Wir danken National Cancer Institute IMAT Programm von NIH für die Finanzierung dieser Arbeit [R33 CA174616-01A1].

1. Zielzellpräparation <ol><li> Aufrechtzuerhalten Zielzellen (z. B. Raji-Lymphomzellen) in Wachstumsmedium (RPMI 1640-Kulturmedium, das mit 10% hitzeinaktiviertem fötalem Rinderserum (FBS), 4 nM L-Glutamin und 500 IU / ml Penicillin / Streptomycin) bei 37 o C in einer 5% CO 2 -Inkubator. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Probe auf die Zielzellen zu pelletieren in einer 15 ml Tube. Zentrifugation Zeit schwankt mit verschiedenen Zelltypen; Zentrifuge für 3 Minuten bei 468 × g für Raji-Zellen. </li><li> Zuerst absaugen alle Blasen auf der Oberfläche des Überstandes gebildet, und entfernen Sie das gesamte Überstand. </li><li> 10 ml PBS auf die Röhre. Re-suspend die Zellen durch Pipettieren der Lösung nach oben und unten mehrmals zum Aufbrechen der Zellklumpen. </li><li> Zentrifugen die Probe für 3 Minuten bei 468 x g. </li><li> Saugen Sie keine Blasen an der Oberfläche des Überstandes gebildet, und entfernen Sie das gesamte Überstand. </li></ol> 2. Herstellung von Zellmikroarrays <ol><li> Obtain Zellhaftung 96er Platte Kits oder Einzelzellenanordnung 8 auch Kammer-Objektträgern (siehe Tabelle der Werkstoffe / Reagenzien). </li><li> Gelten 1,2 &amp; mgr; l des Aktivators zu der DNA-Reagens aus dem Satz. Verschließe das Röhrchen, invertieren, und schütteln, um die Lösung zu mischen. </li><li> Die Lösung wird für 20 min bei RT reagieren. </li><li> Anwendung der gemischten Lösung auf den Zielzellen Pellet (in der 15-ml-Röhrchen). </li><li> Hinzufügen grüne Fluoreszenz cytosolischen Farbstoffe in einer Endkonzentration von 500 nM. </li><li> Inkubieren der Zielzellen mit der gemischten Lösung und des Farbstoffs 30 Minuten lang bei RT auf einem Orbitalschüttler. </li><li> Mit 5 ml PBS Waschen Sie die Zellen zweimal, und die Zellen resuspendieren in 10 ml Wachstumsmedium. </li><li> Anwendung 100 ul der Lösung aus Schritt 2.7 in jede Vertiefung. Zählen Sie die Zellzahl durch Verwendung eines Hämacytometers. Sicherstellen Zellzahlen im Bereich zwischen 5 x 10 4 bis 1 × 10 6 Zellen pro Vertiefung. </li><li> Nach 10-15 min Inkubation bei RT, vorsichtig waschen die Proben zweimal mit 200-300 ul Wachstumsmedien, um alle ungebundenen Zellen zu entfernen. HINWEIS: Über 5-10 ul Wachstumsmedien bleibt in jeder Vertiefung nach dem Waschen. </li></ol> 3. Vollblut Zytotoxizitätsassays <ol><li> In 180 ul menschlichem Vollblut zu jeder Probe auch. </li><li> Erhalten Anti-CD20-Antikörper-Lösung auf 5 mg / ml, und führen serielle Verdünnung um 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0,5 ug / ml Anti-CD20-Antikörper-Lösung in 1,5-ml-Röhrchen. In 20 ul jeder Konzentration der Anti-CD20-Antikörper zu jeder Probe und machen dreifach. </li><li> Hinzufügen Propidiumiodid in einer Endkonzentration von 500 nM zu jeder Vertiefung. </li><li> Inkubieren der resultierenden Platte bei 37 ° C mit 5% CO 2 für 16 Stunden. </li><li> Bild der Zellen auf dem Objektträger oder 96-Well-Platten mit einer automatischen Bildsystem mit 8-facher Vergrößerung. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die Zellzählung Programm des automatischen Imaging-System, um die Ergebnisse zu quantifizieren. Hinweis: Die Software des automatischen Imaging-System bietet eine einfacheSchritt-für-Schritt-Operationen zur Zellzählung. Das Protokoll für die Verwendung dieser Software kann auf der Website Anbieters finden. </li><li> Wählen Sie [Rückblick Ergebnisse] von der Hauptseite der Software. </li><li> Wählen Sie [die gespeicherte für die Proben Datei]. </li><li> Erstes Tor FITC mittlere Intensität&gt; 50, dann Gate TxRed mittlere Intensität&gt; 20. </li><li> Wählen Sie [Teller Übersicht]. </li><li> Wählen Sie [Tabellen exportieren]. HINWEIS: Die prozentuale Zellabtötung Formel des Programms ist unten gezeigt: % Zielzelle Tötung = (Anzahl der Zellen gefärbt grün und rot / Anzahl der Zellen gefärbt grün) * 100% </li></ol>

