我们感谢教授马克·阿贝（UGA）为碳酸盐在这项工作中使用的钡提供的近红外成像设备和Rasik Raythatha博士（苏威高性能化学品）。我们承认以赛亚·诺里斯（UGA本科）和Terra布莱文斯（北奥科尼高中），谁帮助测试合成方法的努力。

1，准备CaCuSi 4 O 10 <ol><li> CaCuSi 4 O 10的熔体通量合成<ol><li>称出的CaCO 3，SiO 2的，和Cu 2 CO 3（OH）2在2点08分01秒的摩尔比:SiO 2的，0.1470克的碳酸钙 ，0.3196克（5.319毫摩尔）的0.1331克（1.330毫摩尔）（ 0.6648毫摩尔的Cu 2 CO 3）（OH）2。此外，掂量出焊剂成分（按重量计12.5％）。0.0375克的Na 2 CO 3的0.0125克氯化钠，并0.0250克的Na 2 B 4 O 7 10H 2 O。这些材料加入到一个干净的玛瑙研钵。 </li><li>手磨为〜5分钟用玛瑙杵直到混合物变成均匀的浅绿色粉末（ 图1a和图2a）。这种混合物转移到一个干净，干燥的铂金坩埚。 </li><li>加热在炉中的坩埚中，以875℃（2℃/ min的升温速率），保持在875℃下进行16小时，然后冷却至室温（速率为0.8℃/分钟）。 </li><li>从坩埚中取出晶体，轻轻地用杵粉碎他们。 </li><li>让该晶体在50ml的1M HCl水溶液中浸泡过夜，以除去熔融焊剂。 </li><li>过滤和结晶用去离子水冲洗，以完全消除任何剩余的熔助焊剂。 注意:该材料应磨成更细的粉末的粉末X射线衍射（PXRD）分析（ 图5）。它也可被表征通过光学显微镜（ 图3），扫描电子显微镜（SEM）（ 图4），和近红外照相（ 图8）。 </li></ol></li><li> CaCuSi 4 O 10的固相合成<ol><li>称出的CaCO 3，SiO 2的和CuO在1点04分01秒的摩尔比:0.1331克（1.330毫摩尔）的CaCO 3，0.3196克（5.319毫摩尔）的SiO 2，和0.1058克氧化铜（1.330毫摩尔）并加入到一个干净的玛瑙研钵。 </li><li>用1-2毫升丙酮和手磨用玛瑙杵〜5分钟挫伤粉末混合物。传送所产生的浅灰色粉末（ 图1b和2b）中放入铂坩埚中。 </li><li>加热的箱式炉中的坩埚，以1020℃，以5℃/分钟的升温速率，保持16小时，然后冷却至室温</li><li>掏出使用聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）刮刀的松动，淡蓝灰色粉末。 注:该产品的特点可以用光学显微镜（ 图3），扫描电镜（ 图4），PXRD（图5），和近红外照相（ 图8）。 </li></ol></li></ol> BaCuSi 4 O 10 2。合成<ol><li> BaCuSi 4 O 10的熔体通量合成 <ol><li>称出的BaCO 3，SiO 2的和CuO在1点04分01秒的摩尔比:0.2085克的BaCO 3（1.057毫摩尔），0.2539克的SiO 2（4.226毫摩尔），并0.0840克氧化铜（1.056毫摩尔）。此外，称出的磁通成分（按重量计12.5％）:0.0765克的PbO。这些材料加入到一个干净的玛瑙研钵。 </li><li>手磨为〜5分钟用玛瑙杵直到混合物变成均匀的浅灰色粉末（ 图1C和2C）。这种混合物转移到一个干净，干燥的铂金坩埚。 </li><li>加热在炉中的坩埚中，以950℃（2℃/ min的升温速率），保持在950℃下放置24小时，然后慢慢冷却到700℃（速率为0.1℃/分钟），并最后冷却至室温。 </li><li>从坩埚中取出晶体，轻轻地用杵粉碎他们。 </li><li>让该晶体在50毫升的1M含水HNO 3浸泡过夜，以除去熔融焊剂。 </li><li>过滤和结晶用去离子水冲洗，充分去除熔体通量的其余部分。注:此马terial应磨成细粉末的PXRD分析（ 图6）。它也可被表征通过光学显微镜（ 图3）和近红外照相（ 图8）。 </li></ol></li><li> BaCuSi 4 O 10的固相合成<ol><li>称出的BaCO 3，SiO 2的和CuO在1点04分01秒的摩尔比:0.2085克的BaCO 3（1.057毫摩尔），0.2539克的SiO 2（4.226毫摩尔），并0.0840克氧化铜（1.056毫摩尔），并加入到一个干净的玛瑙研钵。 </li><li>用1-2毫升丙酮和手磨用玛瑙杵〜5分钟挫伤粉末混合物。传送所产生的浅灰色粉末（ 图1d和 2d）放入铂坩埚中。 </li><li>加热的箱式炉中的坩埚中，以960℃，以5℃/分钟的升温速率和保持16小时，然后冷却至室温。 </li><li>掏出使用聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）抹刀松蓝色粉末。注意:该产品的特征在于通过光学显微镜（ 图3），PXRD（图6），和近红外照相（ 图8）。 </li></ol></li></ol> CaCuSi 4 O 10 3。剥离<ol><li>充的50ml圆底烧瓶中，用0.50克CaCuSi 4 O 10的40毫升去离子水和玻璃涂覆的磁性搅拌棒。 </li><li>附加一个水冷式冷凝器的烧瓶中。加热反应至85℃，以400rpm两周磁力搅拌。 </li><li>从热源取下，使溶液沉降原状过夜，然后通过0.4微米的膜过滤器过滤上清液。真空干燥该固体。注意:该产品是一种淡蓝色的粉末，可以表征通过光学显微镜（ 图3），PXRD（图5），透射电子显微镜（TEM）（ 图7），和近红外照相（ 图URE 8）。 </li></ol> BaCuSi 4 O 10 4。剥离<ol><li>充电50毫升塑料离心管中0.14克BaCuSi 4 O 10和20毫升N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮。 </li><li>用离心管浸入冰/水浴中，超声处理用探针超声波发生器以40％的幅度（17瓦）1小时。 </li><li>让分散体沉降不受干扰过夜，然后倒出上清液到新的离心管中。 </li><li>用离心机降速为10,286 XG。倒出上清液，留下纳米片在离心管的底部。 </li><li>重悬这种材料在20毫升的水，浴超声几分钟。以分离出粉末，过滤通过0.4微米滤膜过滤并真空干燥固体。注意:该产品是一种淡蓝色的粉末，可以表征通过光学显微镜（ 图3），PXRD（图6），透射电子显微镜（ 图7 </sTRONG&gt;）和近红外摄影（ 图8）。 </li></ol> 5，油墨的制备<ol><li>驱散〜0.10克CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片在5毫升去离子水中超声浴〜10分钟。注意:该油墨（ 图9）可用于涂装，印刷等 见图10为一个有代表性的例子，其中将油墨施加到纸用刷子。 </li></ol> 6，近红外感光成像<ol><li>采用红光（ 例如用红色发光二极管阵列），照顾，以消除光的任何其他来源照射样品。 </li><li>拍摄用修改图像中的近红外区域的摄像机。使用f止损设置f/22时为0.5秒的曝光时间。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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埃及蓝颜料的制备方法，主要是CaCuSi 4 O 10和SiO 2的混合物，是一个充分研究的过程中4,13-21。众多的报告程序可以被归类为熔融焊剂或固态反应。的熔融焊剂的方法的两个主要优点是，它允许较低的反应温度（&lt;900℃），并允许CaCuSi 4 O 10晶体的成核和从熔融玻璃相20成长。磁通分量通常是碱金属盐（ 如的Na 2 CO 3）或硼酸酯化合物（ 例如硼砂）。相比较而言，固态合成中省略了磁通，但需要较高的温度（〜1000℃）的Ca，氧化铜之间的反应，和SiO 2的来源，以达到完成。 虽然汉蓝颜料的合成是没有得到很好的研究作为埃及蓝4,22-25，B的制备aCuSi 4 O 10所示相似的熔融焊剂和具有两个不同的固态路线:（1）一氧化铅焊剂应被使用，并且（2）该反应的温度必须更紧密，因为替代钡铜的Si-O相的控制可以形成（ 如 BaCuSi 2 O 6）。 这些点在本文所描述的详细过程和结果说明。首先，对于所有的方法，起始原料应研磨成光滑的粉末（ 图1a-d）由5-20微米的颗粒（通过SEM; 图2a-d）所示 。接着，在CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10导致高度结晶的产品，其特征是强烈的蓝色着色（ 图3a和3c）的制备中使用的显著量通量（以重量计12.5％），比较大粒径（ 图4a </strong&gt;）和强的PXRD图样（ 图5a和图6a）。该减弱的分离产率（〜70％）从这些制剂通过熔融反应混合物在坩埚的附着引起的。相比之下，CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10制备的固态路线展览较不强烈着色（ 图3b和3d）和较小的颗粒尺寸（ 图4b）。作为合成时，这些产品是粉末，可以是分离的，近乎定量的产率。因此，对于这两个CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10，通量和反应温度的重要性的优势不能被夸大。 值得注意的是，CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10的剥离下简单的水溶液条件下发生。在CaCuSi 4 O 10的情况下，该反应是在室温相当慢温度（≥6周看到任何明显的去角质），但它成为在80℃（大量脱落，2周后）合成有用的。相比之下，BaCuSi 4 O 10的剥离是缓慢的，即使在80℃，因此，我们采用一个更大的能量输入在超声波的形式。这些反应是有两点需要说明高度可靠。对于CaCuSi 4 O 10， 使用玻璃涂覆的搅拌棒是很重要的;如果一个标准的PTFE涂层的搅拌棒时，我们发现，聚四氟乙烯副产品污染CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的产品。为BaCuSi 4 O 10，重要的是，使反应停止前的纳米片成为退化来控制超声波的功率和时间。 的纳米片制品的透射电子显微镜（TEM）表明，这些非常薄的材料具有横向尺寸范围从几百纳米到几个麦克风RONS。一般来说，这些横向尺寸相关联的三维起始材料的微晶尺寸。在以前的工作中，原子力显微镜，惟证实这些纳米片12的单层厚度（〜1.2 nm）的地形测绘。粉的照片CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片样品（ 图3E-H）表明，它们的颜色比的起始原料，纳米结构的直接结果的那么强烈。 附加信息是通过PXRD（ 图5和6），它揭示了沿（001）面，并沿{00升 }系列的所有纳米片样品择优取向基底切割提供的。这些特征反映了这些的时候，下拉式浇铸在基板高度各向异性的纳米材料的堆积排列。此外，CaCuSi 4 O 10的〜9的特性近红外荧光在约950纳米10纳米和BaCuSi 4 O 10中示出的所有8个样本的NIR照片（ 图8）。 CaCuSi 4 O 10的溶液处理可以通过简单地制备CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的胶态分散体（ 图9）作为油墨使用来实现。该油墨然后可以通过旋涂法，喷涂法，喷墨印刷12，或仅仅刷牙（ 图10）被施加到基材上。重要的是，CaCuSi 4 O 10的近红外发光特性被保留在这个过程中的所有阶段。这些新的可能性突出CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片和传统的利用埃及的蓝色颜料，即是具有挑战性的合并成一个光滑的漆非常细微的材料之间的对比。

