Supported by grants from CNRS and INSERM. PM acknowledges support from the Fondation pour la Recherche M&#233;dicale en France (Equipe FRM 2009). SC acknowledges support from the Fondation de France.

在这项工作中所用的小鼠照料并符合欧盟理事会（86/609 / EU）的使用实验动物的指导方针进行处理。 1，准备所需的解决方案<ol><li>库存解决方案<ol><li> 10X聚-L-鸟氨酸（巴解组织）溶液：称取10mg解放军氢溴酸盐（分子量= 30,000-70,000），溶于70毫升无菌水。筛选储存在-20℃下用0.2微米的针筒式过滤器，等分试样的溶液，和。 </li><li> 30％葡萄糖溶液：称取30克D（+） - 糖和无菌水溶解至100ml的总体积。过滤，分装，并储存在4℃。 </li><li> 5倍的Dulbecco改良的Eagle培养基（DMEM）/营养混合物F-12火腿：称取6克的DMEM / F-12火腿粉末和在无菌水中溶解至100ml的总体积。过滤，分装，并储存在4℃。 </li><li> 7.5％的碳酸氢钠（ 碳酸氢钠 ）Soluti于：称取7.5克的NaHCO 3和在无菌水中溶解至100ml的总体积。过滤，分装，并储存在4℃。 </li><li>的1M HEPES溶液：称取23.8克的HEPES和在无菌水中溶解至100ml的总体积。过滤，分装，并储存在4℃。 </li><li> 70％（V / V）乙醇稀释：将70ml无水乙醇溶液用30ml无菌水。 </li></ol></li><li>磷酸盐缓冲盐水与葡萄糖和抗生素（PBS-GAB）：加入10毫升30％的葡萄糖溶液和5毫升的青霉素 - 链霉素溶液至500ml Dulbecco氏磷酸盐缓冲盐水中。保存在4℃。 </li><li>灭活胎牛血清（IFBS）：解冻的牛血清一夜之间在4°C和灭活，在56℃下30分钟。等分入50ml并储存在-20℃。 </li><li>培养基：在灭菌水中，混匀依次40毫升5×DMEM / F12-火腿，加入1ml的1M HEPES，将2ml的200mM的L-谷氨酰胺，2个ml的青霉素 - 链霉素的加入4ml的30％的葡萄糖次加入3ml 7.5％的NaHCO 3，以180 ml ​​的终体积。过滤并使用相同的天。 </li><li>激素混合<ol><li>制备180毫升培养基。溶解200mg的脱辅基转铁蛋白的这种媒介。 </li><li>称取50毫克胰岛素的和溶解于2ml 0.1M的HCl中。加入慢慢加入8毫升无菌水混合的同时轻轻地。稀释此溶液在培养基中。 </li><li>称取19.3毫克腐胺二盐酸盐和溶解在10ml的无菌水。加入10 ml溶液的激素组合。 </li><li>制备在无菌水中的3mM的亚硒酸钠溶液并在无水乙醇中的2mM的孕酮溶液。加入20μl每个解决方案的激素组合。 </li><li>过滤激素混合，分装到10ml，并储存在-20℃。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2，准备培养板和仪器<ol><li>培养皿中的FBS涂层：先解剖当天，准备180毫升培养基。加入10毫升IFBS到90毫升培养介质中。加入300μl/孔的培养基/ 10％IFBS到聚-D-赖氨酸预涂布的24孔板。孵育过夜，在37℃。在4℃下储存剩余的介质（有或无IFBS）。 </li><li>消毒器械和巴氏吸管。聚集在材料表中列出，以及一个II级层流罩和CO 2培养箱设备。 </li></ol> 3，解剖小鼠中脑的<ol><li> （根据机构的指导方针）牺牲一个E13.5孕鼠。清洁鼠标，用70％乙醇的腹部和打开腹部壁。收集的子宫角，用细腻的剪刀打开它们，从子宫角解剖每个胚胎，取出羊膜。