Nous remercions programme IMAT National Cancer Institute des NIH pour le financement de ce travail [R33 CA174616-01A1].

1. Préparation cellulaire cible <ol><li> Maintenir (cellules par exemple. Raji du lymphome) Les cellules cibles dans des milieux de croissance (milieu RPMI 1640 de la culture, avec 10% de sérum inactivé par la chaleur bovin fœtal (FBS), 4 nM de L-glutamine et 500 UI / ml de pénicilline / streptomycine) à 37 ° C dans un incubateur à CO2 à 5%. </li><li> Centrifuger l&#39;échantillon pour former un culot des cellules cibles dans un tube de 15 ml. durée de centrifugation varie en fonction de différents types de cellules; centrifuger pendant 3 min à 468 g pendant cellules Raji. </li><li> Première aspirer les bulles formées sur la surface du surnageant, et enlever toute surnageant. </li><li> Ajouter 10 ml de PBS dans le tube. Re-suspendre les cellules par pipetage la solution de haut en bas plusieurs fois pour briser la motte de cellule. </li><li> Centrifuger l&#39;échantillon pendant 3 min à 468 x g. </li><li> Aspirer les bulles formées sur la surface du surnageant, et enlever toute surnageant. </li></ol> 2. Préparation de puces à cellules <ol><li> Ola fixation des cellules btenir 96 kits de plaques puits ou réseau de cellules 8 diapositives de la chambre de bien simples (voir tableau des matériaux / réactifs). </li><li> Appliquer 1,2 ul de l&#39;activateur pour le réactif de l&#39;ADN à partir du kit. Boucher le flacon, l&#39;inverser, et mélanger délicatement la solution. </li><li> Laisser la solution réagir pendant 20 minutes à température ambiante. </li><li> Appliquer la solution mélangée à la pastille de cellules cibles (dans le tube de 15 ml). </li><li> Ajouter les colorants verts de fluorescence cytosolique à une concentration finale de 500 nM. </li><li> Incuber les cellules cibles à la solution mélangée et le colorant pendant 30 min à température ambiante sur un agitateur orbital. </li><li> Laver les cellules deux fois avec 5 ml de PBS, et remettre en suspension les cellules dans des milieux 10 ml de croissance. </li><li> Appliquer 100 ul de la solution de l&#39;étape 2.7 dans chaque puits. Compter le nombre de cellules en utilisant un hématimètre. Assurez-vous que le nombre de cellules comprises entre 5 x 10 4 à 1 x 10 6 cellules par puits. </li><li> Après 10-15 minutes d&#39;incubation à température ambiante, laver délicatement les échantillons deux fois avec 200-300 média de croissance ul pour enlever les cellules non liées. NOTE: À propos de 5-10 milieux de croissance ul reste dans chaque puits après le lavage. </li></ol> 3. Sang cytotoxicité <ol><li> Ajouter 180 ul de sang humain pour chaque échantillon. </li><li> Obtenir une solution d&#39;anticorps anti-CD20 à 5 mg / ml, et d&#39;effectuer des dilutions en série pour faire 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0,5 ug / ml de solution d&#39;anticorps anti-CD20 dans des tubes de 1,5 ml. Ajouter 20 ul de chaque concentration de l&#39;anticorps anti-CD20 à chaque puits d&#39;échantillon faisant triple. </li><li> Ajouter de l&#39;iodure de propidium à une concentration finale de 500 nM dans chaque puits. </li><li> Incuber la plaque résultante à 37 ° C avec 5% de CO2 pendant 16 heures. </li><li> Image les cellules sur les lames ou plaques à 96 puits avec un système d&#39;imagerie automatique avec un grossissement de 8x. </li><li> Utiliser le programme de comptage de cellules du système de formation d&#39;image automatique pour quantifier les résultats. REMARQUE: Le logiciel du système d&#39;imagerie automatique offre simple,étape par étape des opérations de comptage des cellules. Le protocole de l&#39;utilisation de ce logiciel se trouve sur le site Web du fournisseur. </li><li> Sélectionnez [Résultats de l&#39;examen] de la page principale du logiciel. </li><li> Sélectionnez [Le fichier sauvegardé pour les échantillons]. </li><li> Première porte signifie FITC intensité&gt; 50, puis porte TxRed intensité&gt; 20 signifie. </li><li> Sélectionnez [Plate Aperçu]. </li><li> Sélectionnez [Tables d&#39;exportation]. NOTE: La formule de la destruction des cellules pourcentage du programme est le suivant: Meurtre% de la cellule cible = (nombre de cellules colorées à la fois vert et rouge / Nombre de cellules colorées en vert) * 100% </li></ol>