鲜艳的色彩被撬开整个古代世界。即使在今天，我们仍然可以看到由各大文化创造颜料和染料的遗体。值得注意的是，两个最有名的合成蓝色色素有着相似的化学组成和结构，尽管已开发的广泛的不同的时间和地点。两个埃及蓝，CaCuSi 4 O 10，和韩青，BaCuSi 4 O 10的有色成分，属于碱土铜四硅系列，ACuSi 4 O 10（A =钙，锶，钡）1，以及在大gillespite组，ABSI 4 O 10（B =铁，铜，铬）2,3。 除了传统颜料的应用，目前在这些材料科学的兴趣在他们强大的近红外（NIR）发射特性中心。这个排放来源于铜离子在平面正方形协调;这些离子由四面体连结三维晶体结构内升硅酸盐部分，并将所得的层交替与碱土离子4-6。最近的技术亮点包括近红外成像识别文化遗产文物7,8，ACuSi 4 O 10的镧系元素掺杂埃及和汉蓝色颜料，以提高近红外反射特性，并打开新的能量传递途径9,10，使用ACuSi 4 O 10作为光学传感器11，和CaCuSi 4 O 10的剥离成单层纳米片12的活性物质。 尤其是，最后的例子提供了一种纳米结构CaCuSi 4 O 10，以便它可以被处理为胶态分散体，而不是作为固体颗粒12。因为胶态分散体与溶液加工技术兼容（ 例如旋涂，喷墨印刷，层-层沉积化），这种提前开启，范围从防伪油墨，以生物医学成像新的应用领域。在这方面的贡献所示的实验方案将使研究人员来自不同背景的准备，检定和使用CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的工作。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium carbonate (Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S7795</td><td>bioXtra, &amp;ge;99.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium carbonate (CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C4830</td><td>bioXtra, &amp;ge;99.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Barium carbonate (BaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Solvay Performance Chemicals</td><td></td><td>Research sample: Electronic-grade purity, nanocrystalline</td></tr><tr><td>Copper (II) carbonate basic [Cu&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>207896</td><td>Reagent grade</td></tr><tr><td>Copper(II) oxide (CuO)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>450812</td><td>99.99% trace metals base</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon dioxide (SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S5631</td><td>~99%, particle size 0.5-10 &amp;mu;m (approximately 80% between 1-5 &amp;mu;m)</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;B&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;10H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S9640</td><td>ACS &amp;ge; 99.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S9888</td><td>ACS &amp;ge; 99.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Lead(II) oxide (PbO)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>402982</td><td>ACS &amp;ge; 99.0%</td></tr><tr><td>N-Vinylpyrrolidinone (C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;NO)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>V3409</td><td>contains sodium hydroxide as inhibitor, ACS &amp;ge; 99.0%</td></tr><tr><td>Box Furnace</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td></td><td>Lindberg Blue M</td></tr><tr><td>Box Furnace</td><td>Carbolite</td><td>CWF 12/5 1200C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bath Sonicator</td><td>Branson</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonicator</td><td>Qsonica</td><td></td><td>Misonix S-4000</td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td>custom modification of Nikon D3000 camera by LDP LLC MaxMax.com</td><td>n/a</td><td>Xnite Nikon D3000 camera with a Nikkor 18-200 mm lens and a Xnite 830 filter&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Light Source</td><td>Excled Ltd.</td><td>PAR64</td><td>LED Colour Beamer</td></tr><tr><td>Light Microscope</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>mz6 Stereomicroscope with Spot Idea camera and Software</td></tr><tr><td>Powder X-Ray Diffractometer</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td>D8-Advance diffractometer (Co-K&amp;alpha; radiation source)</td></tr><tr><td>Transmission Electron Microscope</td><td>FEI</td><td></td><td>Technai 20</td></tr><tr><td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td><td>FEI</td><td></td><td>Inspect F</td></tr><tr><td>Membrane filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HTTP04700</td><td>Isopore Membrane filter with 0.4 &amp;micro;m pore size</td></tr></tbody></table>

exfoliation of egyptian blue and han blue, two alkali earth copper silicate-based pigments