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	<li>Hutchinson, L., Kirk, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+drug+attrition+rates--where+are+we+going+wrong.">High drug attrition rates--where are we going wrong.</a> Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 8, 189-1890 (2011).</li><li>Moreno, L., Pearson, A. 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C., Liu, H., Holstlaw, T. A., Liu, C., Francis, C. Y., Francis, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real+time+assays+for+quantifying+cytotoxicity+with+single+cell+resolution.">Real time assays for quantifying cytotoxicity with single cell resolution.</a> PLoS One. 8, 10-1371 (2013).</li><li>Wang, S. Y., Weiner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rituximab:+a+review+of+its+use+in+non-Hodgkin&#8217;s+lymphoma+and+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Rituximab: a review of its use in non-Hodgkin&#8217;s lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> Expert Opin Biol Ther. 8, (2008).</li><li>Dalle, S., Thieblemont, C., Thomas, L., Dumontet, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+in+clinical+oncology.">Monoclonal antibodies in clinical oncology.</a> Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 8, 523-532 (2008).</li><li>Brunner, K. T., Mauel, J., Cerottini, J. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+MTT+colorimetric+assay+to+measure+cell+activation.">Use of MTT colorimetric assay to measure cell activation.</a> Immunol Methods. 94, 57-63 (1986).</li><li>Toriello, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+microfluidic+bioprocessor+for+single-cell+gene+expression+analysis.">Integrated microfluidic bioprocessor for single-cell gene expression analysis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105, (2008).</li><li>Douglas, E. S., Hsiao, S. C., Onoe, H., Bertozzi, C. R., Francis, M. B., Mathies, R. 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B., Link, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+content+screening:+seeing+is+believing.">High content screening: seeing is believing.</a> Trends in Biotechnology. 28, 237-245 (2010).</li><li>Coelho, J., P, L., Quinn, S., Murphy, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+image+analysis+for+high-content+screening+and+analysis.">Automated image analysis for high-content screening and analysis.</a> J Biomol Screen. 15, 726-734 (2010).</li><li>Sundberg, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+and+ultra-high-throughput+screening:+solution-+and+cell-based+approaches.">High-throughput and ultra-high-throughput screening: solution- and cell-based approaches.</a> Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 11, 47 (2000).</li><li>Simmons, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Personalized+medicine+is+more+than+genomic+medicine:+confusion+over+terminology+impedes+progress+towards+personalized+healthcare.">Personalized medicine is more than genomic medicine: confusion over terminology impedes progress towards personalized healthcare.</a> PERS MED. 9, 85 (2012).</li></ol>

Autoren haben keine konkurrierenden finanziellen Interessen.

WCA ist ein kritischer in vitro Anti-Krebs-Screening-Tool mit Einzelzellauflösung 12-16, idealerweise nach traditionellen Zielvorführungen wie CDC und ADCC-Assays 9-11, und vor präklinischen Tierversuchen verwendet. Derzeit sind primäre Ziel Screening-Assays wie CDC oder ADCC-Assays alle in einer vereinfachten Medien oder eines Puffersystems durchgeführt. , Wirkstoffkandidaten, die Wirksamkeit in diesen vereinfachten Puffersystem zeigen, sind jedoch nicht immer wirksam in der komplexe...

