Supported by grants from CNRS and INSERM. PM acknowledges support from the Fondation pour la Recherche M&#233;dicale en France (Equipe FRM 2009). SC acknowledges support from the Fondation de France.

I topi utilizzati in questo lavoro sono stati curati e trattati in conformità con le linee guida del Consiglio dell&#39;Unione europea (86/609 / UE) per l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio. 1 Preparazione delle soluzioni necessarie <ol><li> Soluzioni Immagini <ol><li> 10x Poly-L-Ornitina (OLP) Soluzione: pesare 10 mg di PLO bromidrato (peso molecolare = 30,000-70,000) e sciogliere in 70 ml di acqua sterile. Filtrare la soluzione con 0,2 micron filtro a siringa, aliquote, e conservare a -20 ° C. </li><li> 30% di soluzione di glucosio: pesare 30 g di D (+) - Glucosio e sciogliere in acqua sterile fino ad un volume totale di 100 ml. Filter, aliquote e conservare a 4 ° C. </li><li> Modified mezzo di Eagle di 5x Dulbecco (DMEM) / Nutrient Mixture F-12 Ham: pesare 6 g di polvere DMEM / F-12 Prosciutto e sciogliere in acqua sterile fino ad un volume totale di 100 ml. Filter, aliquote e conservare a 4 ° C. </li><li> 7,5% Bicarbonato di sodio (NaHCO3) Solution: pesare 7,5 g di NaHCO3 e sciogliere in acqua sterile fino ad un volume totale di 100 ml. Filter, aliquote e conservare a 4 ° C. </li><li> 1 M HEPES Soluzione: Pesare 23,8 g di HEPES e sciogliere in acqua sterile fino ad un volume totale di 100 ml. Filter, aliquote e conservare a 4 ° C. </li><li> 70% (v / v) etanolo: Diluire 70 ml di etanolo assoluto con 30 ml di acqua sterile. </li></ol></li><li> Tampone fosfato isotonico con glucosio e antibiotici (PBS-GAB): aggiungere 10 ml di soluzione di glucosio al 30% e 5 ml di soluzione di penicillina-streptomicina a 500 ml di Dulbecco Phosphate Buffered Saline. Conservare a 4 ° C. </li><li> Inattivato siero fetale bovino (IFB): Scongelare siero bovino notte a 4 ° C e inattivare a 56 ° C per 30 min. Aliquota in 50 ml e conservare a -20 ° C. </li><li> Cultura Media: In acqua sterile, mescolare successivamente 40 ml di DMEM 5x / F12-Ham, 1 ml di 1 M HEPES, 2 ml di 200 mM L-glutammina, 2 ml di penicillina-streptomicina, 4 ml di 30% di glucosio unnd 3 ml di 7,5% NaHCO3 ad un volume finale di 180 ml. Filtrare e utilizzare lo stesso giorno. </li><li> Ormone Mix <ol><li> Preparare 180 ml di terreno di coltura. Sciogliere 200 mg di apo-transferrina in questo mezzo. </li><li> Pesare 50 mg di insulina e sciogliere in 2 ml di HCl 0,1 M. Aggiungere lentamente 8 ml di acqua sterile mentre mescolando delicatamente. Diluire la soluzione nel mezzo di coltura. </li><li> Pesare 19,3 mg di putrescina dicloridrato e sciogliere in 10 ml di acqua sterile. Aggiungere la soluzione alla miscela ormone 10 ml. </li><li> Preparare una soluzione di selenito di sodio 3 mM in acqua sterile e una soluzione di progesterone 2 mM in etanolo assoluto. Aggiungere 20 ml di ciascuna soluzione al mix ormonale. </li><li> Filtrare il mix di ormoni, un&#39;aliquota in 10 ml e conservare a -20 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 2 Preparazione di piastre di coltura e strumenti <ol><li> FBS rivestimento delle piastre di coltura: Il giorno prima della dissezione, preparare 180 ml di terreno di coltura. Aggiungere 10 ml diIFB a 90 ml di mezzo di coltura. Aggiungere 300 ml / pozzetto di terreno di coltura / 10% IFB in piastre da 24 pozzetti poli-D-lisina pretrattata. Incubare per una notte a 37 ° C. Conservare i supporti rimanenti (con e senza IFB) a 4 ° C. </li><li> Sterilizzare gli strumenti e le pipette Pasteur. Raccogliere le attrezzature elencate nella tabella dei materiali così come una cappa di classe II a flusso laminare e un incubatore CO 2. </li></ol> 3. Dissezione di mouse mesencefalo <ol><li> Sacrifica un E13.5 il mouse in stato di gravidanza (secondo le linee guida istituzionali). Pulire l&#39;addome del mouse con il 70% di etanolo e aprire la parete addominale. Raccogliere le corna uterine, aprirli utilizzando le forbici delicati, sezionare ogni embrione dalle corna uterine, e rimuovere le membrane amniotiche. Mettere gli embrioni in una capsula di Petri 100 millimetri contenente PBS sterile-GAB e lavarli con bonifico in 3 bagni identici consecutivi con pinze. Per la dissezione, collocare gli embrioni da 3 in una capsula di Petri sterile 60 mm. </li><li> Movvia e il piatto finale Petri allo stereomicroscopio. Non decapitare gli embrioni. Utilizzando le forbici Vännäs, asportare il cervello. <ol><li> Rimuovere con cautela e scartare le regioni anteriori e romboencefalo. A lato rostrale, tagliare vicino alla regione del talamo, al taglio laterale caudale in corrispondenza della zona istmo, rimuovere il collicolo superiore. </li><li> Una volta che il mesencefalo ventrale è isolato, rimuovere con cautela le meningi con una pinza ultra fine. Raccogliere i segmenti sezionati, senza le meningi, in una provetta sterile da 13 ml riempito con PBS-GAB. </li></ol></li><li> Pulire accuratamente il tubo contenente il mesencephala con il 70% di etanolo e portarla sotto il cofano. </li></ol> Dissociazione 4. cellulare <ol><li> Lavare mesencephala 3 volte con PBS sterile-GAB. Consenti frammenti del cervello di stabilirsi tra ogni lavaggio ed evitare di interrompere il tessuto. Dopo l&#39;ultimo lavaggio, rimuovere con attenzione quanto soluzione possibile e incubare segmenti cerebrali in 3 ml di tripsina / EDTA per 15 min a 37 ° C in unCO 2 incubatore. </li><li> Fuoco-lucidare