我们感谢美国国家癌症研究所IMAT计划从美国国立卫生研究院对这项工作[R33 CA174616-01A1]资金。

1.目标细胞的制备<ol><li>在37℃下保持的靶细胞（ 例如 ，对Raji淋巴瘤细胞）的生长培养基（RPMI 1640培养基，含10％热灭活的胎牛血清（FBS），4nm的L-谷氨酰胺，和500单位/ ml青霉素/链霉素）的在一个5％CO 2的培养箱中培养。 </li><li>离心样品以沉淀靶细胞在15ml试管中。离心时间随不同的细胞类型;离心3分钟，在468×g离心Raji细胞。 </li><li>第一次吸上形成的上清液表面有气泡，并删除整个上清。 </li><li>加入10毫升的PBS到管。通过吸取的溶液上下数次重新悬浮细胞，以打散细胞丛。 </li><li>离心机的样品为3分钟，在468×g下。 </li><li>吸出形成的上层清液的表面上的任何气泡，并删除整个上清液。 </li></ol> 2.制备细胞微阵列<ol><li> Øbtain细胞附着96孔板中包或单一单元阵列8孔腔室玻片（见表材料/试剂）。 </li><li>适用于1.2微升活化剂从工具包中的DNA试剂。盖小瓶，反其道而行，并轻轻摇动使溶液混合。 </li><li>使该溶液20分钟，在室温下进行反应。 </li><li>适用于该混合溶液中的靶细胞沉淀（在15ml试管中）。 </li><li>添加绿色荧光胞浆染料以500nM的最终浓度。 </li><li>孵育靶细胞与在定轨振荡器的混合溶液和染料为在室温30分钟。 </li><li>用5毫升的PBS洗涤细胞两次，并将细胞重新悬浮在10ml的生长培养基。 </li><li>从步骤2.7向每孔中应用100μl的溶液。用血细胞计数器计数细胞数。确保细胞数，每孔介于5×10 4〜1×10 6个细胞。 </li><li>后在室温下孵育10-15分钟，轻轻两次200-30洗样品0微升生长培养基以除去任何未结合的细胞。 注:关于5-10微升生长培养基洗涤后残留在各孔中。 </li></ol> 3.全血细胞毒性分析<ol><li>加入180微升的人全血，以每个样品井。 </li><li>获得抗CD20抗体溶液，在5毫克/毫升，并执行连续稀释，使50，20，10，5,2，1，在1.5ml管中抗CD20抗体溶液0.5微克/毫升。加入20μl抗CD20抗体的各个浓度的每个样品井制备一式三份。 </li><li>加入碘化丙啶以500nM的最终浓度，以每孔中。 </li><li>培养所得到的板在37℃，5％CO 2的16小时。 </li><li>图像上的幻灯片或96孔板，支持8倍的放大倍率自动成像系统的细胞。 </li><li>使用自动成像系统的细胞计数程序进行量化的结果。 注:自动成像系统的软件提供简单一步一步进行细胞计数操作。使用该软件的协议可以在供应商的网站上找到。 </li><li>从该软件的主界面[查看结果。 </li><li>选择[保存的样本文件。 </li><li>第一门FITC平均强度&gt; 50，则门TxRed平均强度&gt; 20。 </li><li>选择[板块综述]。 </li><li>选择[导出表。 注:该方案的百分比的细胞杀伤式如下所示: ％靶细胞杀伤=（＃细胞染色的绿色和红色的/＃细胞染成绿色）* 100％ </li></ol>

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作者有没有竞争的财务权益。

WCA的体外抗肿瘤筛查工具与单细胞分辨率12-16，传统的放映目标，如CDC和ADCC分析9-11，和之前的临床前动物试验后，最好利用的关键。目前，主要的靶标筛选测定，如CDC或ADCC检测在一个简化的介质或缓冲体系都执行。然而，候选药物，显示功效在这些简化的缓冲系统并不总是有效的，在更复杂的全血系统。因此，WCA可以桥接传统的目标掩护和昂贵的动物研究之间的间隙，减...