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Les auteurs ont aucun intérêt financier concurrents.

AOC est une critique en outil de dépistage anti-cancer in vitro avec une résolution cellulaire unique 12-16, idéalement utilisé après des projections de cibles traditionnels tels que CDC et analyses ADCC 9-11, et avant que les tests précliniques animales. Actuellement, les tests de dépistage de cibles primaires tels que CDC ou ADCC essais sont effectués par un support simplifiés ou un système tampon. Toutefois, les candidats médicaments qui montrent une efficacité dans...

Les progrès récents dans l&#39;industrie pharmaceutique ont conduit à un intérêt accru dans la réalisation des identifications spécifiques des anticorps contre les cellules de la tumeur et des traitements personnalisés du cancer; Toutefois, plusieurs obstacles sont rencontrés dans le processus. Seulement 5% des agents qui ont une activité anticancéreuse en développement préclinique sont autorisés après avoir montré une efficacité suffisante dans la phase des essais II-III 1,2. Les stratégies précliniques (à la fois in vitro et in vivo) sont sous-optimaux comme de nombreux exemples ont montré que les médicaments anti-tumoraux chez les humains se comportent différemment et chez les animaux de laboratoire, principalement en raison de leurs différents composants sanguins 3-5. Pour répondre à la nécessité d&#39;une plate-forme de criblage de médicaments anti-tumorale et de fournir un point de contrôle avant l&#39;expérimentation animale coûteux et des essais cliniques, tout un test de cytotoxicité de sang humain (WCA) est proposé pour évaluer antitumorale l&#39;efficacité des médicaments dans un environnement biologique plus pertinente. Leessai de cytotoxicité de sang total peut être utilisé pour évaluer la réponse de cellules individuelles à des anticorps et d&#39;autres médicaments candidats dans le sang total humain. L&#39;AOC est développé en intégrant la technologie à haut débit positionnement cellulaire avec à haut débit et à haute teneur en imagerie 6. En utilisant un système d&#39;imagerie automatisée, le nombre de deux cellules vivantes et mortes peut être déterminée avec un degré élevé de précision. En raison du fait que les cellules cibles sont immobilisées sur le même plan focal, WCA est capable de fournir une analyse de cytotoxicité quantitative en temps réel sans l&#39;élimination des globules rouges. En outre, le système d&#39;imagerie automatique offre plusieurs avantages tels que que seules les cellules cibles qui ont atteint les critères spécifiques (par exemple, les cellules. Marquées par fluorescence, et la morphologie des cellules) sont bloquées et transformés. De plus, il permet la production de 144 plaques par jour. Par conséquent, cette capacité d&#39;imagerie et de débit permet l&#39;exécution de haute contenu et expériences à haut débit simultanément. En combinant WCA et le système de formation d&#39;image automatisé, à haut débit analyse quantitative de la cytotoxicité cellulaire peut être réalisée dans un environnement plus pertinent biologique.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="761">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Name/Discription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Cell attachment 96 well plate kits&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AP9601</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Suspension Single cell array 8 well chamber slide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS0801</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Adherent Single cell array 8 well chamber slide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS0802</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Lymphoma cell line CD20+</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CCL-86</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Raji cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Lymphoma cell line CD20-</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CRL-8083</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MC/CAR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11875-119</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Thermo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30070.01HI</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Peni/Strep</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">15070063</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Cytosolic dye</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7025</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Tracker Green</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Rituxan (Biosimilar)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Eureka Therapeutics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Human whole blood</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Allcells</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WB001</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4170-10MG</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Automatic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Contact Vendor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Reporter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Cell counting program</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Contact Vendor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Reporter</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time cytotoxicity assays in human whole blood