le pipette Pasteur per massimizzare la sopravvivenza dei neuroni, come la fine di una pipetta di vetro non levigato è tagliente e può danneggiare le cellule durante le fasi di dissociazione. Leggermente ridurre il diametro estremità (+ 0,5 mm) della pipetta Pasteur mentre fuoco lucidatura. </li><li> Rimuovere con attenzione quanto soluzione / EDTA tripsina possibile e aggiungere 10 ml di terreno di coltura / 10% IFB. Lavare i segmenti del cervello 3x con terreno di coltura / 10% IFB. </li><li> Utilizzando la pipetta Pasteur fuoco lucido, iniziare dissociazione di mesencephala in 6 ml di terreno di coltura / 10% IFB. Triturare 10x (evitare bolle d&#39;aria), consentono ai blocchi di stabilirsi, poi raccogliere il medium in una nuova provetta sterile 13 ml. </li><li> Aggiungere 6 ml di terreno di coltura, ripetere il passaggio precedente, una volta e raccogliere il supporto contenente cellule dissociate nello stesso tubo 13 ml. </li><li> Centrifugare le cellule a 160 g per 5 min. Eliminare il surnatante e risospendere le cellule in terreno di coltura addizionato con10% mix ormonale. </li></ol> 5. cellulare placcatura <ol><li> Contare le celle in sospensione in una cella Malassez e regolare il volume del mezzo ad una concentrazione di 600.000 cellule / ml. Circa 1.700.000 cellule possono essere ottenute da un mesencefalo mouse. </li><li> Rimuovere FBS-terreno contenente rivestimento da piastre da 24 pozzetti e aggiungere in ogni pozzetto 1 ml di sospensione cellulare (600.000 cellule / pozzetto, 2-4% delle cellule TH +). </li><li> Incubare la piastra a 37 ° C e 5% di CO 2/95% di aria. Nessun mezzo cambiamento è necessario. Neuroni dopaminergici sono maturi dopo circa 5-7 giorni in vitro (espressione coerente del trasportatore della dopamina). Conservare le cellule in coltura fino a 15 giorni senza prodotto sostitutivo. </li></ol> 6. immunofluorescenza protocollo <ol><li> Pulizia dei vetrini <ol><li> Il giorno prima della dissezione, aggiungere 10 ml di 1 M HCl in una capsula di Petri. Posare sulla superficie del liquido 12-15 vetrini e attendere 15 min. </li><li> Affondare il coperchioscivolare nel liquido e attendere 15 min. </li><li> Rimuovere HCl e lavare 3 volte con acqua. </li><li> Lavare i coprioggetti rapidamente con etanolo puro, una volta, quindi aggiungere etanolo puro al piatto e attendere 30 min. </li><li> Sotto il cofano, rimuovere i vetrini puliti da etanolo e aggiungere 1 coprioggetto per pozzetto di una piastra di coltura cellulare 12 pozzetti con pinze sterilizzate. </li><li> Lavare coprioggetto due volte con acqua sterile (1 ml / pozzetto). Poi, lavarli una volta con PBS sterile. </li></ol></li><li> Rivestimento dei vetrini <ol><li> Rimuovere PBS e aggiungere 500 microlitri / pozzetto di 2x dell&#39;OLP (diluito in PBS). Incubare per 4 ore a 37 ° C in incubatore CO 2. </li><li> Rimuovere la soluzione OLP e lavare 3 volte con PBS sterile. </li><li> Rimuovere PBS e aggiungere 500 microlitri / pozzetto di 20% IFB / 1 g / ml laminina. Incubare per una notte a 37 ° C in incubatore CO 2. </li></ol></li><li> Placcatura le cellule per immunofluorescenza <ol><li> Rimuovere medio rivestimento da piastre da 12 pozzetti. </li><li> Aggiungere 900,000 cellule / pozzetto in 2 volumi ml e far crescere le cellule in 37 ° C in incubatore. Le celle possono essere tenuti in coltura fino a 15 giorni senza prodotto sostitutivo. </li></ol></li><li> Immunostaining <ol><li> Rimuovere media da piastre da 12 pozzetti e lavare con 500 microlitri / pozzetto DMEM preriscaldato a 37 ° C. </li><li> Aggiungere 500 ml / pozzetto di DMEM preriscaldato a 37 ° C, quindi aggiungere lentamente 160 ml / pozzetto di 8% paraformaldeide (PFA, concentrazione finale 2%) e incubare per 10 min a 37 ° C. </li><li> Rimuovere PFA e lavare 3 volte con PBS / 0,1 M glicina per 10 min. </li><li> Rimuovere PBS, aggiungere / pozzetto di PBS / 0,05% di siero di capra 300 microlitri Triton X-100/20% e incubare per 30 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Rimuovi medio, aggiungere siero di capra 300 ml / pozzetto di anticorpo primario diluito in PBS / 0,05% Triton X-100 / all&#39;1% e incubare per 2 ore a temperatura ambiente. Gli anticorpi primari che possono essere utilizzati per la rilevazione di neuroni dopaminergici e caratterizzazione della cultura sono indicati nella tabella materiali. Mantenere1 bene senza anticorpo primario per valutare per lo sfondo dei diversi anticorpi secondari. </li><li> Rimuovere medie e lavare 3 volte con PBS / 0,2% di gelatina per 10 min. </li><li> Rimuovi medio, aggiungere siero di capra 300 ml / pozzetto di anticorpo secondario diluito in PBS / 0,05% Triton X-100 / all&#39;1% e incubare per 1 ora a temperatura ambiente, al buio. Gli anticorpi secondari utilizzati sono indicati nella tabella materiali. </li><li> Rimuovere medie e lavare 3 volte con PBS / 0,2% di gelatina per 10 min. </li><li> Rimuovere medie e lavare 3 volte con PBS. </li><li> Montare i coprioggetti sul lato vetro diapositive cella verso il basso in una goccia di Vectashield. Conservare i vetrini a temperatura ambiente per una notte per consentire al mezzo di montaggio a secco, poi conservarli a 4 ° C. </li><li> Acquisire le immagini utilizzando un microscopio confocale o di un microscopio a contrasto di fase attrezzata per epifluorescenza. Immagini rappresentative sono state acquisite con un microscopio confocale Leica SP2 UV. </li></ol></li></ol>