在制药工业中的最新进展已经导致了在实现肿瘤细胞抗体和个性化的癌症治疗方法的具体标识的兴趣增加;然而，几个障碍物的过程中遇到。只有5％是在临床前开发的抗癌活性剂都出现在阶段II-III测试1,2足够的疗效后，获得许可。临床前的策略（ 在体外和体内 ）是次优的作为许多例子已经表明，抗肿瘤药物有不同的行为在人类和实验动物的主要是由于其不同的血液成分3-5。 为解决抗肿瘤药物筛选平台的必要性，并提供昂贵的动物实验和临床试验前一个检查点，一个人全血细胞毒性测定法（WCA），提出了用于评价抗肿瘤药物疗效以更加相关的生物环境。该全血中的细胞毒性测定法可用于评估个体的细胞与抗体和其他药物候选物在人全血的响应。 的WCA是通过将高通量细胞定位技术与高通量和高含量成像6开发的。通过利用一种自动成像系统中，两个活细胞和死细胞的数目可以用较高的精确度来确定。由于这一事实，即靶细胞被固定在同一焦平面上，WCA是能够提供实时定量细胞毒性分析，而无需去除红细胞。此外，该自动成像系统提供了若干优点，如已达到指定的搜索条件的唯一的靶细胞（ 例如 ，荧光标记的细胞和细胞形态）被选通，并进行处理。此外，它允许生产每天144的板。因此，这种成像能力和吞吐量允许高-C的运行ontent和同时高通量实验。通过组合的WCA和自动成像系统，高通量定量细胞的细胞毒性分析可以在一个以上生物相关的环境来实现。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Cell attachment 96 well plate kits&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Adheren</td><td>AP9601</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Suspension Single cell array 8 well chamber slide</td><td>Adheren</td><td>SS0801</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adherent Single cell array 8 well chamber slide</td><td>Adheren</td><td>SS0802</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lymphoma cell line CD20+</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CCL-86</td><td>Raji cells</td></tr><tr><td>Lymphoma cell line CD20-</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CRL-8083</td><td>MC/CAR</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11875-119</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Thermo</td><td>SH30070.01HI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peni/Strep</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15070063</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cytosolic dye</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>C7025</td><td>Cell Tracker Green</td></tr><tr><td>Rituxan (Biosimilar)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eureka Therapeutics</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human whole blood</td><td>Allcells</td><td>WB001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Propidium Iodide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P4170-10MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Automatic imaging system</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>Contact Vendor</td><td>Cell Reporter</td></tr><tr><td>Cell counting program</td><td>Molecular Devices</td><td>Contact Vendor</td><td>Cell Reporter</td></tr></tbody></table>

real-time cytotoxicity assays in human whole blood

的实时的基于细胞的全血中的细胞毒性测定法（WCA），允许访问整个细胞的细胞毒作用的时间信息被开发的高通量细胞定位技术。靶向肿瘤细胞群体的第一预编程，以固定到一个数组的格式，并标记有绿色荧光胞浆染料。以下的单元阵列形成，抗体药物的加入与人全血组合。碘化丙啶（PI），然后加入以评估细胞死亡。单元阵列是用自动成像系统进行分析。而细胞质染料标记的靶向肿瘤细胞群，PI标签死肿瘤细胞群。因此，靶癌细胞的细胞杀伤百分比可通过计算存活的靶细胞，以死靶向细胞的数目的数量进行定量。用这种方法，研究人员能够访问时间依赖性和剂量依赖性细胞的细胞毒性的信息。值得注意的是，没有任何有害的无线电化学品的使用。这里介绍的WCA已经过测试与淋巴瘤，白血病和实体瘤细胞系。因此，WCA可以让研究人员评估在一个高度相关的离体条件下的药物的疗效。