将胚胎在含有无菌PBS-GAB 100毫米的培养皿中，用血管钳在连续3个相同的浴用转移把它们洗干净。对于剥离，将胚胎由3 60mm的无菌培养皿中。 </li><li> MOVË在体视显微镜下最后的培养皿中。不要杀头的胚胎。使用Vannas剪刀，切除大脑。 <ol><li>小心地取出并丢弃fore-和后脑区域。以喙侧，切断靠近丘脑区域，以尾侧切口在峡部区域，除去上丘。 </li><li>一旦中脑腹侧被隔离，小心地取出使用的超精细镊子脑膜。收集解剖段，无脑膜，在无菌13毫升套管内填充的PBS-GAB。 </li></ol></li><li>清洁管彻底含有mesencephala用70％乙醇，并把它罩下。 </li></ol> 4，细胞分离<ol><li>洗mesencephala 3倍用无菌PBS-GAB。让大脑碎片每次冲洗之间解决，避免破坏组织。最后一次洗涤后，在3毫升胰蛋白酶/ EDTA的15分钟的仔细去除尽可能多的解决方案，尽可能孵育脑段，在37℃CO 2的培养箱中培养。 </li><li>火抛光的巴斯德吸液管以最大化神经元作为非抛光的玻璃移液管的端部的存活是锋利的，并且可以在解离步骤，损伤细胞。稍微减轻肢体的直径（最大0.5mm）的巴斯德吸管，而火抛光的。 </li><li>小心除去尽可能多的胰蛋白酶/ EDTA溶液尽可能和加入10 ml培养基/ 10％IFBS。洗脑段与3倍的培养基/ 10％IFBS。 </li><li>用火抛光的巴斯德吸液管，开始在6ml培养基/ 10％IFBS的mesencephala的离解。磨碎10X（避免产生气泡），使块定居，然后收集在一个新的无菌13毫升管中。 </li><li>加入6毫升培养介质中，重复前面的步骤一次，并收集含有解离的细胞在相同13毫升管的平台。 </li><li>离心细胞，在160 g下5分钟。弃上清，悬浮细胞培养液中添加了10％的激素组合。 </li></ol> 5，细胞接种<ol><li>计数细胞悬液中Malassez细胞和调节介质的体积的60万个细胞/ ml的浓度。周围1700000细胞可以从一个小鼠中脑获得。 </li><li>除去含FBS的涂覆​​介质从24孔板中，并添加于各孔的1 ml的细胞悬浮液（600,000个细胞/孔，TH +细胞的2-4％）。 </li><li>孵育板在37℃和5％CO 2/95％空气。无介质的改变是必要的。多巴胺能神经元后， 在体外各地5-7天（多巴胺转运体的表达相一致）的成熟。保持文化的长达15天不更换培养基细胞。 </li></ol> 6，免疫荧光协议<ol><li>盖玻片清洗<ol><li>解剖前一天，加入10毫升1 M盐酸到培养皿中。放置在所述液体12-15盖玻片的表面上，等待15分钟。 </li><li>沉封面潜入该液体，然后等待15分钟。 </li><li>除去HCl和水洗涤3次。 </li><li>一次，用纯乙醇快速洗涤盖玻片，然后加入纯乙醇的培养皿，并等待30分钟。 </li><li>引擎盖下，从乙醇中取出清洁的盖玻片上，并加入用无菌镊子12孔细胞培养板中的1盖玻片每孔。 </li><li>冲洗用无菌水（1ml /孔）盖玻片两次。然后，用无菌PBS洗涤一次它们。 </li></ol></li><li>盖玻片的涂布<ol><li>除去PBS中，加入500μl/ 2倍巴解组织以及（PBS稀释）。孵育4小时，在37℃下在CO 2培养箱中培养。 </li><li>删除巴解组织溶液和洗涤3次，用无菌的PBS。 </li><li>除去PBS，加入500微升/孔的20％IFBS / 1克/毫升的层粘连蛋白。在CO 2培养箱中孵育过夜，在37℃。 </li></ol></li><li>电镀的细胞免疫<ol><li>从12孔板中除去涂层介质。 </li><li>添加900,000个细胞/孔的2ml体积，并在培养箱中生长的细胞中，在37℃。细胞可以保持在培养最多15天而不更换培养基。 </li></ol></li><li>免疫组化<ol><li>从12孔板中除去培养基，并用500微升/孔的DMEM预热至37℃。 </li><li>加入500μl/孔的DMEM中预热至37℃，再加入微升轻轻160 /孔8％多聚甲醛（PFA，2％的最终浓度），并孵育10分钟，在37℃。 </li><li>除去PFA，洗3次，用PBS / 0.1M甘氨酸10分钟。 </li><li>除去PBS，加入300微升/孔的PBS / 0.05％的Triton X-100/20％山羊血清和温育30分钟，在室温下进行。 </li><li>除去培养基，加入300微升/孔的在PBS中稀释的第一抗体/ 0.05％的Triton X-100/1％山羊血清孵育2小时，在室温下进行。可用于多巴胺能神经元和培养特性的检测初级抗体被显示在材料表中。保持1以及无第一抗体，以评估不同的第二抗体的背景。 </li><li>除去培养基洗3次，用PBS / 0.2％明胶的10分钟。 </li><li>除去培养基，加入300微升/孔的在PBS中稀释的二级抗体/ 0.05％的Triton X-100/1％山羊血清孵育1小时，在室温下，在黑暗中。使用的二级抗体中注明的材料表中。 </li><li>除去培养基洗3次，用PBS / 0.2％明胶的10分钟。 </li><li>除去培养基，用PBS洗3次。 </li><li>装在载玻片上的细胞一侧的盖玻片下来一滴的Vectashield的。保持载玻片在室温下过夜，以让该安装介质干燥，然后将它们存储在4℃。 </li><li>掌握用共聚焦显微镜或装备表面荧光相差显微镜图像。被收购与徕卡SP2的紫外激光共聚焦显微镜的代表图像。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+role+of+microglial+NADPH+oxidase-derived+free+radicals+in+the+in+vitro+MPTP+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Critical role of microglial NADPH oxidase-derived free radicals in the in vitro MPTP model of Parkinson's disease.</a> FASEB J. 17, 1954-1956 (2003).</li><li>Lin, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+expression+of+Parkinson's+disease-related+mutant+alpha-synuclein+in+the+midbrain+dopaminergic+neurons+causes+progressive+neurodegeneration+and+degradation+of+transcription+factor+nuclear+receptor+related+1.">Conditional expression of Parkinson's disease-related mutant alpha-synuclein in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons causes progressive neurodegeneration and degradation of transcription factor nuclear receptor related 1.</a> J Neurosci. 32, 9248-9264 (2012).</li><li>Bye, C. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