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T., Silva, R. M., Burke, R. E., Goff, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pitx3+is+required+for+development+of+substantia+nigra+dopaminergic+neurons.">Pitx3 is required for development of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100, 4245-4250 (1073).</li><li>Ferri, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foxa1+and+Foxa2+regulate+multiple+phases+of+midbrain+dopaminergic+neuron+development+in+a+dosage-dependent+manner.">Foxa1 and Foxa2 regulate multiple phases of midbrain dopaminergic neuron development in a dosage-dependent manner.</a> Development. 134, 2761-2769 (2007).</li><li>Rayport, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identified+postnatal+mesolimbic+dopamine+neurons+in+culture:+morphology+and+electrophysiology.">Identified postnatal mesolimbic dopamine neurons in culture: morphology and electrophysiology.</a> J Neurosci. 12, 4264-4280 (1992).</li><li>Kim, K. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Questo protocollo presenta le procedure ei reagenti necessari per preparare una coltura primaria di neuroni mesencefaliche dal mouse embrionale e la procedura di immunofluorescenza per rilevare neuroni dopaminergici. Fasi critiche della procedura sono la dissezione degli embrioni e la dissociazione meccanica dei frammenti cerebrali raccolte. Strumenti di dissezione di alta qualità aiuta a padroneggiare la tecnica di dissezione. Neuroni DA costituiscono una piccola percentuale di mesencefalo. Pertanto, raccogliendo la p...