在古老的过去与现代连接的可视化例子中，我们描述CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10，历史悠久的埃及蓝色和汉蓝颜料的着色组分的制备和剥落。这些材料的散装形式通过两个合成的熔融焊剂和固态航线，这提供了对产品的微晶尺寸一定的控制。熔融焊剂过程是耗费时间的，但它会产生相对大的晶体，在较低的反应温度。相比较而言，固相法是更快但需要较高的反应温度，并产生更小的微晶。一旦在热水中搅拌，CaCuSi 4 O 10自发地去除角质成单层纳米片，其特点是TEM和PXRD。 BaCuSi 4 O 10，另一方面，需要超声处理在有机溶剂中实现剥离。近红外成像说明，无论是散装和CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的形式是强大的近红外线发射器。因为它们提供了一种新的方式来处理，检定和胶体形式处理这些物质的水性CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片分散体是有用的。

CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10的描述合成提供约0.5g每批次产品。 CaCuSi 4 O 10的从熔融焊剂和固态合成中的分离产率范围通常为70-75％和90-95％之间。对于BaCuSi 4 O 10中， 分离产率从熔融焊剂和固态合成中通常范围从65-70％和95-99％之间。 所有制备的材料的纹理，以及在其蓝色的强度由于不同的晶粒尺寸的差异，是由低放大倍数的光学显微镜（ 图3a-H）可见。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）照片证实，合成CaCuSi 4的固相法O 10〜产生1-15微米的初级晶体（ 图4b），而熔助焊剂条件导致〜5-50微米CRYST<html>宏家（ 图4a）。粉末X-射线衍射（PXRD）型态的CaCuSi 4 O 10（ 图5a和5c）和BaCuSi 4 O 10（ 图6a和图6c）中展示的组合物和这些产品的相纯度。 代表性的透射型电子显微镜（TEM）图像显示的剥离产品的纳米片的形态（ 图7）。此外，近红外感光成像显示，无论是体积和材料脱落（ 图8）的强发光。一个简单的方法来说明CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的加工解决方案是制备水 ​​性油墨（ 图9），适用于喷漆（ 图10）。 hres.jpg"SRC ="/ files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig1.jpg"/&gt; 图1的手工地面照片的原料。（一 ）CaCuSi 4 O 10熔体通量，（二）CaCuSi 4 O 10固态，（ 三）BaCuSi 4 O 10的熔体流量，以及（d）BaCuSi 4 O 10固态合成。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig2.jpg" /> 图2。扫描电镜观察。的手地面图像的起始原料为（A）CaCuSi 4 O 10的熔融焊剂，（ <st荣&gt; B）CaCuSi 4 O 10固态，（ 三）BaCuSi 4 O 10的熔体流量，以及（d）BaCuSi 4 O 10的固态合成。所有样品均涂有金色前成像。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig3.jpg" /> 图3光学显微镜。散装CaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（a）和固态（二）程序。散装BaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（c）和固态（ 四）程序。脱落的产品（EH）的（A-<html> d）中，分别。所有图片分享1mm的比例尺显示在面板上（ 一 ）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig4.jpg" /> 图4。扫描电镜观察。散装CaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（a）和固态（二）方法制成的图像。样品喷金前成像。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 686/51686fig5highres.jpg"宽度="500"/&gt; 图5粉末X-射线衍射:CaCuSi 4 O 10的模式通过熔融焊剂（a）和固态（ 三）方法批量CaCuSi 4 O 10。星号表示二氧化硅杂质。图案的脱落CaCuSi 4 O 10，（b）和（D），从（a）和（c）分别制备。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig5highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig6highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图6粉末X-射线衍射:BaCuSi 4 O 10模式批量BaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（ <str翁&gt; a）和固态（ 三）方法。星号表示二氧化硅杂质。图案的脱落BaCuSi 4 O 10，（b）和（D），从（a）和（c）分别制备。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig6highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图7" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig7highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig7.jpg" /> 图7。透射电子显微镜。脱落CaCuSi 4 O 10从散装CaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（a）或固态（二）制作方法得出的代表性图像。脱落BaCuSi 4 O 10从散装派生的代表图像BaCuSi 4 O 10通过熔融焊剂（c）或固态（D）的方法进行。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig7highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图8" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig8highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig8.jpg" /> 图8。近红外成像，发光的制备熔体通量（a）和固态（二）程序批量CaCuSi 4 O 10。散装BaCuSi 4 O 10的发光通过熔融焊剂（c）和固态（ 四）程序编制。发光的（ 广告 ）时，脱落的产品（EH）分别。粉末样品所包含的玻璃小瓶中，并在entirË组样品进行成像一次。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig8highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图9" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig9highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig9.jpg" /> 图9。照片在一个小瓶CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的油墨。 <img alt="图10" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig10highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51686/51686fig10.jpg" /> 图10。近红外成像。一个基本的绘画与CaCuSi 4 O 10纳米片的油墨，说明了两者的简单应用程序及其发光性能。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exfoliation of Egyptian Blue and Han Blue, Two Alkali Earth Copper Silicate-based Pigments at JoVE.com

Exfoliation of Egyptian Blue and Han Blue, Two Alkali Earth Copper Silicate-based Pigments

CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10的制备和剥落描述。一旦在热水中搅拌，CaCuSi 4 O 10自发地去除角质成单层，而BaCuSi 4 O 10条规定超声在有机溶剂中。近红外（NIR）成像示出这些材料的近红外发射特性，以及这些纳米材料的水分散液对溶液的处理是有用的。