这个协议提出必要从胚胎小鼠和免疫荧光法检测多巴胺能神经元的制备中脑的神经元的原代培养物的方法和试剂。关键步骤的程序是在胚胎的清扫和收集的脑碎片的机械解离。高品质的解剖工具，有助于掌握解剖技术。 DA能神经元构成脑的一小部分。因此，收集的腹侧中脑的右侧部分是必不可少的，以获得含有多巴胺神经元的2-4％的培养。机械解离应仔细并轻轻进行。如果文化包含集群的非游离?...

多巴胺，基本脑神经递质1,2中的一个，主要是释放由脑多巴胺能（DA）神经元。大多数DA能神经元位于中脑2-6的腹侧部分。概略地，中脑多巴胺神经元可在三个解剖和功能划分不同的投影系统：mesostriatal，中脑边缘和mesocortical通路2,5。黑质纹状体通路参与运动行为，中脑边缘通路在加强，动机和学习中发挥重要作用，而多巴胺能途径投射到额叶前部皮质有牵连的认知2。 多巴胺神经元参与了几个人的神经系统疾病如精神分裂症，注意力不足，过度活动症和帕金森氏病（PD）2,4。帕金森病的特点是DA能神经元的进行性和选择性变性连接黑质致密部（SNC）的纹状体。的黑质-纹状体多巴胺神经元的结果在纹状体严重多巴胺耗竭的损失，是负责对帕金森病的运动症状（运动迟缓，静止性震颤，和刚性）7。的特发性帕金森病的初始原因尚未确定与当前治疗是唯一的症状，目的是恢复的多巴胺水平在纹状体。最常用的处方药物是左旋多巴（左旋多巴），多巴胺的前体自然。尽管左旋多巴的给药补偿多巴胺在一定时间内的损耗，运动并发症后发生的长期治疗（运动障碍和开/关状态）8,9。 研究多巴胺能神经元和PD是在不断发展和正在作出巨大努力来开发基于细胞移植，基因治疗，或神经保护剂10,11治疗。然而，一个重要问题仍然是非阐明：什么是极端vulnerab的原因DA能神经元的能性？部分答案可以在DA能神经元的活性被发现。在DA能神经元的兴奋性电活动和减速似乎增加他们的倾向退化12。然而，帕金森病发病机制的复杂性，需要进一步研究，以确定神经元变性13-15参与多巴胺的机制。 小学文化，特别是有关研究多巴胺神经元的特性16-19和对神经保护剂20-24评估挑战这些神经元的各种压力。大鼠培养模型是最常用的，如大鼠胚胎中脑的解剖比较容易，比较用鼠标，以及较高量的神经元可以在大鼠中获得。然而，新一代的25病转基因小鼠模型大大提高了社区的神经学家小学文化，从鼠标26-29的兴趣。虽然文化公关从新生动物epared都可以使用，最好是它们的胚胎在有丝分裂后的阶段（E13.5的中脑的神经元）制备，当神经元都保留其分化能力。以下协议呈现在来自小鼠胚胎（E13.5），这是最困难的，制备原代培养物分离的脑的神经元。值得注意的是，我们提供了使用无血清培养基更好的重现性的协议。在培养制备物（夹层和机械解离）的两个最重要的步骤将被仔细地详述于相关联的视频。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1291">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>14-801F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">DMEM 4.5g/L Glucose with L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">0.05% Trypsin-EDTA (1X), Phenol Red&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-glutamine, 200 mM Solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 Ham</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>D0547</td>
			<td>Powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Laminin - 1 mg/mL in Tris buffered NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-L-Ornithine hydrobromide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>P3655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Insulin from porcine pancreas</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">I5523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">apo-Transferrin human</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">T1147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Putrescine dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">P5780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Progesterone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">P8783</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Sodium selenite</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">S5261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H4034&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">G7126</td>
			<td>Stock solution 1M in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">G9391</td>
			<td>Stock solution 2% (w/v) in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">T8532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde 16% in water</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">RT 15710-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">106329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D(+)-Glucose, Monohydrate</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>4074-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Hydrochloric acid - c(HCl) = 1 mol/l (1 N) Titripur</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">109057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Sterile water - Aqua B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Ethanol absolute NORMAPUR analytical reagent</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">20821.321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Sterile Petri Dishes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82050-566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Pasteur pipettes plain glass - Wilhem Ulbrich GdbR.</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>612-2297</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Counting chamber Malassez</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">631-0975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Serum Acrodisc Syringe Filter with Supor Membrane, Sterile, GF/0.2 &#181;m, 37 mm</td>
			<td>PALL Life science</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">4525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical Scissors - Straight, sharp-sharp, 14.5 cm long</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14002-14</td>
			<td>To open the abdominal wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scissors - Straight, pointed, delicate, 10 cm long</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MORIA</td>
			<td>4877A</td>
			<td>To open the uterine wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps - Curved, usual, serrated jaws 1 mm</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MORIA</td>
			<td>2183</td>
			<td>To manipulate embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Vannas Scissors - Curved, pointed, 7 mm blades</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MORIA</td>
			<td>MC50</td>
			<td>To take out the mesencephalon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultra Fine Forceps - Curved, delicate, 13 cm long</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MORIA</td>
			<td>9987</td>
			<td>To remove meninges</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD BioCoat Poly-D-Lysine 24-well Multiwell Plates</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">356414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD Falcon 12-well Cell Culture Plate, flat-bottom with lid</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">353043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SuperFrost Microscope Slides, Ground edges 90&#186;</td>
			<td>MENZEL-GL&#196;SER</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">AG00008032E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Precision cover glasses thickness No. 1.5H circular 18 mm &#216;</td>
			<td>MARIENFELD</td>
			<td>117580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 (MAP2) Antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon Millipore</td>
			<td>AB5622</td>
			<td>1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD67) Antibody, clone 1G10.2</td>
			<td>Chemicon Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB5406</td>
			<td>1/400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Monoclonal Rat Anti-Dopamine Transporter (DAT) Antibody, clone DAT-Nt&#160;</td>
			<td>Chemicon Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB369</td>
			<td>1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Monoclonal Mouse Anti-5-HT Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td>1/8,000 - Generous gift from Yves Charnay (Swizerland, Yves.Charnay@hcuge.ch)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat Serum, New Zealand Origin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">16210-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 405 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">A-31556</td>
			<td>1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Rat IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-11007</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VECTASHIELD HardSet Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss microscopy</td>
			<td>Stemi-2000C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Bunsen Burner FIREBOY</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">451-0136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