La dopamina, uno dei neurotrasmettitori cerebrali essenziali 1,2, viene rilasciato principalmente dal mesencefalo dopaminergici (DA) neuroni. La maggior parte dei neuroni dopaminergici risiedono nella parte ventrale del mesencefalo 2-6. Schematicamente, mesencefalo neuroni DA possono essere divise in tre anatomicamente e funzionalmente distinti sistemi di proiezione: mesostriatal, mesolimbico, e percorsi mesocorticali 2,5. Il sistema nigrostriatale è coinvolta nel comportamento motorio, i percorsi mesolimbico svolgono un ruolo importante nel rinforzo, la motivazione e l&#39;apprendimento, mentre le vie dopaminergiche che proiettano alla corteccia prefrontale sono implicati nella cognizione 2. Neuroni DA sono coinvolti in diverse patologie neurologiche umane come la schizofrenia, deficit di attenzione, disturbi iper attività, e la malattia di Parkinson (PD) 2,4. PD è caratterizzata da una degenerazione progressiva e selettiva di neuroni DA collegamento substantia nigrapars compacta (SNC) al corpo striato. La perdita di Nigro-striatale DA neuroni provoca una grave deplezione di dopamina nello striato che è responsabile dei sintomi motori della malattia di Parkinson (bradicinesia, tremore a riposo, rigidità e) 7. La causa iniziale del PD idiopatica non è stata stabilita e gli attuali trattamenti sono solo sintomatica, che mira a ripristinare il livello di dopamina nello striato. Il farmaco più prescritto è L-Dopa (levodopa), il precursore naturale della dopamina. Anche se la somministrazione di Levodopa compensa la perdita di dopamina per un certo tempo, le complicanze motorie si verificano dopo i trattamenti a lungo termine (discinesia e stati on / off) 8,9. La ricerca sui neuroni dopaminergici e PD è in costante progressione e intensi sforzi sono stati fatti per sviluppare trattamenti basati sul trapianto di cellule, la terapia genica, o agenti neuroprotettivi 10,11. Tuttavia, una questione importante rimane non chiarita: qual è la causa della estrema vulnerabilità di neuroni DA? Parte della risposta può essere trovata nella attività dei neuroni DA. Una riduzione dell&#39;attività elettrica e della eccitabilità di neuroni dopaminergici sembra aumentare la loro propensione a degenerare 12. Tuttavia, la complessità del PD patogenesi richiede ulteriori studi per identificare i meccanismi coinvolti nella degenerazione dei neuroni DA 13-15. Colture primarie sono particolarmente rilevanti per studiare le proprietà dei neuroni DA 16-19 e di sfidare questi neuroni a varie sollecitazioni per la valutazione degli agenti neuroprotettivi 20-24. Modelli di coltura Rat sono più spesso utilizzati, come la dissezione di ratto dell&#39;embrione mesencefalo è più facile, in confronto con il mouse, e una maggiore quantità di neuroni possono essere ottenuti nel ratto. Tuttavia, la generazione di modelli transgenici murini di malattia 25 ha notevolmente aumentato l&#39;interesse della comunità neuroscienziato per colture primarie dal mouse 26-29. Anche se le culture prepared da animali neonati può essere utilizzato, è meglio prepararli da embrioni allo stadio post-mitotico (E13.5 per i neuroni mesencefalo), quando i neuroni hanno conservato la loro capacità di differenziarsi. Il protocollo che segue presenta isolate mesencefalo neuroni in coltura primaria da embrioni di topo (E13.5), che sono i più difficili da preparare. In particolare, forniamo un protocollo con terreno privo di siero cultura per una migliore riproducibilità. Le due fasi più critiche in preparazione culturale (dissezione e dissociazione meccanica) saranno accuratamente dettagliati nel video associato.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1291">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>14-801F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">DMEM 4.5g/L Glucose with L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">0.05% Trypsin-EDTA (1X), Phenol Red&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-glutamine, 200 mM Solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 Ham</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>D0547</td>
			<td>Powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Laminin - 1 mg/mL in Tris buffered NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-L-Ornithine hydrobromide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>P3655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Insulin from porcine pancreas</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">I5523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">apo-Transferrin human</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">T1147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Putrescine dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">P5780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Progesterone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">P8783</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Sodium selenite</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">S5261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H4034&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">G7126</td>
			<td>Stock solution 1M in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">G9391</td>
			<td>Stock solution 2% (w/v) in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">T8532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde 16% in water</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">RT 15710-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">106329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D(+)-Glucose, Monohydrate</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>4074-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Hydrochloric acid - c(HCl) = 1 mol/l (1 N) Titripur</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">109057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Sterile water - Aqua B. Braun</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Braun</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Ethanol absolute NORMAPUR analytical reagent</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">20821.321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Sterile Petri Dishes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82050-566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Pasteur pipettes plain glass - Wilhem Ulbrich GdbR.</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>612-2297</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Counting chamber Malassez</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">631-0975</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Serum Acrodisc Syringe Filter with Supor Membrane, Sterile, GF/0.2 &#181;m, 37 mm</td>
			<td>PALL Life science</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">4525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical Scissors - Straight, sharp-sharp, 14.5 cm long</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14002-14</td>
			<td>To open the abdominal wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scissors - Straight, pointed, delicate, 10 cm long</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MORIA</td>
			<td>4877A</td>
			<td>To open the uterine wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps - Curved, usual, serrated jaws 1 mm</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MORIA</td>
			<td>2183</td>
			<td>To manipulate embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Vannas Scissors - Curved, pointed, 7 mm blades</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MORIA</td>
			<td>MC50</td>
			<td>To take out the mesencephalon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultra Fine Forceps - Curved, delicate, 13 cm long</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MORIA</td>
			<td>9987</td>
			<td>To remove meninges</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD BioCoat Poly-D-Lysine 24-well Multiwell Plates</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">356414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD Falcon 12-well Cell Culture Plate, flat-bottom with lid</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">353043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SuperFrost Microscope Slides, Ground edges 90&#186;</td>
			<td>MENZEL-GL&#196;SER</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">AG00008032E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Precision cover glasses thickness No. 1.5H circular 18 mm &#216;</td>
			<td>MARIENFELD</td>
			<td>117580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 (MAP2) Antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon Millipore</td>
			<td>AB5622</td>
			<td>1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD67) Antibody, clone 1G10.2</td>
			<td>Chemicon Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB5406</td>
			<td>1/400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Monoclonal Rat Anti-Dopamine Transporter (DAT) Antibody, clone DAT-Nt&#160;</td>
			<td>Chemicon Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB369</td>
			<td>1/500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Monoclonal Mouse Anti-5-HT Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:176px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td>1/8,000 - Generous gift from Yves Charnay (Swizerland, Yves.Charnay@hcuge.ch)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat Serum, New Zealand Origin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">16210-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 405 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">A-31556</td>
			<td>1/200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Rat IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-11007</td>
			<td>1/1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VECTASHIELD HardSet Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss microscopy</td>
			<td>Stemi-2000C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:507px;">Bunsen Burner FIREBOY</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">451-0136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