Jüngste Fortschritte in der Pharmaindustrie haben zu einem erhöhten Interesse an der Verwirklichung der spezifischen Identifikationen von Tumorzell-Antikörper und personalisierte Krebstherapien führten; sind jedoch mehrere Hindernisse in dem Verfahren auftreten. Nur 5% der Mittel, die Antikrebsaktivität in der präklinischen Entwicklung haben werden, nachdem dafür ausreichende Wirksamkeit in Phase II-III Test 1,2 lizenziert. Die vorklinische Strategien (sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo) sind suboptimal, wie viele Beispiele wurden aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen Blutkomponenten 3-5 gezeigt, dass die Antitumor-Arzneimittel in der Human- und vor allem in Labortieren unterschiedlich verhalten. Um die Notwendigkeit eines Antitumor Wirkstoff-Screening-Plattform zu wenden und eine Check-Punkt vor kostspielige Tierversuche und klinische Studien zu schaffen, ist eine menschliche Vollblut Zytotoxizitätsassay (WCA) zur Auswertung antitumorale Wirksamkeit von Medikamenten in einer relevanten biologischen Umgebung vorgeschlagen. DieVollblut-Zytotoxizitätstests können verwendet werden, um die Reaktion einzelner Zellen, Antikörper und andere Wirkstoffkandidaten in menschlichem Vollblut zu bewerten. Der WCA wird durch den Einbau von Hochdurchsatz-Zellpositionierungstechnologie mit hohem Durchsatz und High-Content-Imaging-6 entwickelt. Durch Verwendung eines automatischen Abbildungssystem kann sowohl die Anzahl der lebenden und toten Zellen, die mit einem hohen Grad an Genauigkeit bestimmt werden. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass die Zielzellen auf der gleichen Brennebene immobilisiert ist WCA Lage, quantitative Zytotoxizität Analyse in Echtzeit ohne die Entfernung der roten Blutzellen bereitzustellen. Darüber hinaus stellt die automatische Abbildungssystem mehrere Vorteile, wie dass nur Zielzellen, die die angegebenen Kriterien erreicht haben (z. B. fluoreszenzmarkierten Zellen und Zellmorphologie) sind geschlossene und verarbeitet. Auch ermöglicht es die Produktion von 144 Platten pro Tag. Folglich diese Abbildungsfähigkeit und Durchsatz ermöglicht Betrieb von High-cNHALT und Hochdurchsatz-Experimenten gleichzeitig. Durch die Kombination von WCA und der Automated Imaging System können hohe Durchsatz quantitative Zellcytotoxizität Analyse innerhalb einer biologisch relevanten Umwelt erreicht werden.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="761">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Name/Discription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Cell attachment 96 well plate kits&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AP9601</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Suspension Single cell array 8 well chamber slide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS0801</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Adherent Single cell array 8 well chamber slide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS0802</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Lymphoma cell line CD20+</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CCL-86</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Raji cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Lymphoma cell line CD20-</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CRL-8083</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MC/CAR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11875-119</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Thermo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30070.01HI</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Peni/Strep</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">15070063</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Cytosolic dye</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7025</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Tracker Green</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Rituxan (Biosimilar)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Eureka Therapeutics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Human whole blood</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Allcells</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WB001</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4170-10MG</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Automatic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Contact Vendor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Reporter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Cell counting program</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Contact Vendor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Reporter</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time cytotoxicity assays in human whole blood