primary culture of mouse dopaminergic neurons

多巴胺能神经元代表了在大脑中的神经元的总数的不到1％。这样低的神经元的数量调节重要脑部功能，如马达控制，动机和工作记忆。黑质纹状体多巴胺能神经元的选择性退化在帕金森氏病（PD）。这种渐进的神经元损失明确的病理症状电机（运动迟缓，静止性震颤和肌强直）有关。负责任的多巴胺能神经元退变主要代理仍是未知数。然而，这些神经元似乎是在各种条件下非常脆弱。原代培养物构成的最相关的模型之一来调查性能和多巴胺能神经元的特征。这些培养物可以以阻止或减缓神经元变性提交模仿PD病理各种应激剂和神经保护性化合物。 PD的大量的转基因小鼠模型中对已根儿在过去十年中ATED进一步增加研究者对多巴胺能神经元培养物的兴趣。在这里，视频协议侧重于胚胎小鼠大脑的细腻解剖。腹侧的精确切除是至关重要的，获得神经元培养足够丰富的多巴胺能细胞，使随后的研究。此协议可实现与胚胎转基因小鼠，并适合免疫荧光染色，定量PCR，第二信使量化，或神经元死亡/存活评估。

的中脑培养步骤的图示流程图如图1所示。简言之，从怀孕的瑞士小鼠收集E13.5胚胎后，腹侧被从整个胚胎解剖。在分离脑片段依次提交酶促消化和机械解离。解离的细胞，通过离心沉淀，重新悬浮在培养基中，并接种在预​​先包被12或24孔板中。将细胞保持15天不更换培养基。 腹侧中脑解剖的详细流程图，对应于步骤3.2中，示于图2。虚线红色线条表...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons at JoVE.com

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

小鼠多巴胺能神经元的原代培养

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

primary-culture-of-mouse-dopaminergic-neurons

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

37.2K 次观看.  Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier. Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

视频: Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and synapse formation and function. An advantage of culturing these neurons is that they readily polarize, forming distinctive axons and dendrites, on a two dimensional substrate at very low densities. This property has made them extremely useful for determining many aspects of neuronal development. Furthermore, by providing glial conditioning for these neurons they will continue to develop, forming functional synaptic connections and surviving for several months in culture. In this protocol we outline a technique to dissect, culture and transfect embryonic mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Transfection is accomplished by electroporating DNA into the neurons before plating via nucleofection. This protocol has the advantage of expressing fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins early in development (~4-8hrs after plating) to study the dynamics and function of proteins during polarization, axon outgrowth and branching. We have also discovered that this single transfection before plating maintains fluorescently-tagged fusion protein expression at levels appropriate for imaging throughout the lifetime of the neuron (&gt; 2 months in culture). Thus, this methodology is useful for studying protein localization and function throughout CNS development with little or no disruption of neuronal function.