primary culture of mouse dopaminergic neurons

Neuroni dopaminergici rappresentano meno dell&#39;1% del numero totale di neuroni nel cervello. Questa bassa quantità di neuroni regola importanti funzioni cerebrali come il controllo motorio, la motivazione, e la memoria di lavoro. Neuroni dopaminergici nigrostriatali degenerano selettivamente nella malattia di Parkinson (PD). Questa perdita neuronale progressiva è inequivocabilmente associato con i motori sintomi della patologia (bradicinesia, tremore a riposo, e rigidità muscolare). L&#39;agente principale responsabile della degenerazione dei neuroni dopaminergici è ancora sconosciuta. Tuttavia, questi neuroni sembrano essere estremamente vulnerabile in condizioni diverse. Colture primarie costituiscono uno dei modelli più importanti per studiare le proprietà e le caratteristiche dei neuroni dopaminergici. Queste culture possono essere presentate a diversi agenti di stress che imitano PD patologia e ai composti neuroprotettivi al fine di fermare o rallentare la degenerazione neuronale. I numerosi modelli murini transgenici di PD che sono stati generated nel corso dell&#39;ultimo decennio ulteriormente aumentato l&#39;interesse dei ricercatori per le culture neuronali dopaminergiche. Qui, il protocollo video si concentra sulla delicata dissezione dei cervelli embrionali di topo. Escissione precisa del mesencefalo ventrale è fondamentale per ottenere colture neuronali sufficientemente ricchi di cellule dopaminergiche per consentire studi successivi. Questo protocollo può essere realizzato con topi transgenici embrionali ed è adatto per immunofluorescenza, PCR quantitativa, secondo la quantificazione messaggero, o neuronale valutazione morte / sopravvivenza.