埃及蓝色和汉蓝，两碱地球铜硅酸盐类颜料剥落

In a visualized example of the ancient past connecting with modern times, we describe the preparation and exfoliation of CaCuSi4O10 and BaCuSi4O10, the ...

exfoliation-egyptian-blue-han-blue-two-alkali-earth-copper-silicate

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

15.8K 次观看.  The University of Georgia.  CaCuSi 4 O 10和BaCuSi 4 O 10的制备和剥落描述。一旦在热水中搅拌，CaCuSi 4 O 10自发地去除角质成单层，而BaCuSi 4 O 10条规定超声在有机溶剂中。近红外（NIR）成像示出这些材料的近红外发射特性，以及这些纳米材料的水分散液对溶液的处理是有用的。 

视频: Exfoliation of Egyptian Blue and Han Blue, Two Alkali Earth Copper Silicate-based Pigments

Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster

Pigmentation is a morphologically simple but highly variable trait that often has adaptive significance. It has served extensively as a model for understanding the development and evolution of morphological phenotypes. Abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster has been particularly useful, allowing researchers to identify the loci that underlie inter- and intraspecific variations in morphology. Hitherto, however, D. melanogaster abdominal pigmentation has been largely assayed qualitatively, through scoring, rather than quantitatively, which limits the forms of statistical analysis that can be applied to pigmentation data. This work describes a new methodology that allows for the quantification of various aspects of the abdominal pigmentation pattern of adult D. melanogaster. The protocol includes specimen mounting, image capture, data extraction, and analysis. All the software used for image capture and analysis feature macros written for open-source image analysis. The advantage of this approach is the ability to precisely measure pigmentation traits using a methodology that is highly reproducible across different imaging systems. While the technique has been used to measure variation in the tergal pigmentation patterns of adult D. melanogaster, the methodology is flexible and broadly applicable to pigmentation patterns in myriad different organisms.

Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster

This work presents a method to quickly and precisely quantify the abdominal pigmentation of Drosophila melanogaster using digital image analysis. This method streamlines the procedures between phenotype acquisition and data analysis and includes specimen mounting, image acquisition, pixel value extraction, and trait measurement.

量化腹部色素沉着<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

Pigmentation is a morphologically simple but highly variable trait that often has adaptive significance. It has served extensively as a model for ...

科研

遗传学

Water in Oil Emulsions: A New System for Assembling Water-soluble Chlorophyll-binding Proteins with Hydrophobic Pigments

Chlorophylls (Chls) and bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) are the primary cofactors that carry out photosynthetic light harvesting and electron transport. Their functionality critically depends on their specific organization within large and elaborate multisubunit transmembrane protein complexes. In order to understand at the molecular level how these complexes facilitate solar energy conversion, it is essential to understand protein-pigment, and pigment-pigment interactions, and their effect on excited dynamics. One way of gaining such understanding is by constructing and studying complexes of Chls with simple water-soluble recombinant proteins. However, incorporating the lipophilic Chls and BChls into water-soluble proteins is difficult. Moreover, there is no general method, which could be used for assembly of water-soluble proteins with hydrophobic pigments. Here, we demonstrate a simple and high throughput system based on water-in-oil emulsions, which enables assembly of water-soluble proteins with hydrophobic Chls. The new method was validated by assembling recombinant versions of the water-soluble chlorophyll binding protein of Brassicaceae plants (WSCP) with Chl a. We demonstrate the successful assembly of Chl a using crude lysates of WSCP expressing E. coli cell, which may be used for developing a genetic screen system for novel water-soluble Chl-binding proteins, and for studies of Chl-protein interactions and assembly processes.

This manuscript describes a simple and high-throughput method for assembling water-soluble proteins with hydrophobic pigments that is based on water-in-oil emulsions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in the assembly of native chlorophylls with four variants of recombinant water-soluble-chlorophyll binding proteins (WSCPs) of Brassica plants expressed in E. coli.

水在油乳剂:与疏水性颜料装配水溶性叶绿素结合蛋白的新系统

Chlorophylls (Chls) and bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) are the primary cofactors that carry out photosynthetic light harvesting and electron transport. ...

化学

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients

Brood parasites lay their eggs in other females' nests, leaving the host parents to hatch and rear their young. Studying how brood parasites manipulate hosts into raising their young and how hosts detect parasitism provide important insights in the field of coevolutionary biology. Brood parasites, such as cuckoos and cowbirds, gain an evolutionary advantage because they do not have to pay the costs of rearing their own young. However, these costs select for host defenses against all developmental stages of parasites, including eggs, their young, and adults. Egg rejection experiments are the most common method used to study host defenses. During these experiments, a researcher places an experimental egg in a host nest and monitors how hosts respond. Color is often manipulated, and the expectation is that the likelihood of egg discrimination and the degree of dissimilarity between the host and experimental egg are positively related. This paper serves as a guide for conducting egg rejection experiments from describing methods for creating consistent egg colors to analyzing the findings of such experiments. Special attention is given to a new method involving uniquely colored eggs along color gradients that has the potential to explore color biases in host recognition. Without standardization, it is not possible to compare findings between studies in a meaningful way; a standard protocol within this field will allow for increasingly accurate and comparable results for further experiments.