Un essai de cytotoxicité sang total à base de cellules vivantes (WCA) qui permet l&#39;accès à l&#39;information temporelle de la cytotoxicité cellulaire global est développé avec une technologie de positionnement cellulaire à haut débit. Les populations de cellules tumorales cibles sont d&#39;abord pré-programmés de l&#39;immobilisation dans un format de réseau, et marquées avec des colorants fluorescents verts cytosoliques. Après la formation de la matrice de cellules, des médicaments anticorps sont ajoutés en combinaison avec du sang total humain. L&#39;iodure de propidium (PI) est ensuite ajouté à évaluer la mort cellulaire. Le réseau de cellules est analysée avec un système d&#39;imagerie automatique. Bien que les étiquettes de colorant cytosolique populations de cellules tumorales ciblées, PI étiquettes des populations de cellules tumorales mortes. Ainsi, le pourcentage de cancer de la destruction des cellules cibles peut être quantifiée par le calcul du nombre de cellules survivantes ciblées pour le nombre de cellules cibles mortes. Avec cette méthode, les chercheurs peuvent accéder en fonction du temps et de l&#39;information de la cytotoxicité cellulaire dépendant de la dose. Remarquablement, pas de radio dangereuxproduits chimiques sont utilisés. Le WCA présenté ici a été testée avec le lymphome, la leucémie, et les lignées cellulaires de tumeurs solides. Par conséquent, l&#39;AOC permet aux chercheurs d&#39;évaluer l&#39;efficacité des médicaments dans un état ​​très pertinente ex vivo.

Des anticorps anti-CD20 et des cellules de lymphome (cellules Raji et MC / CAR) a été choisi comme système modèle pour montrer l&#39;ensemble de dosage de cytotoxicité de sang (WCA) 7,8. Cellules Raji eu grand nombre de copies de CD20 sur la surface des cellules, tandis que les cellules MC / CAR avaient un faible nombre de copies de CD20 sur leur membrane. Cellules ciblées ont d&#39;abord été colorées en vert avec des colorants verts fluorescence cytosoliques et disposés sur la plaque de 96 puits. 1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood at JoVE.com

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

L&#39;ensemble du test de cytotoxicité de sang (WCA) est un test de cytotoxicité au point en incorporant la technologie de positionnement cellulaire à haut débit à la microscopie par fluorescence et un traitement d&#39;image automatique. Ici, nous décrivons comment les cellules de lymphomes traitées avec un anticorps anti-CD20 peuvent être analysés en temps réel dans le sang total humain pour fournir une analyse quantitative de la cytotoxicité cellulaire.

En temps réel cytotoxicité dans le sang total humain

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with ...

real-time-cytotoxicity-assays-in-human-whole-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.1K vues.  Adheren, Inc.  L'ensemble du test de cytotoxicité de sang (WCA) est un test de cytotoxicité au point en incorporant la technologie de positionnement cellulaire à haut débit à la microscopie par fluorescence et un traitement d'image automatique. Ici, nous décrivons comment les cellules de lymphomes traitées avec un anticorps anti-CD20 peuvent être analysés en temps réel dans le sang total humain pour fournir une analyse quantitative de la cytotoxicité cellulaire. 