Un diagramma di flusso illustrato dei passaggi di coltura mesencefalo è mostrato in Figura 1. Brevemente, dopo aver raccolto embrioni E13.5 da una gravidanza topo svizzera, mesencefalo ventrale è sezionato dall&#39;intero embrione. I frammenti del cervello isolati vengono successivamente sottoposti a digestione enzimatica e dissociazione meccanica. Cellule dissociate sono pellettizzati per centrifugazione, risospese in terreno di coltura e placcato in piastre da 12 o da 24 pozzetti pre-rivestito. Le c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons at JoVE.com

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

Cultura primario di topo neuroni dopaminergici

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

primary-culture-of-mouse-dopaminergic-neurons

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

37.2K Views.  Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier. Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

Video: Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and synapse formation and function. An advantage of culturing these neurons is that they readily polarize, forming distinctive axons and dendrites, on a two dimensional substrate at very low densities. This property has made them extremely useful for determining many aspects of neuronal development. Furthermore, by providing glial conditioning for these neurons they will continue to develop, forming functional synaptic connections and surviving for several months in culture. In this protocol we outline a technique to dissect, culture and transfect embryonic mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Transfection is accomplished by electroporating DNA into the neurons before plating via nucleofection. This protocol has the advantage of expressing fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins early in development (~4-8hrs after plating) to study the dynamics and function of proteins during polarization, axon outgrowth and branching. We have also discovered that this single transfection before plating maintains fluorescently-tagged fusion protein expression at levels appropriate for imaging throughout the lifetime of the neuron (&gt; 2 months in culture). Thus, this methodology is useful for studying protein localization and function throughout CNS development with little or no disruption of neuronal function.

This protocol outlines the steps required to dissect, transfect via electroporation and culture mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Short-term cultures may be used for studies of axon outgrowth and guidance, while long-term cultures can be used for studies of synaptogenesis and dendritic spine analysis.

Nucleofection e cultura primaria di neuroni embrionali di topo ippocampale e corticale

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Bilaminar Co-culture of Primary Rat Cortical Neurons and Glia

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or co-culture model. This system is suitable for a variety of experimental needs requiring either a glass or plastic growth substrate and can also be used for culture of other types of neurons.
Rat cortical neurons obtained from the late embryonic stage (E17) are plated on glass coverslips or tissue culture dishes facing a feeder layer of glia grown on dishes or plastic coverslips (known as Thermanox), respectively. The choice between the two configurations depends on the specific experimental technique used, which may require, or not, that neurons are grown on glass (e.g. calcium imaging versus Western blot). The glial feeder layer, an astroglia-enriched secondary culture of mixed glia, is separately prepared from the cortices of newborn rat pups (P2-4) prior to the neuronal dissection.
A major advantage of this culture system as compared to a culture of neurons only is the support of neuronal growth, survival, and differentiation provided by trophic factors secreted from the glial feeder layer, which more accurately resembles the brain environment in vivo. Furthermore, the co-culture can be used to study neuronal-glial interactions1.
At the same time, glia contamination in the neuronal layer is prevented by different means (low density culture, addition of mitotic inhibitors, lack of serum and use of optimized culture medium) leading to a virtually pure neuronal layer, comparable to other established methods1-3. Neurons can be easily separated from the glial layer at any time during culture and used for different experimental applications ranging from electrophysiology4, cellular and molecular biology5-8, biochemistry5, imaging and microscopy4,6,7,9,10. The primary neurons extend axons and dendrites to form functional synapses11, a process which is not observed in neuronal cell lines, although some cell lines do extend processes.
A detailed protocol of culturing rat hippocampal neurons using this co-culture system has been described previously4,12,13. Here we detail a modified protocol suited for cortical neurons. As approximately 20x106 cells are recovered from each rat embryo, this method is particularly useful for experiments requiring large numbers of neurons (but not concerned about a highly homogenous neuronal population). The preparation of neurons and glia needs to be planned in a time-specific manner. We will provide the step-by-step protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons as well as culturing glial cells to support the neurons.

Here we provide a protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer. The cultured neurons establish polarity and create synapses, and can be separated from the glia for use in various applications, such as electrophysiology, calcium imaging, cell survival assays, immunocytochemistry, and RNA/DNA/protein isolation.

Bilaminar co-coltura di neuroni corticali primari di ratto e Glia

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or ...