This protocol outlines the steps required to dissect, transfect via electroporation and culture mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Short-term cultures may be used for studies of axon outgrowth and guidance, while long-term cultures can be used for studies of synaptogenesis and dendritic spine analysis.

Nucleofection和胚胎小鼠海马和皮层神经元的原代培养

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

科研

神经科学

Bilaminar Co-culture of Primary Rat Cortical Neurons and Glia

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or co-culture model. This system is suitable for a variety of experimental needs requiring either a glass or plastic growth substrate and can also be used for culture of other types of neurons.
Rat cortical neurons obtained from the late embryonic stage (E17) are plated on glass coverslips or tissue culture dishes facing a feeder layer of glia grown on dishes or plastic coverslips (known as Thermanox), respectively. The choice between the two configurations depends on the specific experimental technique used, which may require, or not, that neurons are grown on glass (e.g. calcium imaging versus Western blot). The glial feeder layer, an astroglia-enriched secondary culture of mixed glia, is separately prepared from the cortices of newborn rat pups (P2-4) prior to the neuronal dissection.
A major advantage of this culture system as compared to a culture of neurons only is the support of neuronal growth, survival, and differentiation provided by trophic factors secreted from the glial feeder layer, which more accurately resembles the brain environment in vivo. Furthermore, the co-culture can be used to study neuronal-glial interactions1.
At the same time, glia contamination in the neuronal layer is prevented by different means (low density culture, addition of mitotic inhibitors, lack of serum and use of optimized culture medium) leading to a virtually pure neuronal layer, comparable to other established methods1-3. Neurons can be easily separated from the glial layer at any time during culture and used for different experimental applications ranging from electrophysiology4, cellular and molecular biology5-8, biochemistry5, imaging and microscopy4,6,7,9,10. The primary neurons extend axons and dendrites to form functional synapses11, a process which is not observed in neuronal cell lines, although some cell lines do extend processes.
A detailed protocol of culturing rat hippocampal neurons using this co-culture system has been described previously4,12,13. Here we detail a modified protocol suited for cortical neurons. As approximately 20x106 cells are recovered from each rat embryo, this method is particularly useful for experiments requiring large numbers of neurons (but not concerned about a highly homogenous neuronal population). The preparation of neurons and glia needs to be planned in a time-specific manner. We will provide the step-by-step protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons as well as culturing glial cells to support the neurons.

Here we provide a protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer. The cultured neurons establish polarity and create synapses, and can be separated from the glia for use in various applications, such as electrophysiology, calcium imaging, cell survival assays, immunocytochemistry, and RNA/DNA/protein isolation.

二层共培养小学的大鼠皮层神经元和神经胶质

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or ...

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic and Striatal Explants in Three-Dimensional Collagen Matrix Assays