Vidéo: Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

Evaluation de la fixation des nanoparticules dans les tumeurs en temps réel par imagerie intravitale

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

Recherche

Médecine

Rapid Point-of-Care Assay of Enoxaparin Anticoagulant Efficacy in Whole Blood

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH), enoxaparin. There are also urgent clinical situations where it would be important if this could be determined rapidly. The present assay is designed to accomplish this. We only assayed human blood samples that were spiked with known concentrations of enoxaparin. The essential feature of the present assay is the quantification of the efficacy of enoxaparin in a patient's blood sample by degrading it to complete inactivity with heparinase. Two blood samples were drawn into Vacutainer tubes (Becton-Dickenson; Franklin Lakes, NJ) that were spiked with enoxaparin; one sample was digested with heparinase for 5 min at 37 &deg;C, the other sample represented the patient's baseline anticoagulated status. The percent shortening of clotting time in the heparinase-treated sample, as compared to the baseline state, yielded the anticoagulant contribution of enoxaparin. We used the portable, battery operated Hemochron 801 apparatus for measurements of clotting times (International Technidyne Corp., Edison, NJ). The apparatus has 2 thermostatically controlled (37 &deg;C) assay tube wells. We conducted the assays in two types of assay cartridges that are available from the manufacturer of the instrument. One cartridge was modified to increase its sensitivity. We removed the kaolin from the FTK-ACT cartridge by extensive rinsing with distilled water, leaving only the glass surface of the tube, and perhaps the detection magnet, as activators. We called this our minimally activated assay (MAA). The use of a minimally activated assay has been studied by us and others. 2-4 The second cartridge that was studied was an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay (A104). This was used as supplied from the manufacturer. The thermostated wells of the instrument were used for both the heparinase digestion and coagulation assays. The assay can be completed within 10 min. The MAA assay showed robust changes in clotting time after heparinase digestion of enoxaparin over a typical clinical concentration range. At 0.2 anti-Xa I.U. of enoxaparin per ml of blood sample, heparinase digestion caused an average decrease of 9.8% (20.4 sec) in clotting time; at 1.0 I.U. per ml of enoxaparin there was a 41.4% decrease (148.8 sec). This report only presents the experimental application of the assay; its value in a clinical setting must still be established.

Demonstration of a rapid quantitative assay of the inhibition of blood coagulation by the low-molecular-weight-heparin, enoxaparin. The contribution of enoxaparin is assessed by removing its influence through digestion with heparinase. A fuller description of the assay is detailed in our published paper.1 The assay still requires clinical confirmation.

Rapid Point-of-Care Test de l&#39;efficacité anticoagulante énoxaparine dans le sang total

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the ...

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process including development1, apoptosis2, and cell cycle regulation3. MiRNAs are estimated to regulate the expression of 30% to 90% of human genes4 by binding to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs)5. Widespread dysregulation of miRNAs has been reported in various diseases and cancer subtypes6. Due to their prevalence and unique structure, these small molecules are likely to be the next generation of biomarkers, therapeutic agents and/or targets.
Methods used to investigate miRNA expression include SYBR green I dye- based as well as Taqman-probe based qPCR. If miRNAs are to be effectively used in the clinical setting, it is imperative that their detection in fresh and/or archived clinical samples be accurate, reproducible, and specific. qPCR has been widely used for validating expression of miRNAs in whole genome analyses such as microarray studies7. The samples used in this protocol were from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer; however other tissues and cell lines can be substituted in. Prostate specimens were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen after resection. Clinical variables and follow-up information for each patient were collected for subsequent analysis8.
Quantification of miRNA levels in prostate tumor samples. The main steps in qPCR analysis of tumors are: Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and detection of qPCR products using miRNA-specific primers. Total RNA, which includes mRNA, miRNA, and other small RNAs were extracted from specimens using TRIzol reagent. Qiagen's miScript System was used to synthesize cDNA and perform qPCR (Figure 1). Endogenous miRNAs are not polyadenylated, therefore during the reverse transcription process, a poly(A) polymerase polyadenylates the miRNA. The miRNA is used as a template to synthesize cDNA using oligo-dT and Reverse Transcriptase. A universal tag sequence on the 5' end of oligo-dT primers facilitates the amplification of cDNA in the PCR step. PCR product amplification is detected by the level of fluorescence emitted by SYBR Green, a dye which intercalates into double stranded DNA. Specific miRNA primers, along with a Universal Primer that binds to the universal tag sequence will amplify specific miRNA sequences. 
The miScript Primer Assays are available for over a thousand human-specific miRNAs, and hundreds of murine-specific miRNAs. Relative quantification method was used here to quantify the expression of miRNAs. To correct for variability amongst different samples, expression levels of a target miRNA is normalized to the expression levels of a reference gene. The choice of a gene on which to normalize the expression of targets is critical in relative quantification method of analysis. Examples of reference genes typically used in this capacity are the small RNAs RNU6B, RNU44, and RNU48 as they are considered to be stably expressed across most samples. In this protocol, RNU6B is used as the reference gene.