This protocol provides guidelines for running egg rejection experiments: outlining techniques for painting experimental egg models to emulate the colors of natural bird eggs, conducting fieldwork, and analyzing the collected data. This protocol provides a uniform method for conducting comparable egg rejection experiments.

基于表型梯度的鸡蛋排斥试验对鸡蛋识别极限的探讨

Brood parasites lay their eggs in other females' nests, leaving the host parents to hatch and rear their young. Studying how brood parasites manipulate ...

行为学

Exfoliation and Analysis of Large-area, Air-Sensitive Two-Dimensional Materials

We describe methods for producing and analyzing large, thin flakes of air-sensitive two-dimensional materials. Thin flakes of layered or van der Waals crystals are produced using mechanical exfoliation, in which layers are peeled off a bulk crystal using adhesive tape. This method produces high-quality flakes, but they are often small and can be hard to find, particularly for materials with relatively high cleavage energies such as black phosphorus. By heating the substrate and the tape, two-dimensional material adhesion to the substrate is promoted, and the flake yield can be increased by up to a factor of ten. After exfoliation, it is necessary to image or otherwise analyze these flakes but some two-dimensional materials are sensitive to oxygen or water and will degrade when exposed air. We have designed and tested a hermetic transfer cell to temporarily maintain the inert environment of a glovebox so that air-sensitive flakes can be imaged and analyzed with minimal degradation. The compact design of the transfer cell is such that optical analysis of sensitive materials can be performed outside of a glovebox without specialized equipment or modifications to existing equipment.

A method for exfoliating large thin flakes of air sensitive two-dimensional materials and safely transporting them for analysis outside of a glovebox is presented.

大面积空气敏感二维材料的去角质与分析

We describe methods for producing and analyzing large, thin flakes of air-sensitive two-dimensional materials. Thin flakes of layered or van der Waals ...

Electrochemical Exfoliation to Produce High-Quality Black Phosphorus

To obtain high-quality two-dimensional (2D) materials from the bulky crystals, delamination under an externally controlled stimulus is crucial. Electrochemical exfoliation of layered materials requires simple instrumentation yet offers high-quality exfoliated 2D materials with high yields and features straightforward upscalability; therefore, it represents a key technology for advancing fundamental studies and industrial applications. Moreover, the solution processability of functionalized 2D materials enables the fabrication of (opto)electronic and energy devices via different printing technologies such as inkjet printing and 3D printing. This paper presents the electrochemical exfoliation protocol for the synthesis of black phosphorus (BP), one of the most promising emerging 2D materials, from its bulk crystals in a step-by-step manner, namely, cathodic electrochemical exfoliation of BP in the presence of N(C4H9)4&#8729;HSO4 in propylene carbonate, dispersion preparation by sonication and subsequent centrifugation for the separation of flakes, and morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>电化学去角质以产生高质量的黑磷

We present a step-by-step procedure for electrochemical exfoliation of black phosphorus (BP), one of the most promising emerging 2D materials with applications in (opto)electronics, from its bulk crystals, as well as the morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy.

电化学去角质以产生高质量的黑磷

To obtain high-quality two-dimensional (2D) materials from the bulky crystals, delamination under an externally controlled stimulus is crucial. ...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids. In vivo, these proteins are folded with pigments to form complexes which are inserted in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The high similarity in the chemical and physical properties of the members of the family, together with the fact that they can easily lose pigments during isolation, makes their purification in a native state challenging. An alternative approach to obtain homogeneous preparations of LHCs was developed by Plumley and Schmidt in 19871, who showed that it was possible to reconstitute these complexes in vitro starting from purified pigments and unfolded apoproteins, resulting in complexes with properties very similar to that of native complexes. This opened the way to the use of bacterial expressed recombinant proteins for in vitro reconstitution. The reconstitution method is powerful for various reasons: (1) pure preparations of individual complexes can be obtained, (2) pigment composition can be controlled to assess their contribution to structure and function, (3) recombinant proteins can be mutated to study the functional role of the individual residues (e.g., pigment binding sites) or protein domain (e.g., protein-protein interaction, folding). This method has been optimized in several laboratories and applied to most of the light-harvesting complexes. The protocol described here details the method of reconstituting light-harvesting complexes in vitro currently used in our laboratory, and examples describing applications of the method are provided.

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

This protocol details the reconstitution of light-harvesting complexes in vitro. These integral membrane proteins coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids and are responsible for harvesting light in higher plants and green algae.

在植物和绿藻的捕光配合体外重组

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls ...

生物学

A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities are supported in part by the areal expansion and retraction of pigmented organs known as chromatophores. While it is known that the chromatophores contain a tethered network of pigmented granules, their structure-function properties have not been fully detailed. We describe a method for isolating the nanostructured granules in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores and demonstrate how their associated pigments can be extracted in acidic solvents. To accomplish this, the chromatophore containing dermal layer is first manually isolated using a superficial dissection, and the pigment granules are removed using sonication, centrifugation, and washing cycles. Pigments confined within the purified granules are then extracted via acidic methanol solutions, leaving nanostructures with smaller diameters that are void of visible color. This extraction procedure produces a 58% yield of soluble pigments isolated from granules. Using this method, the composition of the chromatophore pigments can be determined and used to provide insight into the mechanism of adaptive coloration in cephalopods.