Midbrain dopamine (mdDA) neurons project via the medial forebrain bundle towards several areas in the telencephalon, including the striatum1. Reciprocally, medium spiny neurons in the striatum that give rise to the striatonigral (direct) pathway innervate the substantia nigra2. The development of these axon tracts is dependent upon the combinatorial actions of a plethora of axon growth and guidance cues including molecules that are released by neurites or by (intermediate) target regions3,4. These soluble factors can be studied in vitro by culturing mdDA and/or striatal explants in a collagen matrix which provides a three-dimensional substrate for the axons mimicking the extracellular environment. In addition, the collagen matrix allows for the formation of relatively stable gradients of proteins released by other explants or cells placed in the vicinity (e.g. see references 5 and 6). Here we describe methods for the purification of rat tail collagen, microdissection of dopaminergic and striatal explants, their culture in collagen gels and subsequent immunohistochemical and quantitative analysis. First, the brains of E14.5 mouse embryos are isolated and dopaminergic and striatal explants are microdissected. These explants are then (co)cultured in collagen gels on coverslips for 48 to 72 hours in vitro. Subsequently, axonal projections are visualized using neuronal markers (e.g. tyrosine hydroxylase, DARPP32, or &beta;III tubulin) and axon growth and attractive or repulsive axon responses are quantified. This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of mesostriatal and striatonigral axon growth and guidance during development. Using this assay, it is also possible to assess other (intermediate) targets for dopaminergic and striatal axons or to test specific molecular cues.

Explants from the midbrain dopamine system and striatum are used in a collagen matrix assay for the in vitro analysis of mesostriatal and striatonigral pathway development. In this assay axonal outgrowth and guidance can be manipulated and quantified. It can also be modified for assessing other regions or molecular cues.

小鼠多巴胺和三维胶原基质检测纹状体外植体的解剖和文化

Midbrain dopamine (mdDA) neurons project via the medial forebrain bundle towards several areas in the telencephalon, including the striatum1. ...

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

原发性脑多巴胺能神经元的分离，培养和长期维持胚胎脑鼠类

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

小鼠小脑颗粒神经元神经元死亡和变性的模型研究

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis which is characterized by insulin signaling impairment and chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues. The hypothalamus in the central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for energy and insulin signal response regulation. Chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues and imbalances of certain chemokines (such as CCL5, TNF&#945;, and IL-6) contribute to diabetes and obesity. However, the functional mechanism(s) connecting chemokines and hypothalamic insulin signal regulation still remain unclear.
In vitro primary neuron culture models are convenient and simple models which can be used to investigate insulin signal regulation in hypothalamic neurons. In this study, we introduced exogeneous GLUT4 protein conjugated with GFP (GFP-GLUT4) into primary hypothalamic neurons to track GLUT4 membrane translocation upon insulin stimulation. Time-lapse images of GFP-GLUT4 protein trafficking were recorded by deconvolution microscopy, which allowed users to generate high-speed, high-resolution images without damaging the neurons significantly while conducting the experiment. The contribution of CCR5 in insulin regulated GLUT4 translocation was observed in CCR5 deficient hypothalamic neurons, which were isolated and cultured from CCR5 knockout mice. Our results demonstrated that the GLUT4 membrane translocation efficiency was reduced in CCR5 deficient hypothalamic neurons after insulin stimulation.

This protocol describes a technique for observation of real-time Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) tagged Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein trafficking upon insulin stimulation and characterization of the biological role of CCR5 in the insulin&#8211;GLUT4 signaling pathway with Deconvolution Microscopy.

用反褶积显微镜观察小鼠原发性下丘脑神经元 GLUT4 蛋白的动态图像

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis which is characterized by insulin signaling impairment and chronic inflammation in peripheral ...

Primary Cell Culture of Purified GABAergic or Glutamatergic Neurons Established through Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

The overall goal of this protocol is to generate purified neuronal cultures derived from either GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons. Purified neurons can be cultured in defined media for 16 days in vitro and are amenable to any analyses typically performed on dissociated cultures, including electrophysiological, morphological and survival analyses. The major advantage of these cultures is that specific cell types can be selectively studied in the absence of complex external influences, such as those arising from glial cells or other neuron types. When planning experiments with purified cells, however, it is important to note that neurons strongly depend on glia-conditioned media for their growth and survival. In addition, glutamatergic neurons further depend on glia-secreted factors for the establishment of synaptic transmission. We therefore also describe a method for co-culturing neurons and glial cells in a non-contact arrangement. Using these methods, we have identified major differences between the development of GABAergic and glutamatergic neuronal networks. Thus, studying cultures of purified neurons has great potential for furthering our understanding of how the nervous system develops and functions. Moreover, purified cultures may be useful for investigating the direct action of pharmacological agents, growth factors or for exploring the consequences of genetic manipulations on specific cell types. As more and more transgenic animals become available, labeling additional specific cell types of interest, we expect that the protocols described here will grow in their applicability and potential.