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic and Striatal Explants in Three-Dimensional Collagen Matrix Assays

Midbrain dopamine (mdDA) neurons project via the medial forebrain bundle towards several areas in the telencephalon, including the striatum1. Reciprocally, medium spiny neurons in the striatum that give rise to the striatonigral (direct) pathway innervate the substantia nigra2. The development of these axon tracts is dependent upon the combinatorial actions of a plethora of axon growth and guidance cues including molecules that are released by neurites or by (intermediate) target regions3,4. These soluble factors can be studied in vitro by culturing mdDA and/or striatal explants in a collagen matrix which provides a three-dimensional substrate for the axons mimicking the extracellular environment. In addition, the collagen matrix allows for the formation of relatively stable gradients of proteins released by other explants or cells placed in the vicinity (e.g. see references 5 and 6). Here we describe methods for the purification of rat tail collagen, microdissection of dopaminergic and striatal explants, their culture in collagen gels and subsequent immunohistochemical and quantitative analysis. First, the brains of E14.5 mouse embryos are isolated and dopaminergic and striatal explants are microdissected. These explants are then (co)cultured in collagen gels on coverslips for 48 to 72 hours in vitro. Subsequently, axonal projections are visualized using neuronal markers (e.g. tyrosine hydroxylase, DARPP32, or &beta;III tubulin) and axon growth and attractive or repulsive axon responses are quantified. This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of mesostriatal and striatonigral axon growth and guidance during development. Using this assay, it is also possible to assess other (intermediate) targets for dopaminergic and striatal axons or to test specific molecular cues.

Explants from the midbrain dopamine system and striatum are used in a collagen matrix assay for the in vitro analysis of mesostriatal and striatonigral pathway development. In this assay axonal outgrowth and guidance can be manipulated and quantified. It can also be modified for assessing other regions or molecular cues.

Dissezione e Cultura del mouse dopaminergici e striatali Espianti di saggi di collagene matrice tridimensionale

Midbrain dopamine (mdDA) neurons project via the medial forebrain bundle towards several areas in the telencephalon, including the striatum1. ...

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

Isolamento, cultura e lungo termine Manutenzione di primaria mesencefalico neuroni dopaminergici Da Brains embrionali dei roditori

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their post-natal development, abundance, and accessibility, CGNs are an ideal model to study neuronal processes, including neuronal development, neuronal migration, and physiological neuronal activity stimulation. In addition, CGN cultures provide an excellent model for studying different modes of cell death including excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Within a week in culture, CGNs express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a specific ionotropic glutamate receptor with many critical functions in neuronal health and disease. The addition of low concentrations of NMDA in conjunction with membrane depolarization to rodent primary CGN cultures has been used to model physiological neuronal activity stimulation while the addition of high concentrations of NMDA can be employed to model excitotoxic neuronal injury. Here, a method of isolation and culturing of CGNs from 6 day old pups as well as genetic manipulation of CGNs by adenoviruses and lentiviruses are described. We also present optimized protocols on how to stimulate NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage following transduction of these neurons.

This protocol describes a simple method for isolating and culturing primary mouse cerebral granule neurons (CGNs) from 6-7 day old pups, efficient transduction of CGNs for loss and gain of function studies, and modelling NMDA-induced neuronal excitotoxicity, low-potassium-induced cell death, DNA-damage, and oxidative stress using the same culture model.

Modellazione di morte neuronale e degenerazione in neuroni cerebellari del granello primario del Mouse

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis which is characterized by insulin signaling impairment and chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues. The hypothalamus in the central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for energy and insulin signal response regulation. Chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues and imbalances of certain chemokines (such as CCL5, TNF&#945;, and IL-6) contribute to diabetes and obesity. However, the functional mechanism(s) connecting chemokines and hypothalamic insulin signal regulation still remain unclear.
In vitro primary neuron culture models are convenient and simple models which can be used to investigate insulin signal regulation in hypothalamic neurons. In this study, we introduced exogeneous GLUT4 protein conjugated with GFP (GFP-GLUT4) into primary hypothalamic neurons to track GLUT4 membrane translocation upon insulin stimulation. Time-lapse images of GFP-GLUT4 protein trafficking were recorded by deconvolution microscopy, which allowed users to generate high-speed, high-resolution images without damaging the neurons significantly while conducting the experiment. The contribution of CCR5 in insulin regulated GLUT4 translocation was observed in CCR5 deficient hypothalamic neurons, which were isolated and cultured from CCR5 knockout mice. Our results demonstrated that the GLUT4 membrane translocation efficiency was reduced in CCR5 deficient hypothalamic neurons after insulin stimulation.

This protocol describes a technique for observation of real-time Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) tagged Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein trafficking upon insulin stimulation and characterization of the biological role of CCR5 in the insulin&#8211;GLUT4 signaling pathway with Deconvolution Microscopy.

Immagini in diretta della proteina GLUT4 tratta di neuroni ipotalamici primario del Mouse usando la microscopia di Deconvolution

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis which is characterized by insulin signaling impairment and chronic inflammation in peripheral ...