Ein Live-zellbasierten Vollblut Zytotoxizitätstest (WCA), die Zugriff auf Zeitinformation des gesamten Zell-Cytotoxizität kann mit Hochdurchsatz-Zellpositionierungstechnologie entwickelt. Die gezielten Tumorzellpopulationen werden zuerst die Immobilisierung in ein Array-Format vorprogrammiert und mit grün fluoreszierenden cytosolischen Farbstoffen markiert. Im Anschluss an die Zellenanordnung Bildung werden Antikörper-Medikamenten in Kombination mit menschlichem Vollblut zugegeben. Propidiumiodid (PI) wird dann zugegeben, um den Zelltod zu bewerten. Die Zellenanordnung ist mit einem automatischen Abbildungssystem analysiert. Während cytosolischen Farbstoff beschriftet die gezielte Tumorzellpopulationen, Etiketten PI die toten Tumorzellpopulationen. Somit kann der Anteil der Ziel-Krebszelltötung durch die Berechnung der Anzahl der überlebenden Zellen gezielt auf die Anzahl der toten Zielzellen zu quantifizieren. Mit diesem Verfahren können die Forscher zeitabhängig und dosisabhängige Zell-Cytotoxizität Informationen zuzugreifen. Bemerkenswert ist, keine gefährliche RadioChemikalien verwendet werden. Die hier vorgestellte WCA hat mit Lymphom, Leukämie und soliden Tumorzelllinien getestet. Daher ermöglicht WCA Forscher Wirksamkeit von Medikamenten in einem hoch relevanten ex vivo Zustand zu beurteilen.

Anti-CD20-Antikörper und Lymphomzellen (Raji-Zellen und MC / CAR) wurden als Modellsystem, um die Vollblut Zytotoxizitätsassay (WCA) 7,8 demonstrieren gewählt. Raji-Zellen hatte eine hohe Kopienzahl von CD20 auf der Zelloberfläche, während MC / CAR Zellen hatten niedrige Kopienzahl von CD20 auf ihrer Membran. Zielzellen wurden zunächst grün mit grünen Fluoreszenz cytosolischen Farbstoffen gefärbt und auf der 96-Well-Platte angeordnet. 10,000 - 50,000 Ziellymphomzellen wurden in jede Vertiefung immobi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood at JoVE.com

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

Das Vollblut Zytotoxizitätsassay (WCA) ist ein Zytotoxizitätstest durch Einbau Hochdurchsatz-Zellpositionierungstechnologie mit Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und automatisierte Bildverarbeitung entwickelt. Hier beschreiben wir, wie Lymphom-Zellen mit einem anti-CD20-Antikörper behandelt werden können, in Echtzeit in menschlichem Vollblut zur quantitativen Analyse bereitzustellen zelluläre Zytotoxizität untersucht werden.

Echtzeit-Zytotoxizitätsassays in menschlichem Vollblut

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with ...

real-time-cytotoxicity-assays-in-human-whole-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.1K Aufrufe.  Adheren, Inc.  Das Vollblut Zytotoxizitätsassay (WCA) ist ein Zytotoxizitätstest durch Einbau Hochdurchsatz-Zellpositionierungstechnologie mit Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und automatisierte Bildverarbeitung entwickelt. Hier beschreiben wir, wie Lymphom-Zellen mit einem anti-CD20-Antikörper behandelt werden können, in Echtzeit in menschlichem Vollblut zur quantitativen Analyse bereitzustellen zelluläre Zytotoxizität untersucht werden. 

Serie: Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

Evaluation von Nanopartikel-Aufnahme in Tumoren in Echtzeit über Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

Forschung

Medizin

Rapid Point-of-Care Assay of Enoxaparin Anticoagulant Efficacy in Whole Blood

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH), enoxaparin. There are also urgent clinical situations where it would be important if this could be determined rapidly. The present assay is designed to accomplish this. We only assayed human blood samples that were spiked with known concentrations of enoxaparin. The essential feature of the present assay is the quantification of the efficacy of enoxaparin in a patient's blood sample by degrading it to complete inactivity with heparinase. Two blood samples were drawn into Vacutainer tubes (Becton-Dickenson; Franklin Lakes, NJ) that were spiked with enoxaparin; one sample was digested with heparinase for 5 min at 37 &deg;C, the other sample represented the patient's baseline anticoagulated status. The percent shortening of clotting time in the heparinase-treated sample, as compared to the baseline state, yielded the anticoagulant contribution of enoxaparin. We used the portable, battery operated Hemochron 801 apparatus for measurements of clotting times (International Technidyne Corp., Edison, NJ). The apparatus has 2 thermostatically controlled (37 &deg;C) assay tube wells. We conducted the assays in two types of assay cartridges that are available from the manufacturer of the instrument. One cartridge was modified to increase its sensitivity. We removed the kaolin from the FTK-ACT cartridge by extensive rinsing with distilled water, leaving only the glass surface of the tube, and perhaps the detection magnet, as activators. We called this our minimally activated assay (MAA). The use of a minimally activated assay has been studied by us and others. 2-4 The second cartridge that was studied was an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay (A104). This was used as supplied from the manufacturer. The thermostated wells of the instrument were used for both the heparinase digestion and coagulation assays. The assay can be completed within 10 min. The MAA assay showed robust changes in clotting time after heparinase digestion of enoxaparin over a typical clinical concentration range. At 0.2 anti-Xa I.U. of enoxaparin per ml of blood sample, heparinase digestion caused an average decrease of 9.8% (20.4 sec) in clotting time; at 1.0 I.U. per ml of enoxaparin there was a 41.4% decrease (148.8 sec). This report only presents the experimental application of the assay; its value in a clinical setting must still be established.