This protocol describes a cell sorting based method for the purification and culture of fluorescent GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons from the neocortex and hippocampus of postnatal mice or rats.

荧光活化细胞分选建立纯化的 Gabaep 或谷胱甘肽神经元的原代细胞培养

The overall goal of this protocol is to generate purified neuronal cultures derived from either GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons. Purified neurons can ...

Primary Culture of Neurons Isolated from Embryonic Mouse Cerebellum

The use of primary cell cultures has become one of the major tools to study the nervous system in vitro. The ultimate goal of using this simplified model system is to provide a controlled microenvironment and maintain the high survival rate and the natural features of dissociated neuronal and nonneuronal cells as much as possible under in vitro conditions. In this article, we demonstrate a method of isolating primary neurons from the developing mouse cerebellum, placing them in an in vitro environment, establishing their growth, and monitoring their viability and differentiation for several weeks. This method is applicable to embryonic neurons dissociated from cerebellum between embryonic days 12&ndash;18.

Conducting in vitro experiments to reflect in vivo conditions as adequately as possible is not an easy task. The use of primary cell cultures is an important step toward understanding cell biology in a whole organism. The provided protocol outlines how to successfully grow and culture embryonic mouse cerebellar neurons.

从胚胎小鼠小脑分离的神经元的主要培养

The use of primary cell cultures has become one of the major tools to study the nervous system in vitro. The ultimate goal of using this simplified model ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons and dendritic spines, a ballistic labeling technique can be utilized. In the present protocol, pyramidal neurons are labeled with DilC18(3) dye and analyzed using neuronal reconstruction software to assess neuronal morphology and dendritic spines. To investigate neuronal structure, dendritic branching analysis and Sholl analysis are performed, allowing researchers to draw inferences about dendritic branching complexity and neuronal arbor complexity, respectively. The evaluation of dendritic spines is conducted using an automatic assisted classification algorithm integral to the reconstruction software, which classifies spines into four categories (i.e., thin, mushroom, stubby, filopodia). Furthermore, an additional three parameters (i.e., length, head diameter, and volume) are also chosen to assess alterations in dendritic spine morphology. To validate the potential of wide application of the ballistic labeling technique, pyramidal neurons from in vitro cell culture were successfully labeled. Overall, the ballistic labeling method is unique and useful for visualizing neurons in different brain regions in rats, which in combination with sophisticated reconstruction software, allows researchers to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction.

We present a protocol to label and analyze pyramidal neurons, which is critical for evaluating potential morphological alterations in neurons and dendritic spines that may underlie neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities.

脑切片和原细胞培养中金字塔神经元的弹道标记

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder

The lower urinary tract has two main functions, namely, periodic urine storage and micturition; these functions are mediated through central and peripheral neuroregulation. Although extensive research on the lower urinary tract nervous system has been conducted, most studies have focused on primary culture. This protocol introduces a method for the isolation and culture of bladder neurons and glia from Sprague&#8211;Dawley rats. In this method, the neurons and glia were incubated in a 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 incubator for 5&#8211;7 days. As a result, they grew into mature shapes suitable for related subsequent immunofluorescence experiments. Cells were morphologically observed using an optical microscope. Neurons, synaptic vesicles, and glia were identified by &#946;-III-tubulin and MAP-2, Synapsin-1, and GFAP staining, respectively. Meanwhile, immunocytochemistry was performed on several neurotransmitter-related proteins, such as choline acetyltransferase, DYNLL2, and SLC17A9.

This protocol attempts to establish a repeatable protocol for primary neurons and glia isolation from rat bladder for further cellular experiments.