抗CD20抗体和淋巴瘤细胞（Raji细胞和MC / CAR）被选择作为模型系统来证明全血细胞毒性测定法（WCA）7,8。 Raji细胞有CD20的高拷贝数的在细胞表面上，而MC / CAR的细胞有CD20的低拷贝数的对它们的膜。靶向细胞首先染成绿色与绿色荧光细胞内的染料，并排列在96孔板中。万 - 50000靶淋巴瘤细胞被固定在每个孔中。 180微升新鲜抽取的人全血加入到每孔中。抗CD20抗体，然后加入到96孔板中以梯度浓?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood at JoVE.com

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

全血细胞毒性测定（WCA）是通过将高通量细胞定位技术与荧光显微镜和自动化图像处理开发了细胞毒性测定。在这里，我们描述了如何用抗CD20抗体治疗的淋巴瘤细胞可以分析实时人全血中，以提供定量细胞的细胞毒性分析。

实时的细胞毒性分析在人全血

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with ...

real-time-cytotoxicity-assays-in-human-whole-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.1K 次观看.  Adheren, Inc. 全血细胞毒性测定（WCA）是通过将高通量细胞定位技术与荧光显微镜和自动化图像处理开发了细胞毒性测定。在这里，我们描述了如何用抗CD20抗体治疗的淋巴瘤细胞可以分析实时人全血中，以提供定量细胞的细胞毒性分析。 

视频: Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

Determining Optimal Cytotoxic Activity of Human Her2neu Specific CD8 T cells by Comparing the Cr51 Release Assay to the xCELLigence System

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells constitute a subgroup of T cells that are capable of inducing the death of infected or malignant host cells1. These cells express a specialized receptor, called the T cell receptor (TCR), which can recognize a specific antigenic peptide bound to HLA class I molecules2. Engagement of infected cells or tumor cells through their HLA class I molecule results in production of lytic molecules such as granzymes and perforin resulting in target cell death. While it is useful to determine frequencies of antigen-specific CD8 T cells using assays such as the ELIspot or flow cytometry, it is also helpful to ascertain the strength of CD8 T cell responses using cytotoxicity assays3. The most recognizable assay for assessing cytotoxic function is the Chromium Release Assay (CRA), which is considered a standard assay 4. The CRA has several limitations, including exposure of cells to gamma radiation, lack of reproducibility, and a requirement for large numbers of cells. Over the past decade, there has been interest in adopting new strategies to overcome these limitations. Newer approaches include those that measure caspase 
release 4, BLT esterase activity 5 and surface expression of CD107 6. The impedance-based assay, using the Roche xCelligence system, was examined in the present paper for its potential as an alternative to the CRA. Impedance or opposition to an electric current occurs when adherent tumor cells bind to electrode plates. Tumor cells detach following killing and electrical impedance is reduced which can be measured by the xCelligence system. The ability to adapt the impedance-based approach to assess cell-mediated killing rests on the observation that T cells do not adhere tightly to most surfaces and do not appear to have much impact on impedance thus diminishing any concern of direct interference of the T cells with the measurement. Results show that the impedance-based assay can detect changes in the levels of antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells with increased sensitivity relative to the standard CRA. Based on these results, impedance-based approaches may be good alternatives to CRAs or other approaches that aim to measure cytotoxic CD8 T cell functionality.

The chromium release assay, a common assay for detecting cytotoxic T cell activity, has several limitations. Using antigen-specific CD8 T cells and the human breast cancer tumor line, SKBR3, in the present article, an impedance-based approach was examined for the capability of detecting cell killing.

确定最佳人力Her2neu特异性CD8 + T细胞的细胞毒活性的比较CR51发行含量xCELLigence系统

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells constitute a subgroup of T  cells that are capable of inducing the death of infected or malignant host  cells1. These cells express ...