Demonstration of a rapid quantitative assay of the inhibition of blood coagulation by the low-molecular-weight-heparin, enoxaparin. The contribution of enoxaparin is assessed by removing its influence through digestion with heparinase. A fuller description of the assay is detailed in our published paper.1 The assay still requires clinical confirmation.

Schnelle Point-of-Care-Test von Enoxaparin Gerinnungshemmer Wirksamkeit im Vollblut

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the ...

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process including development1, apoptosis2, and cell cycle regulation3. MiRNAs are estimated to regulate the expression of 30% to 90% of human genes4 by binding to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs)5. Widespread dysregulation of miRNAs has been reported in various diseases and cancer subtypes6. Due to their prevalence and unique structure, these small molecules are likely to be the next generation of biomarkers, therapeutic agents and/or targets.
Methods used to investigate miRNA expression include SYBR green I dye- based as well as Taqman-probe based qPCR. If miRNAs are to be effectively used in the clinical setting, it is imperative that their detection in fresh and/or archived clinical samples be accurate, reproducible, and specific. qPCR has been widely used for validating expression of miRNAs in whole genome analyses such as microarray studies7. The samples used in this protocol were from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer; however other tissues and cell lines can be substituted in. Prostate specimens were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen after resection. Clinical variables and follow-up information for each patient were collected for subsequent analysis8.
Quantification of miRNA levels in prostate tumor samples. The main steps in qPCR analysis of tumors are: Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and detection of qPCR products using miRNA-specific primers. Total RNA, which includes mRNA, miRNA, and other small RNAs were extracted from specimens using TRIzol reagent. Qiagen's miScript System was used to synthesize cDNA and perform qPCR (Figure 1). Endogenous miRNAs are not polyadenylated, therefore during the reverse transcription process, a poly(A) polymerase polyadenylates the miRNA. The miRNA is used as a template to synthesize cDNA using oligo-dT and Reverse Transcriptase. A universal tag sequence on the 5' end of oligo-dT primers facilitates the amplification of cDNA in the PCR step. PCR product amplification is detected by the level of fluorescence emitted by SYBR Green, a dye which intercalates into double stranded DNA. Specific miRNA primers, along with a Universal Primer that binds to the universal tag sequence will amplify specific miRNA sequences. 
The miScript Primer Assays are available for over a thousand human-specific miRNAs, and hundreds of murine-specific miRNAs. Relative quantification method was used here to quantify the expression of miRNAs. To correct for variability amongst different samples, expression levels of a target miRNA is normalized to the expression levels of a reference gene. The choice of a gene on which to normalize the expression of targets is critical in relative quantification method of analysis. Examples of reference genes typically used in this capacity are the small RNAs RNU6B, RNU44, and RNU48 as they are considered to be stably expressed across most samples. In this protocol, RNU6B is used as the reference gene.

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

Quantitative Real Time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a rapid and sensitive method to investigate the expression levels of various microRNA (miRNA) molecules in tumor samples. Using this method expression of hundreds of different miRNA molecules can be amplified, quantified, and analyzed from the same cDNA template.

MicroRNA-Detektion in Prostatatumoren durch quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process ...