A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

A protocol for the extraction of pigments from the nanostructured granules in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores is presented.

一种从鱿鱼提取色素的方法<em&gt; Doryteuthis pealeii</em

Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities ...

Column Chromatography

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
<ol class="note-items">
	<li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">Column Chromatography of Food Dye<button class="expand">Expand</button>
	In this experiment, you&#39;ll use column chromatography to separate green food coloring into its component blue and yellow dyes, called erioglaucine and tartrazine. First, you&#39;ll use 95% ethanol to elute the dye with a weaker affinity for silica gel. Then, you&#39;ll flush the second dye from the column with water. To recover the purified dyes, you will collect each band of dye as it leaves the column. These collected volumes are called fractions.
	<ul class="lab-items">
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-2">
		<div class="lab-step">To begin, put on a lab coat, safety glasses, and a pair of nitrile gloves.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-3">
		<div class="lab-step">Bring a column or burette to the central supply area. Obtain a piece of cotton or glass wool and press it into the top of your column. Use a long, blunt-ended wire or rod to push it down to plug the column just above the stopcock. Note: The cotton must be stable, but don&#39;t pack it too densely, because the solvent needs to pass through it easily. Make sure that the stopcock can turn freely without catching on the plug.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-4">
		<div class="lab-step">Attach a burette clamp to a lab stand and clamp the column upright with about 4 in of space underneath it. Make sure that the stopcock is closed.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-5">
		<div class="lab-step">Label a 100-mL beaker as &#8216;waste&#8217; and place it under the column.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-6">
		<div class="lab-step">Next, measure 1 g of sand in a tared weighing boat and bring it back to the bench.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-7">
		<div class="lab-step">Then, mark the column about 0.5 cm above the top of the cotton plug.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-8">
		<div class="lab-step">Place a small funnel in the top of the column and pour enough sand through the funnel so that there is a layer 0.5 cm deep over the plug. This will keep the silica gel from passing through the plug into your fractions.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-9">
		<div class="lab-step">Remove the funnel and gently tap the column to evenly distribute the sand.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-10">
		<div class="lab-step">Now, prepare your eluents. Label a 50-mL beaker and a 50-mL graduated cylinder as &#8216;water&#8217;.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-11">
		<div class="lab-step">Measure 50 mL of deionized water with the graduated cylinder and pour it into the beaker.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-12">
		<div class="lab-step">Then, label another 50-mL beaker and a 50-mL graduated cylinder as &#8216;ethanol&#8217;. Measure 50 mL of 95% ethanol and pour it into this beaker.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-13">
		<div class="lab-step">Now, obtain 4 or 5 clean Pasteur pipettes and a pipette bulb. Gently pipette 7 &#8211; 8 mL of ethanol along the inner walls of the column. This layer of solvent will let you pour this silica gel slurry into the column without disturbing the sand.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-14">
		<div class="lab-step">Open the stopcock and drain ~1 mL of ethanol into the waste beaker to flush air from the stopcock and to confirm that the solvent flows easily through the plug. Make sure that there are no dry patches in the sand and the plug and gently tap the side of the column to remove trapped air bubbles.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-15">
		<div class="lab-step">Next, place a clean funnel in the top of the column and label a third 50-mL beaker &#8216;silica gel slurry in ethanol&#8217;.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-16">
		<div class="lab-step">Carefully weigh 5 g of silica gel powder and pour it into your labeled beaker.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-17">
		<div class="lab-step">Then, bring the silica gel, a glass rod, and your ethanol graduated cylinder to the ethanol dispensing hood.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-18">
		<div class="lab-step">Measure 18 mL of 95% ethanol and pour it into the beaker. Stir the mixture with the glass rod until the texture is consistent and no dry patches or clumps of powder remain. This usually takes ~1 min. Note: The slurry should be thick, like batter, but it should still flow easily. If the slurry is too stiff, it could clog the funnel or trap air bubbles in the column.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-19">
		<div class="lab-step">Once the powder is completely suspended in ethanol, bring it to your bench. Stir the slurry until its texture is consistent again and immediately pour it into the column.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-20">
		<div class="lab-step">Gently tap the sides of the column as the silica gel settles to get rid of air bubbles.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-21">
		<div class="lab-step">Rinse the beaker with 1 or 2 mL of ethanol, and pour the rinse into the column. Then, remove the funnel and set it aside.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-22">
		<div class="lab-step">Pipette ethanol along the inside of the column to wash down particles stuck to the walls. Then, drain the solvent until the meniscus is just barely above the top of the silica gel.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-23">
		<div class="lab-step">Now, use a 5- or 10-mL graduated cylinder to obtain about 0.8 mL of the green food dye solution.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-24">
		<div class="lab-step">Use a clean pipette to gently apply 5 to 7 drops of the dye solution evenly across the top of the silica gel. If necessary, add a few drops of ethanol to keep the silica gel covered.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-25">
		<div class="lab-step">While you wait for the dye to soak in, label two clean 50-mL beakers as &#8216;ethanol fraction&#8216; and &#8216;water fraction&#8217;. Exchange the waste beaker under the column with the ethanol fraction beaker.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-26">
		<div class="lab-step">Next, fill the column with ethanol, pipetting the first mL along the inner walls to avoid disturbing the silica gel.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-27">
		<div class="lab-step">Then, open the stopcock partway and adjust it until the solvent level decreases ~1 mL every 15 &#8211; 20 s.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-28">
		<div class="lab-step">Periodically refill the column to keep the ethanol flowing. Make sure that there is at least 1 cm of solvent above the silica gel at all times.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-29">
		<div class="lab-step">Monitor the yellow and blue bands as they separate. Note: If you need to step away, close the stopcock so that the column won&#39;t run dry while you&#39;re gone. Avoid stopping for more than 1 min at a time because the compound bands will start broadening. It usually takes about 20 &#8211; 35 min for the faster-moving dye to leave the column.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-30">
		<div class="lab-step">Once you have collected all of the faster-moving dye in the ethanol fraction beaker, close the stopcock, set the ethanol fraction aside, and put the waste beaker under the column.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-31">
		<div class="lab-step">Drain the solvent until the meniscus is just above the top of the silica gel. Then, exchange the waste beaker for the water fraction beaker.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-32">
		<div class="lab-step">Use a clean pipette to fill the top of the column with deionized water. Then, open the stopcock just enough to let water flow through the column at a rate of about 1 mL every 15 &#8211; 20 s.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-33">
		<div class="lab-step">Refill the column with water as needed until the second band of color has completely left the column. This usually takes another 15 &#8211; 25 min. Then, close the stopcock and exchange the water fraction beaker for the waste beaker.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-34">
		<div class="lab-step">Now, drain the column completely and leave the stopcock open.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-35">
		<div class="lab-step">Record the colors of the ethanol and water fractions in your lab notebook.
		<h4>Table 1: Column Chromatography of Food Dye</h4>
		<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
			<tbody>
				<tr>
					<td></td>
					<td>Color </td>
					<td>Volume (mL) </td>
				</tr>
				<tr>
					<td>Ethanol fraction</td>
					<td></td>
					<td></td>
				</tr>
				<tr>
					<td>Water fraction</td>
					<td></td>
					<td></td>
				</tr>
			</tbody>
		</table>
		<a href="https://www.jove.com/CDNSource/lm/labs/63/Table_1._Column_chromatography_of_food_dye.xlsx" target="_blank">Click Here to download Table 1</a></div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-36">
		<div class="lab-step">Pour the fractions into the corresponding 50 mL graduated cylinders and record the volume of each fraction. Then, close the stopcock and bring the column to a fume hood.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-37">
		<div class="lab-step">Clamp the column upright in the hood so that the silica gel can dry. Your instructor will either tell you how to clean the column or take care of it after the lab.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-38">
		<div class="lab-step">Now, flush the collected fractions and leftover ethanol, water, and dye solution down the drain and clean the rest of your glassware as usual.</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-39">
		<div class="lab-step">Discard used Pasteur pipettes in the glass waste. Throw out used paper towels and weighing boat in the lab trash and clean the benchtop before you leave.</div>
		</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li data-note-item="2" data-parent-collapse="">Results<button class="expand">Expand</button>
	In this experiment, you saw that ethanol eluted the blue erioglaucine in a timely manner, but it wasn&#39;t an effective eluent for the yellow tartrazine. Paper chromatography of the green dye shows similar results. Thus, we conclude that erioglaucine has a lower affinity for silica gel than tartrazine does.
	Now, consider the advantages of using two solvents to elute the dye separately. Water is more polar than ethanol, so we assume that it would elute both dyes faster than ethanol alone would. While you also would have used less solvent overall if you had only used water, the separation would have been worse, making it harder to collect pure fractions.
	Alternatively, you could have kept using ethanol after you collected the erioglaucine, but it would have taken a long time and a lot of ethanol to elute tartrazine that way. Switching the eluent to water after eluting erioglaucine saved time and minimized solvent waste without sacrificing purity.
	<ul class="lab-items">
	</ul>
	</li>
</ol>

