR）发射特性中心。这个排放来源于铜离子在平面正方形协调;这些离子由四面体连结三维晶体结构内升硅酸盐部分，并将所得的层交替与碱土离子4-6。最近的技术亮点包括近红外成像识别文化遗产文物7,8，ACuSi 4 O 10的镧系元素掺杂埃及和汉蓝色颜料，以提高近红外反射特性，并打开新的能量传递途径9,10，使用ACuSi 4 O 10作为光学传感器11，和CaCuSi 4 O 10的剥离成单层纳米片12的活性物质。 尤其是，最后的例子提供了一种纳米结构CaCuSi 4 O 10，以便它可以被处理为胶态分散体，而不是作为固体颗粒12。因为胶态分散体与溶液加工技术兼容（ 例如旋涂，喷墨印刷，层-层沉积化），这种提前开启，范围从防伪油墨，以生物医学成像新的应用领域。在这方面的贡献所示的实验方案将使研究人员来自不同背景的准备，检定和使用CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的工作。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium carbonate (Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S7795</td><td>bioXtra, &amp;ge;99.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium carbonate (CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C4830</td><td>bioXtra, &amp;ge;99.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Barium carbonate (BaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Solvay Performance Chemicals</td><td></td><td>Research sample: Electronic-grade purity, nanocrystalline</td></tr><tr><td>Copper (II) carbonate basic [Cu&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>207896</td><td>Reagent grade</td></tr><tr><td>Copper(II) oxide (CuO)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>450812</td><td>99.99% trace metals base</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon dioxide (SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S5631</td><td>~99%, particle size 0.5-10 &amp;mu;m (approximately 80% between 1-5 &amp;mu;m)</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;10H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S9640</td><td>ACS &amp;ge; 99.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S9888</td><td>ACS &amp;ge; 99.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Lead(II) oxide (PbO)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>402982</td><td>ACS &amp;ge; 99.0%</td></tr><tr><td>N-Vinylpyrrolidinone (C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;NO)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>V3409</td><td>contains sodium hydroxide as inhibitor, ACS &amp;ge; 99.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Box Furnace</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td></td><td>Lindberg Blue M</td></tr><tr><td>Box Furnace</td><td>Carbolite</td><td>CWF 12/5 1200C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bath Sonicator</td><td>Branson</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonicator</td><td>Qsonica</td><td></td><td>Misonix S-4000</td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td>custom modification of Nikon D3000 camera by LDP LLC MaxMax.com</td><td>n/a</td><td>Xnite Nikon D3000 camera with a Nikkor 18-200 mm lens and a Xnite 830 filter&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Light Source</td><td>Excled Ltd.</td><td>PAR64</td><td>LED Colour Beamer</td></tr><tr><td>Light Microscope</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>mz6 Stereomicroscope with Spot Idea camera and Software</td></tr><tr><td>Powder X-Ray Diffractometer</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td>D8-Advance diffractometer (Co-K&amp;alpha; radiation source)</td></tr><tr><td>Transmission Electron Microscope</td><td>FEI</td><td></td><td>Technai 20</td></tr><tr><td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td><td>FEI</td><td></td><td>Inspect F</td></tr><tr><td>Membrane filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HTTP04700</td><td>Isopore Membrane filter with 0.4 &amp;micro;m pore size</td></tr></tbody></table>

exfoliation of egyptian blue and han blue, two alkali earth copper silicate-based pigments

在古老的过去与现代连接的可视化例子中，我们描述CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10，历史悠久的埃及蓝色和汉蓝颜料的着色组分的制备和剥落。这些材料的散装形式通过两个合成的熔融焊剂和固态航线，这提供了对产品的微晶尺寸一定的控制。熔融焊剂过程是耗费时间的，但它会产生相对大的晶体，在较低的反应温度。相比较而言，固相法是更快但需要较高的反应温度，并产生更小的微晶。一旦在热水中搅拌，CaCuSi 4 O 10自发地去除角质成单层纳米片，其特点是TEM和PXRD。 BaCuSi 4 O 10，另一方面，需要超声处理在有机溶剂中实现剥离。近红外成像说明，无论是散装和CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的形式是强大的近红外线发射器。因为它们提供了一种新的方式来处理，检定和胶体形式处理这些物质的水性CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片分散体是有用的。

CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10的描述合成提供约0.5g每批次产品。 CaCuSi 4 O 10的从熔融焊剂和固态合成中的分离产率范围通常为70-75％和90-95％之间。对于BaCuSi 4 O 10中， 分离产率从熔融焊剂和固态合成中通常范围从65-70％和95-99％之间。 所有制备的材料的纹理，以及在其蓝色的强度由于不同的晶粒尺寸的差异，是由低放大倍数的光学显微镜（ 图3a-H）可见。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）照片证实，合成CaCuSi 4的固相法O 10〜产生1-15微米的初级晶体（ 图4b），而熔助焊剂条件导致〜5-50微米CRYST<html>宏家（ 图4a）。粉末X-射线衍射（PXRD）型态的CaCuSi 4 O 10（ 图5a和5c）和BaCuSi 4 O 10（ 图6a和图6c）中展示的组合物和这些产品的相纯度。 代表性的透射型电子显微镜（TEM）图像显示的剥离产品的纳米片的形态（ 图7）。此外，近红外感光成像显示，无论是体积和材料脱落（ 图8）的强发光。一个简单的方法来说明CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的加工解决方案是制备水 ​​性油墨（ 图9），适用于喷漆（ 图10）。 hres.jpg"SRC ="/ files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig1.jpg"/&gt; 图1的手工地面照片的原料。（一 ）CaCuSi 4 O 10熔体通量，（二）CaCuSi 4 O 10固态，（ 三）BaCuSi 4 O 10的熔体流量，以及（d）BaCuSi 4 O 10固态合成。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig2.jpg" /> 图2。扫描电镜观察。的手地面图像的起始原料为（A）CaCuSi 4 O 10的熔融焊剂，（ <st荣&gt; B）CaCuSi 4 O 10固态，（ 三）BaCuSi 4 O 10的熔体流量，以及（d）BaCuSi 4 O 10的固态合成。所有样品均涂有金色前成像。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig3.jpg" /> 图3光学显微镜。散装CaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（a）和固态（二）程序。散装BaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（c）和固态（ 四）程序。脱落的产品（EH）的（A-<html> d）中，分别。所有图片分享1mm的比例尺显示在面板上（ 一 ）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig4.jpg" /> 图4。扫描电镜观察。散装CaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（a）和固态（二）方法制成的图像。样品喷金前成像。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 686/51686fig5highres.jpg"宽度="500"/&gt; 图5粉末X-射线衍射:CaCuSi 4 O 10的模式通过熔融焊剂（a）和固态（ 三）方法批量CaCuSi 4 O 10。星号表示二氧化硅杂质。图案的脱落CaCuSi 4 O 10，（b）和（D），从（a）和（c）分别制备。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig5highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig6highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图6粉末X-射线衍射:BaCuSi 4 O 10模式批量BaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（ <str翁&gt; a）和固态（ 三）方法。星号表示二氧化硅杂质。图案的脱落BaCuSi 4 O 10，（b）和（D），从（a）和（c）分别制备。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig6highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图7" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig7highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig7.jpg" /> 图7。透射电子显微镜。脱落CaCuSi 4 O 10从散装CaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（a）或固态（二）制作方法得出的代表性图像。脱落BaCuSi 4 O 10从散装派生的代表图像BaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（c）或固态（D）的方法进行。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig7highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图8" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig8highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig8.jpg" /> 图8。近红外成像，发光的制备熔体通量（a）和固态（二）程序批量CaCuSi 4 O 10。散装BaCuSi 4 O 10的发光通过熔融焊剂（c）和固态（ 四）程序编制。发光的（ 广告 ）时，脱落的产品（EH）分别。粉末样品所包含的玻璃小瓶中，并在entirË组样品进行成像一次。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig8highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图9" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig9highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig9.jpg" /> 图9。照片在一个小瓶CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的油墨。 <img alt="图10" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig10highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig10.jpg" /> 图10。近红外成像。一个基本的绘画与CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的油墨，说明了两者的简单应用程序及其发光性能。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exfoliation of Egyptian Blue and Han Blue, Two Alkali Earth Copper Silicate-based Pigments at JoVE.com

Exfoliation of Egyptian Blue and Han Blue, Two Alkali Earth Copper Silicate-based Pigments

CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10的制备和剥落描述。一旦在热水中搅拌，CaCuSi 4 O 10自发地去除角质成单层，而BaCuSi 4 O 10条规定超声在有机溶剂中。近红外（NIR）成像示出这些材料的近红外发射特性，以及这些纳米材料的水分散液对溶液的处理是有用的。