科研

免疫与感染

Quantitative High-throughput Single-cell Cytotoxicity Assay For T Cells

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) based on the adoptive transfer of T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has shown considerable promise in clinical trials1-4. There are several advantages to using CAR+ T cells for the treatment of cancers including the ability to target non-MHC restricted antigens and to functionalize the T cells for optimal survival, homing and persistence within the host; and finally to induce apoptosis of CAR+ T cells in the event of host toxicity5.
Delineating the optimal functions of CAR+ T cells associated with clinical benefit is essential for designing the next generation of clinical trials. Recent advances in live animal imaging like multiphoton microscopy have revolutionized the study of immune cell function in vivo6,7. While these studies have advanced our understanding of T-cell functions in vivo, T-cell based ACT in clinical trials requires the need to link molecular and functional features of T-cell preparations pre-infusion with clinical efficacy post-infusion, by utilizing in vitro assays monitoring T-cell functions like, cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Standard flow-cytometry based assays have been developed that determine the overall functioning of populations of T cells at the single-cell level but these are not suitable for monitoring conjugate formation and lifetimes or the ability of the same cell to kill multiple targets8.
Microfabricated arrays designed in biocompatible polymers like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are a particularly attractive method to spatially confine effectors and targets in small volumes9. In combination with automated time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, thousands of effector-target interactions can be monitored simultaneously by imaging individual wells of a nanowell array. We present here a high-throughput methodology for monitoring T-cell mediated cytotoxicity at the single-cell level that can be broadly applied to studying the cytolytic functionality of T cells.

We describe a single-cell high-throughput assay to measure cytotoxicity of T cells when incubated with tumor target cells. This method employs a dense, elastomeric array of sub-nanoliter wells (~100,000 wells/array) to spatially confine the T cells and target cells at defined ratios and is coupled to fluorescence microscopy to monitor effector-target conjugation and subsequent apoptosis.

定量高通量单细胞的细胞毒性T细胞的测定

Cancer immunotherapy can harness the specificity of  immune response to target and eliminate tumors. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT)  based on the adoptive ...

An Automated Differential Nuclear Staining Assay for Accurate Determination of Mitocan Cytotoxicity

The contribution of mitochondria to oncogenic transformation is a subject of wide interest and active study. As the field of cancer metabolism becomes more complex, the goal of targeting mitochondria using various compounds that inflict mitochondrial damage (so-called mitocans) is becoming quite popular. Unfortunately, many existing cytotoxicity assays, such as those based on tetrazolium salts or resazurin require functional mitochondrial enzymes for their performance. The damage inflicted by compounds that target mitochondria often compromises the accuracy of these assays. Here, we describe a modified protocol based on differential staining with two fluorescent dyes, one of which is cell-permeant (Hoechst 33342) and the other of which is not (propidium iodide). The difference in staining allows living and dead cells to be discriminated. The assay is amenable to automated microscopy and image analysis, which increases throughput and reduces bias. This also allows the assay to be used in high-throughput fashion using 96-well plates, making it a viable option for drug discovery efforts, particularly when the drugs in question have some level of mitotoxicity. Importantly, results obtained by Hoechst/PI staining assay show increased consistency, both with trypan blue exclusion results and between biological replicates when the assay is compared to other methods.

The protocol describes a rapid, high-throughput, reliable, inexpensive, and unbiased assay for efficiently determining cellular viability. This assay is particularly useful when cells&#39; mitochondria have been damaged, which interferes with other assays. The assay uses automated counting of cells stained with two nuclear dyes &#8211; Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide.

自动差分核染色测定，准确测定三元细胞毒性

The contribution of mitochondria to oncogenic transformation is a subject of wide interest and active study. As the field of cancer metabolism becomes ...