Column Chromatography: Experimental Setup and Separation - Procedure

层析柱

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Column Chromatography of Food DyeExpand
	In this ...

教育

JoVE Lab Manual

Lab Manual Sub Articles

Depigmentation and Prestaining of Zebrafish Kidney: A Technique to Prepare Adult Zebrafish Kidney for Staining

Source: McCampbell, K. K. et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/51644" target="_blank">Analysis of Nephron Composition and Function in the Adult Zebrafish Kidney.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2014)
In this video, we demonstrate the depigmentation of adult zebrafish kidney and its subsequent preparation for staining procedures. Post-staining, the adult zebrafish kidney can be used for studying kidney regeneration, phenotypic characterization of renal disease models, and nephron functionality.

埃及蓝色和汉蓝，两碱地球铜硅酸盐类颜料剥落

摘要

探索更多视频

量化腹部色素沉着

水在油乳剂:与疏水性颜料装配水溶性叶绿素结合蛋白的新系统

基于表型梯度的鸡蛋排斥试验对鸡蛋识别极限的探讨

大面积空气敏感二维材料的去角质与分析

电化学去角质以产生高质量的黑磷

电化学去角质以产生高质量的黑磷

在植物和绿藻的捕光配合体外重组

一种从鱿鱼提取色素的方法

层析柱

斑马鱼肾脏的色素脱色和预染:一种准备成年斑马鱼肾脏染色的技术