埃及蓝色和汉蓝，两碱地球铜硅酸盐类颜料剥落

In a visualized example of the ancient past connecting with modern times, we describe the preparation and exfoliation of CaCuSi4O10 and BaCuSi4O10, the ...

exfoliation-egyptian-blue-han-blue-two-alkali-earth-copper-silicate

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

15.6K 次观看.  The University of Georgia.  CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10的制备和剥落描述。一旦在热水中搅拌，CaCuSi 4 O 10自发地去除角质成单层，而BaCuSi 4 O 10条规定超声在有机溶剂中。近红外（NIR）成像示出这些材料的近红外发射特性，以及这些纳米材料的水分散液对溶液的处理是有用的。 

视频: Exfoliation of Egyptian Blue and Han Blue, Two Alkali Earth Copper Silicate-based Pigments

Improved Heterojunction Quality in Cu2O-based Solar Cells Through the Optimization of Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposited Zn1-xMgxO

Atmospheric pressure spatial atomic layer deposition (AP-SALD) was used to deposit n-type ZnO and Zn1-xMgxO thin films onto p-type thermally oxidized Cu2O substrates outside vacuum at low temperature. The performance of photovoltaic devices featuring atmospherically fabricated ZnO/Cu2O heterojunction was dependent on the conditions of AP-SALD film deposition, namely, the substrate temperature and deposition time, as well as on the Cu2O substrate exposure to oxidizing agents prior to and during the ZnO deposition. Superficial Cu2O to CuO oxidation was identified as a limiting factor to heterojunction quality due to recombination at the ZnO/Cu2O interface. Optimization of AP-SALD conditions as well as keeping Cu2O away from air and moisture in order to minimize Cu2O surface oxidation led to improved device performance. A three-fold increase in the open-circuit voltage (up to 0.65 V) and a two-fold increase in the short-circuit current density produced solar cells with a record 2.2% power conversion efficiency (PCE). This PCE is the highest reported for a Zn1-xMgxO/Cu2O heterojunction formed outside vacuum, which highlights atmospheric pressure spatial ALD as a promising technique for inexpensive and scalable fabrication of Cu2O-based photovoltaics.

Improved Heterojunction Quality in Cu2O-based Solar Cells Through the Optimization of Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposited Zn1-xMgxO

Here we present a protocol for synthesizing Zn1-xMgxO/Cu2O heterojunctions in open-air at low temperature via atmospheric pressure spatial atomic layer deposition (AP-SALD) of Zn1-xMgxO on cuprous oxide. Such high quality conformal metal oxides can be grown on a variety of substrates including plastics by this cheap and scalable method.

在铜改善异质结质量<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; O型的太阳能电池通过大气压力的空间原子层沉积的优化<br /&gt;锌<sub&gt; 1-X</sub&gt;镁<sub系列&gt; X</sub&gt; 0

Atmospheric pressure spatial atomic layer deposition (AP-SALD) was used to deposit n-type ZnO and Zn1-xMgxO thin films onto p-type thermally oxidized Cu2O ...

科研

化学

Synthesis of Plant Phenol-derived Polymeric Dyes for Direct or Mordant-based Hair Dyeing

Effective hair dyeing through in situ incubation of keratin hair with the products of fungal laccase-catalyzed polymerization of plant phenols has been previously demonstrated. However, the dyeing process takes a long time to complete compared to commercial hair-dyeing products. To overcome this bottleneck, pre-synthesized polymeric products of the oxidative reaction of Trametes versicolor laccase on catechin and catechol, either with or without mordant agents (e.g., FeSO4), were here employed to achieve permanent keratin hair dyeing in various colors and shades. The laccase action in acidic sodium acetate buffer led to a deep black coloration after coupling reactions between the plant phenols. The colored dye products were then desalted and concentrated with ultrafiltration. The dyes, with or without mordant agents, caused a significant increase in &#916;E values (i.e., color difference value) in gray human hair within 2.5 hours. In addition, different keratin colors and shades were induced depending upon the mordanting and pH changes. The dyed hair also exhibited a strong resistance to detergent treatments, indicating that our methods can give rise to permanent hair dyeing.&#160;Overall, our work has provided novel insight into developing eco-friendly hair-dyeing methods as alternatives to commercial toxic diamine-based dyes.

Here, we present a protocol to use pre-synthesized polymeric products derived from fungal laccase-catalyzed polymerization of plant phenols, either with or without mordant agents (e.g., FeSO4), to induce detergent-resistant keratin hair dyeing within 2.5 hours.