癌症研究

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to kill CD4+ T cells loaded with their cognate peptide. Target CD4+ T cells are divided into two populations, labeled with two different concentrations of CFSE. One population is pulsed with the peptide of interest (CFSE-low) while the other remains un-pulsed (CFSE-high). Pulsed and un-pulsed CD4+ T cells are mixed at an equal ratio and incubated with an increasing number of purified CD8+ T cells. The specific killing of autologous target CD4+ T cells is analyzed by flow cytometry after coculture with CD8+ T cells containing the antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells detected by peptide/MHCI tetramer staining. The specific lysis of target CD4+ T cells measured at different effector versus target ratios, allows for the calculation of lytic units, LU30/106 cells. This simple and straightforward assay allows for the accurate measurement of the intrinsic capacity of CD8+ T cells to kill target CD4+ T cells.

This protocol describes a sensitive, cell-based cytotoxicity assay. By enumerating the decrease in frequency of live target CD4+ T cells in the presence of an increasing number of effector CD8+ T cells, this assay allows for the direct assessment of cytolytic activity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.

基于细胞的流式细胞仪检测，以测量细胞毒活性

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of this assay can be considered unstable, either because of user&#39;s errors or because of the sensitivity of NK cells to experimental manipulation. To eliminate these issues, a workflow that reduces them to a minimum was established and is presented here. To illustrate, we obtained blood samples, at various time points, from runners (n = 4) that were submitted to an intense bout of exercise. First, NK cells are simultaneously identified and isolated through CD56 tagging and magnetic-based sorting, directly from whole blood and from as little as one milliliter. The sorted NK cells are removed of any reagent or capping antibodies. They can be counted in order to establish an accurate NK cell count per milliliter of blood. Secondly, the sorted NK cells (effectors cells or E) can be mixed with 3,3&#39;-Diotadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiO) tagged K562 cells (target cells or T) at an assay-optimal 1:5 T:E ratio, and analyzed using an imaging flow-cytometer that allows for the visualization of each event and the elimination of any false positive or false negatives (such as doublets or effector cells). This workflow can be completed in about 4 h, and allows for very stable results even when working with human samples. When available, research teams can test several experimental interventions in human subjects, and compare measurements across several time points without compromising the data&#39;s integrity.

This work describes an advanced workflow for the accurate and fast determination of NK (Natural Killer) cell count and NK cell cytotoxicity in human blood samples.

人全血中NK细胞杀伤活性的流式细胞仪分析

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cytotoxicity Assay for the Assessment of Human NK Cell Activity

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, specifically eliminating tumoral and virally infected cells. Approximately 30 known monogenic defects, together with a host of other pathological conditions, cause either functional or classic NK cell deficiency, manifesting in reduced or absent cytotoxic activity. Historically, cytotoxicity has been investigated with radioactive methods, which are cumbersome, expensive and potentially hazardous. This article describes a streamlined, clinically applicable flow cytometry-based method to quantify NK cell cytotoxic activity. In this assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or purified NK cell preparations are co-incubated at different ratios with a target tumor cell line known to be sensitive to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NKCC). The target cells are pre-labeled with a fluorescent dye to allow their discrimination from the effector cells (NK cells). After the incubation period, killed target cells are identified by a nucleic acid stain, which specifically permeates dead cells. This method is amenable to both diagnostic and research applications and, thanks to the multi-parameter capabilities of flow cytometry, has the added advantage of potentially enabling a deeper analysis of NK cell phenotype and function.

A flow cytometry-based method to quantitatively determine the cytotoxic activity of human natural killer cells is shown here.

人外周血 NK 细胞活性评估流基于流式细胞仪检测细胞毒性检测

Within the innate immune system, effector lymphocytes known as natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in host defense against aberrant cells, ...