Primary Cell Culture of Purified GABAergic or Glutamatergic Neurons Established through Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

The overall goal of this protocol is to generate purified neuronal cultures derived from either GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons. Purified neurons can be cultured in defined media for 16 days in vitro and are amenable to any analyses typically performed on dissociated cultures, including electrophysiological, morphological and survival analyses. The major advantage of these cultures is that specific cell types can be selectively studied in the absence of complex external influences, such as those arising from glial cells or other neuron types. When planning experiments with purified cells, however, it is important to note that neurons strongly depend on glia-conditioned media for their growth and survival. In addition, glutamatergic neurons further depend on glia-secreted factors for the establishment of synaptic transmission. We therefore also describe a method for co-culturing neurons and glial cells in a non-contact arrangement. Using these methods, we have identified major differences between the development of GABAergic and glutamatergic neuronal networks. Thus, studying cultures of purified neurons has great potential for furthering our understanding of how the nervous system develops and functions. Moreover, purified cultures may be useful for investigating the direct action of pharmacological agents, growth factors or for exploring the consequences of genetic manipulations on specific cell types. As more and more transgenic animals become available, labeling additional specific cell types of interest, we expect that the protocols described here will grow in their applicability and potential.

This protocol describes a cell sorting based method for the purification and culture of fluorescent GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons from the neocortex and hippocampus of postnatal mice or rats.

Coltura cellulare primaria di neuroni GABAergici o glutamatergici purificati stabiliti attraverso la selezione di cellule attivate a fluorescenza

The overall goal of this protocol is to generate purified neuronal cultures derived from either GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons. Purified neurons can ...

Primary Culture of Neurons Isolated from Embryonic Mouse Cerebellum

The use of primary cell cultures has become one of the major tools to study the nervous system in vitro. The ultimate goal of using this simplified model system is to provide a controlled microenvironment and maintain the high survival rate and the natural features of dissociated neuronal and nonneuronal cells as much as possible under in vitro conditions. In this article, we demonstrate a method of isolating primary neurons from the developing mouse cerebellum, placing them in an in vitro environment, establishing their growth, and monitoring their viability and differentiation for several weeks. This method is applicable to embryonic neurons dissociated from cerebellum between embryonic days 12&ndash;18.

Conducting in vitro experiments to reflect in vivo conditions as adequately as possible is not an easy task. The use of primary cell cultures is an important step toward understanding cell biology in a whole organism. The provided protocol outlines how to successfully grow and culture embryonic mouse cerebellar neurons.

Cultura primaria dei neuroni isolata dal cerbellello del topo embrionale

The use of primary cell cultures has become one of the major tools to study the nervous system in vitro. The ultimate goal of using this simplified model ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons and dendritic spines, a ballistic labeling technique can be utilized. In the present protocol, pyramidal neurons are labeled with DilC18(3) dye and analyzed using neuronal reconstruction software to assess neuronal morphology and dendritic spines. To investigate neuronal structure, dendritic branching analysis and Sholl analysis are performed, allowing researchers to draw inferences about dendritic branching complexity and neuronal arbor complexity, respectively. The evaluation of dendritic spines is conducted using an automatic assisted classification algorithm integral to the reconstruction software, which classifies spines into four categories (i.e., thin, mushroom, stubby, filopodia). Furthermore, an additional three parameters (i.e., length, head diameter, and volume) are also chosen to assess alterations in dendritic spine morphology. To validate the potential of wide application of the ballistic labeling technique, pyramidal neurons from in vitro cell culture were successfully labeled. Overall, the ballistic labeling method is unique and useful for visualizing neurons in different brain regions in rats, which in combination with sophisticated reconstruction software, allows researchers to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction.

We present a protocol to label and analyze pyramidal neurons, which is critical for evaluating potential morphological alterations in neurons and dendritic spines that may underlie neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities.

Etichettatura balistica dei neuroni piramidali nelle sezioni cerebrali e nella cultura cellulare primaria

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder

The lower urinary tract has two main functions, namely, periodic urine storage and micturition; these functions are mediated through central and peripheral neuroregulation. Although extensive research on the lower urinary tract nervous system has been conducted, most studies have focused on primary culture. This protocol introduces a method for the isolation and culture of bladder neurons and glia from Sprague&#8211;Dawley rats. In this method, the neurons and glia were incubated in a 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 incubator for 5&#8211;7 days. As a result, they grew into mature shapes suitable for related subsequent immunofluorescence experiments. Cells were morphologically observed using an optical microscope. Neurons, synaptic vesicles, and glia were identified by &#946;-III-tubulin and MAP-2, Synapsin-1, and GFAP staining, respectively. Meanwhile, immunocytochemistry was performed on several neurotransmitter-related proteins, such as choline acetyltransferase, DYNLL2, and SLC17A9.

This protocol attempts to establish a repeatable protocol for primary neurons and glia isolation from rat bladder for further cellular experiments.