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular patterns responsible for governing the movement performance. This motor learning can be enhanced through a number of methods that are utilized in research and clinical settings alike. In general, verbal feedback of performance in real-time or knowledge of results following movement is commonly used clinically as a preliminary means of instilling motor learning. Depending on patient preference and learning style, visual feedback (e.g. through use of a mirror or different types of video) or proprioceptive guidance utilizing therapist touch, are used to supplement verbal instructions from the therapist. Indeed, a combination of these forms of feedback is commonplace in the clinical setting to facilitate motor learning and optimize outcomes.
Laboratory-based, quantitative motion analysis has been a mainstay in research settings to provide accurate and objective analysis of a variety of movements in healthy and injured populations. While the actual mechanisms of capturing the movements may differ, all current motion analysis systems rely on the ability to track the movement of body segments and joints and to use established equations of motion to quantify key movement patterns. Due to limitations in acquisition and processing speed, analysis and description of the movements has traditionally occurred offline after completion of a given testing session.
This paper will highlight a new supplement to standard motion analysis techniques that relies on the near instantaneous assessment and quantification of movement patterns and the display of specific movement characteristics to the patient during a movement analysis session. As a result, this novel technique can provide a new method of feedback delivery that has advantages over currently used feedback methods.

Retraining abnormal movement patterns following injury or disease is a key component of physical rehabilitation. Recent advances in technology have permitted accurate assessment of movement during a variety of tasks, with near instantaneous quantification of results. This provides new opportunities for modification of faulty movement patterns in real time.

Movement Umschulung mit Echtzeit-Feedback von Performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular ...

Cerebrospinal Fluid MicroRNA Profiling Using Quantitative Real Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their translational repression. Changes in miRNA expression have been shown to be involved in the development of all major complex diseases. Furthermore, recent findings showed that miRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular environment and enter the bloodstream and other body fluids where they can circulate with high stability. The function of such circulating miRNAs remains largely elusive, but systematic high throughput approaches, such as miRNA profiling arrays, have lead to the identification of miRNA signatures in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders and several types of cancers. In this context, the identification of miRNA expression profile in the cerebrospinal fluid, as reported in our recent study, makes miRNAs attractive candidates for biomarker analysis.
There are several tools available for profiling microRNAs, such as microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and deep sequencing. Here, we describe a sensitive method to profile microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluids by quantitative real-time PCR. We used the Exiqon microRNA ready-to-use PCR human panels I and II V2.R, which allows detection of 742 unique human microRNAs. We performed the arrays in triplicate runs and we processed and analyzed data using the GenEx Professional 5 software.
Using this protocol, we have successfully profiled microRNAs in various types of cell lines and primary cells, CSF, plasma, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.

We describe a protocol of real time PCR to profile microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). With the exception of RNA extraction protocols, the procedure can be extended to RNA extracted from other body fluids, cultured cells, or tissue specimens.

Liquor microRNA Profiling mittels quantitativer Real-Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their ...

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an increased risk of vascular morbidity.&#160;Yet, albeit&#160;the mounting clinical evidence, there is a paucity of clear studies of vascular toxicity and therefore the etiology of a heterogeneous group of vascular/cardiovascular disorders remains to be elucidated. Moreover, the mechanism that may underlie vascular toxicity can completely differ from the principles of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, which is related to direct myocyte injury. We have established a real-time, in vivo molecular imaging platform&#160;to evaluate&#160;the potential&#160;acute&#160;vascular toxicity of anti-cancer therapies.
We have set up a platform of in vivo, high-resolution molecular imaging&#160;in mice,&#160;suitable for visualizing vasculature within confined organs and reference blood vessels within the same individuals whereas each individual serve as its own control. Blood vessel walls were impaired after doxorubicin administration, representing a unique mechanism of vascular toxicity that may be the early event in end-organ injury. Herein, the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging is described, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

We herein describe the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

Chemotherapie-induzierte vaskuläre Toxizität - Echtzeit-<em&gt; In-vivo-</em&gt; Imaging von Vessel Impairment

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an ...