对于直接或媒介为基础的头发染色厂苯酚衍生的高分子染料的合成

Effective hair dyeing through in situ incubation of keratin hair with the products of fungal laccase-catalyzed polymerization of plant phenols has been ...

Blue-hazard-free Candlelight OLED

A candlelight-style organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a human-friendly type of lighting because it is blue-hazard-free and has a low correlated color temperature (CCT) illumination. The low CCT lighting is deprived of high-energy blue radiation, and it can be used for a longer duration before causing retinal damage. This work presents the comprehensive protocols for the fabrication of blue-hazard-free candlelight OLEDs. The emission spectrum of the OLED was characterized by the maximum exposure time limit of the retina and the melatonin suppression sensitivity. The devices can be fabricated using dry and wet processes. The dry-processed OLED resulted in a CCT of 1,940 K and exhibited a maximum retinal exposure limit of 1,287 s at a brightness of 500 lx. It showed 2.61% melatonin suppression sensitivity relative to 480 nm blue light. The wet-processed OLED, where the spin coating is used to deposit hole injection, hole transport, and emissive layers, making fabrication fast and economical, produced a CCT of 1,922 K and showed a maximum retinal exposure limit of 7,092 at a brightness of 500 lx. The achieved relative melatonin suppression sensitivity of 1.05% is 86% and 96% less than that of the light emitting diode (LED) and compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), respectively. Wet-processed blue-hazard-free candlelight OLED exhibited a power efficiency of 30 lm/W, which is 2 times that of the incandescent bulb and 300 times that of the candle.

We present a protocol for the fabrication of a blue-hazard-free candlelight organic light emitting diode (OLED) for eye protection and melatonin secretion.

蓝危害自由烛光OLED

A candlelight-style organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a human-friendly type of lighting because it is blue-hazard-free and has a low correlated color ...

工程学

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three preparation methods are described: (a) the incorporation of metal salts into silica or alumina wet gels using an impregnation method; (b) the incorporation of metal salts into alumina wet gels using a co-precursor method; and (c) the addition of metal nanoparticles directly into a silica aerogel precursor mixture. The methods utilize a hydraulic hot press, which allows for rapid (&#60;6 h) supercritical extraction and results in aerogels of low density (0.10 g/mL) and high surface area (200-800 m2/g). While the work presented here focuses on the use of copper salts and copper nanoparticles, the approach can be implemented using other metal salts and nanoparticles. A protocol for testing the three-way catalytic ability of these aerogels for automotive pollution mitigation is also presented. This technique uses custom-built equipment, the Union Catalytic Testbed (UCAT), in which a simulated exhaust mixture is passed over an aerogel sample at a controlled temperature and flow rate. The system is capable of measuring the ability of the catalytic aerogels, under both oxidizing and reducing conditions, to convert CO, NO and unburned hydrocarbons (HCs) to less harmful species (CO2, H2O and N2). Example catalytic results are presented for the aerogels described.

Here we present protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms. Methods for preparing materials using copper salts and copper-containing nanoparticles are featured. Catalytic testing protocols demonstrate the effectiveness of these aerogels for three-way catalysis applications.

快速超临界萃取制备催化气凝胶的制备与试验研究

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation displays and solid-state lighting technologies. The brightness and efficiency of blue QDs-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) remain inferior to their red and green counterparts, due to the inherently unfavorable energy levels of different colors of light. To solve these problems, a device structure should be designed to balance the injection holes and electrons into the emissive QD layer. Herein, through a simple autoxidation strategy, pure blue QD-LEDs which are highly bright and efficient are demonstrated, with a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Poly-TPD/QDs/Al:Al2O3. The autoxidized Al:Al2O3 cathode can effectively balance the injected charges and enhance radiative recombination without introducing an additional electron transport layer (ETL). As a result, high color-saturated blue QD-LEDs are achieved with a maximum luminance over 13,000 cd m-2, and a maximum current efficiency of 1.15 cd A-1. The easily controlled autoxidation procedure paves the way for achieving high-performance blue QD-LEDs.

A protocol is presented for fabricating high-performance, pure blue ZnCdS/ZnS-based quantum dots light-emitting diodes by employing an autoxidized aluminum cathode.

采用部分氧化铝阴极增强电子注入和激子约束的纯蓝色量子点发光二极管

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation ...