A Real-time Potency Assay for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Targeting Solid and Hematological Cancer Cells

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for cancer has achieved significant clinical benefit for resistant and refractory hematological malignancies such as childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Efforts are currently underway to extend this promising therapy to solid tumors in addition to other hematological cancers. Here, we describe the development and production of potent CAR T cells targeting antigens with unique or preferential expression on solid and liquid tumor cells. The in vitro potency of these CAR T cells is then evaluated in real-time using the highly sensitive impedance-based xCELLigence assay. Specifically, the impact of different costimulatory signaling domains, such as glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related protein (GITR), on the in vitro potency of CAR T cells is examined. This report includes protocols for: generating CAR T cells for preclinical studies using lentiviral gene transduction, expanding CAR T cells, validating CAR expression, and running and analyzing xCELLigence potency assays.

We describe a quantitative real-time in vitro cytolysis assay system to evaluate the potency of chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting liquid and solid tumor cells. This protocol can be extended to assess other immune effector cells, as well as combination treatments.

用于嵌合抗原受体 T 细胞的实时效力测定，用于定位固体和血液癌细胞

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for cancer has achieved significant clinical benefit for resistant and refractory hematological ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于分析真菌和病毒免疫的优化全血免疫检测

Whole Blood Assay with Dual Co-Stimulation for Antigen-Specific Analysis of Host Immunity to Fungal and Viral Pathogens

Rapid and resource-efficient sample processing, high throughput, and high robustness are critical for effective scientific and clinical application of advanced antigen-specific immunoassays. Traditionally, such immunoassays, especially antigen-specific T-cell analysis by flow cytometry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays, often rely on the isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This process is time-consuming, subject to many pre-analytic confounders, and requires large blood volumes. Whole blood-based assays provide a facile alternative with increased pre-analytic robustness and lower blood volume requirements. Furthermore, whole blood-based assays allow for the preservation of inter-cellular interactions that are not captured by assays using isolated cell subsets. Recently, a refined whole blood immunoassay with dual anti-CD28 and anti-CD49d co-stimulation for comprehensive analysis of both antigen-specific T-cell functions and complex intercellular interactions in response to various fungal and viral antigens has been proposed. This protocol provides guidance for the preparation of stimulation tubes, blood stimulation, and downstream sample processing for flow cytometry, cytokine secretion assays, and transcriptional analyses. This includes a validated and functionally equivalent, previously unpublished, low-volume protocol (250 &#181;L) to make flow cytometric and cytokine-based T-cell monitoring more accessible for studies in pediatric patients or preclinical studies in small animals (e.g., mice). Altogether, these protocols provide a versatile toolbox for complex antigen-specific immune analysis in both clinical and translational research settings.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:使用全血检测推进重症监护患者的免疫监测

Whole blood-based immunoassays provide a facile and resource-efficient tool to analyze antigen-specific immunity for diagnostic and research purposes. This article provides an optimized whole blood-based protocol with dual co-stimulation for comprehensive analysis of host immunity to fungal and viral pathogens, including a low-volume version for pediatric patients and small animals.

具有双重共刺激的全血测定，用于宿主对真菌和病毒病原体免疫的抗原特异性分析

Rapid and resource-efficient sample processing, high throughput, and high robustness are critical for effective scientific and clinical application of ...

实时的细胞毒性分析在人全血

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此视频中的章节

确定最佳人力Her2neu特异性CD8 + T细胞的细胞毒活性的比较CR51发行含量xCELLigence系统

定量高通量单细胞的细胞毒性T细胞的测定

自动差分核染色测定，准确测定三元细胞毒性

基于细胞的流式细胞仪检测，以测量细胞毒活性

人全血中NK细胞杀伤活性的流式细胞仪分析

人外周血 NK 细胞活性评估流基于流式细胞仪检测细胞毒性检测

用于嵌合抗原受体 T 细胞的实时效力测定，用于定位固体和血液癌细胞

具有双重共刺激的全血测定，用于宿主对真菌和病毒病原体免疫的抗原特异性分析

具有双重共刺激的全血测定，用于宿主对真菌和病毒病原体免疫的抗原特异性分析

具有双重共刺激的全血测定，用于宿主对真菌和病毒病原体免疫的抗原特异性分析