Assessment of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Attachment and Invasion of Mesothelial Cells in Real Time

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not accurately model the behaviors of cancer cells within a nonadherent environment, as cancer cells inherently aggregate into multicellular structures which contribute to the metastatic process by attaching to and invading the peritoneal lining to form secondary tumors. To model this important stage of ovarian cancer metastasis, multicellular aggregates, or spheroids, can be generated from established ovarian cancer cell lines maintained under nonadherent conditions. To mimic the peritoneal microenvironment encountered by tumor cells in vivo, a spheroid-mesothelial co-culture model was established in which preformed spheroids are plated on top of a human mesothelial cell monolayer, formed over an extracellular matrix barrier. Methods were then developed using a real-time cell analyzer to conduct quantitative real time measurements of the invasive capacity of different ovarian cancer cell lines grown as spheroids. This approach allows for the continuous measurement of invasion over long periods of time, which has several advantages over traditional endpoint assays and more laborious real time microscopy image analyses. In short, this method enables a rapid, determination of factors which regulate the interactions between ovarian cancer spheroid cells invading through mesothelial and matrix barriers over time.

Ovarian cancer cell invasion into the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum is a dynamic process over time. Utilizing a real time analyzer, the invasive capacity of ovarian cancer cells in a spheroid-mesothelial cell co-culture model can be quantified over prolonged time periods, providing insights into factors regulating the metastatic process.

Beurteilung von Eierstockkrebs Sphäroid Bindung und Invasion von Mesothelzellen in Echtzeit

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

Beurteilung von Lungenmetastasen in Maus-Mammatumormodelle durch quantitative Echtzeit-PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...

Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Modeled via Liver Laceration in Mice with Real Time Hemodynamic Monitoring

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via a liver laceration that results in consistent blood loss, hemodynamic alterations, and survival.
Mice undergo a standardized resection of the left-middle lobe of the liver. They are allowed to bleed without mechanical intervention. Hemostatic agents can be administered as pre-treatment or rescue therapy depending on the interest of the investigator. During the time of hemorrhage, real-time hemodynamic monitoring via a left femoral arterial line is performed. Mice are then sacrificed, blood loss is quantified, blood is collected for further analysis, and organs are harvested for analysis of injury. Experimental design is described to allow for simultaneous testing of multiple animals.
Liver hemorrhage as a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage exists in the literature, primarily in rat and porcine models. Some of these models utilize hemodynamic monitoring or quantify blood loss but lack consistency. The present model incorporates quantification of blood loss, real-time hemodynamic monitoring in a murine model that offers the advantage of using transgenic lines and a high-throughput mechanism to further investigate the pathophysiologic mechanisms in uncontrolled hemorrhage.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage, an important cause of mortality among trauma patients, can be modeled using a standard liver laceration in a murine model. This model results in consistent blood loss, survival, and allows for testing hemostatic agents. This article provides the step-by-step process to perform this valuable model.

Unkontrollierter Hämorrhagischer Schock modelliert über Lebervernichtung bei Mäusen mit Echtzeit-Hämodynamik-Monitoring

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via ...

In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) coverage plays a central role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is dynamically maintained by astrocytes, pericytes and brain endothelial cells (BECs). Here, we detail methods to assess BBB coverage using single cultures of immortalized human BECs, single cultures of primary mouse BECs, and a humanized triple culture model (BECs, astrocytes and pericytes) of the BBB. To highlight the applicability of the assays to disease states, we describe the effect of oligomeric amyloid-&#946; (oA&#946;), which is an important contributor to Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression, on BBB coverage. Further, we utilize the epidermal growth factor (EGF) to illuminate the drug screening potential of the techniques. Our results show that single and triple cultured BECs form meshwork-like structures under basal conditions, and that oA&#946; disrupts this cell meshwork formation and degenerates the preformed mesh structures, but EGF blocks this disruption. Thus, the techniques described are important for dissecting fundamental and disease-relevant processes that modulate BBB coverage.

In Vitro Assays to Assess Blood-brain Barrier Mesh-like Vessel Formation and Disruption

Maintaining blood-brain barrier coverage is key for the homeostasis of the central nervous system. This protocol describes in vitro techniques to delineate the fundamental and pathological processes that modulate blood-brain barrier coverage.

In-Vitro- Assays zur Beurteilung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke Mesh-artigen Gefäßbildung und -störung

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) coverage plays a central role in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB is dynamically maintained by ...