Aesthetically Enhanced Silica Aerogel Via Incorporation of Laser Etching and Dyes

A procedure for aesthetically enhancing silica aerogel monoliths by laser etching and incorporation of dyes is described in this manuscript. Using a rapid supercritical extraction method, large silica aerogel monolith (10 cm x 11 cm x 1.5 cm) can be fabricated in about 10 h. Dyes incorporated into the precursor mixture result in yellow-, pink- and orange-tinged aerogels. Text, patterns, and images can be etched onto the surface (or surfaces) of the aerogel monolith without damaging the bulk structure. The laser engraver can be used to cut shapes from the aerogel and form colorful mosaics.

This protocol describes a method for etching text, patterns, and images onto the surface of silica aerogel monoliths in native and dyed form and assembling the aerogels into mosaic designs.

通过将激光蚀刻和染料结合，美学增强硅气凝胶

A procedure for aesthetically enhancing silica aerogel monoliths by laser etching and incorporation of dyes is described in this manuscript. Using a rapid ...

Electrochemical Exfoliation to Produce High-Quality Black Phosphorus

To obtain high-quality two-dimensional (2D) materials from the bulky crystals, delamination under an externally controlled stimulus is crucial. Electrochemical exfoliation of layered materials requires simple instrumentation yet offers high-quality exfoliated 2D materials with high yields and features straightforward upscalability; therefore, it represents a key technology for advancing fundamental studies and industrial applications. Moreover, the solution processability of functionalized 2D materials enables the fabrication of (opto)electronic and energy devices via different printing technologies such as inkjet printing and 3D printing. This paper presents the electrochemical exfoliation protocol for the synthesis of black phosphorus (BP), one of the most promising emerging 2D materials, from its bulk crystals in a step-by-step manner, namely, cathodic electrochemical exfoliation of BP in the presence of N(C4H9)4&#8729;HSO4 in propylene carbonate, dispersion preparation by sonication and subsequent centrifugation for the separation of flakes, and morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>电化学去角质以产生高质量的黑磷

We present a step-by-step procedure for electrochemical exfoliation of black phosphorus (BP), one of the most promising emerging 2D materials with applications in (opto)electronics, from its bulk crystals, as well as the morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy.

电化学去角质以产生高质量的黑磷

To obtain high-quality two-dimensional (2D) materials from the bulky crystals, delamination under an externally controlled stimulus is crucial. ...

用于连续 DLP 打印的生物墨水特性的定量表征

Quantitative Characterization of Liquid Photosensitive Bioink Properties for Continuous Digital Light Processing Based Printing

Precise printing fabrication of bioinks is a prerequisite for tissue engineering; the Jacobs working curve is the tool to determine the precise printing parameters of digital light processing (DLP). However, the acquisition of working curves wastes materials and requires high formability of materials, which are not suitable for biomaterials. In addition, the reduction of cell activity due to multiple exposures and the failure of structural formation due to repeated positioning are both unavoidable problems in conventional DLP bioprinting. This work introduces a new method of obtaining the working curve and the improvement process of continuous DLP printing technology based on such a working curve. This method of obtaining the working curve is based on the absorbance and photorheological properties of the biomaterials, which do not depend on the formability of the biomaterials. The continuous DLP printing process, obtained from improving the printing process by analyzing the working curve, increases the printing efficiency more than tenfold and greatly improves the activity and functionality of cells, which is beneficial to the development of tissue engineering.

作者聚焦:基于连续数字光处理的印刷中液体光敏生物墨水特性的定量表征  

This study uses temperature and material composition to control the yield stress properties of yield stress fluids. The solid-like state of the ink can protect the printing structure, and the liquid-like state can continuously fill the printing position, realizing the digital light processing 3D printing of extremely soft bioinks.

基于连续数字光处理的印刷中液体光敏生物墨水特性的定量表征

Precise printing fabrication of bioinks is a prerequisite for tissue engineering; the Jacobs working curve is the tool to determine the precise printing ...

埃及蓝色和汉蓝，两碱地球铜硅酸盐类颜料剥落

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此视频中的章节

在铜改善异质结质量

对于直接或媒介为基础的头发染色厂苯酚衍生的高分子染料的合成

蓝危害自由烛光OLED

快速超临界萃取制备催化气凝胶的制备与试验研究

采用部分氧化铝阴极增强电子注入和激子约束的纯蓝色量子点发光二极管

通过将激光蚀刻和染料结合，美学增强硅气凝胶

电化学去角质以产生高质量的黑磷

电化学去角质以产生高质量的黑磷

基于连续数字光处理的印刷中液体光敏生物墨水特性的定量表征

基于连续数字光处理的印刷中液体光敏生物墨水特性的定量表征