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

Quantitative Real Time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a rapid and sensitive method to investigate the expression levels of various microRNA (miRNA) molecules in tumor samples. Using this method expression of hundreds of different miRNA molecules can be amplified, quantified, and analyzed from the same cDNA template.

Détection MicroRNA dans les tumeurs prostatiques par quantitative PCR en temps réel (qPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process ...

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular patterns responsible for governing the movement performance. This motor learning can be enhanced through a number of methods that are utilized in research and clinical settings alike. In general, verbal feedback of performance in real-time or knowledge of results following movement is commonly used clinically as a preliminary means of instilling motor learning. Depending on patient preference and learning style, visual feedback (e.g. through use of a mirror or different types of video) or proprioceptive guidance utilizing therapist touch, are used to supplement verbal instructions from the therapist. Indeed, a combination of these forms of feedback is commonplace in the clinical setting to facilitate motor learning and optimize outcomes.
Laboratory-based, quantitative motion analysis has been a mainstay in research settings to provide accurate and objective analysis of a variety of movements in healthy and injured populations. While the actual mechanisms of capturing the movements may differ, all current motion analysis systems rely on the ability to track the movement of body segments and joints and to use established equations of motion to quantify key movement patterns. Due to limitations in acquisition and processing speed, analysis and description of the movements has traditionally occurred offline after completion of a given testing session.
This paper will highlight a new supplement to standard motion analysis techniques that relies on the near instantaneous assessment and quantification of movement patterns and the display of specific movement characteristics to the patient during a movement analysis session. As a result, this novel technique can provide a new method of feedback delivery that has advantages over currently used feedback methods.

Retraining abnormal movement patterns following injury or disease is a key component of physical rehabilitation. Recent advances in technology have permitted accurate assessment of movement during a variety of tasks, with near instantaneous quantification of results. This provides new opportunities for modification of faulty movement patterns in real time.

Mouvement recyclage en utilisant rétroaction en temps réel de la performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular ...

Cerebrospinal Fluid MicroRNA Profiling Using Quantitative Real Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their translational repression. Changes in miRNA expression have been shown to be involved in the development of all major complex diseases. Furthermore, recent findings showed that miRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular environment and enter the bloodstream and other body fluids where they can circulate with high stability. The function of such circulating miRNAs remains largely elusive, but systematic high throughput approaches, such as miRNA profiling arrays, have lead to the identification of miRNA signatures in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders and several types of cancers. In this context, the identification of miRNA expression profile in the cerebrospinal fluid, as reported in our recent study, makes miRNAs attractive candidates for biomarker analysis.
There are several tools available for profiling microRNAs, such as microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and deep sequencing. Here, we describe a sensitive method to profile microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluids by quantitative real-time PCR. We used the Exiqon microRNA ready-to-use PCR human panels I and II V2.R, which allows detection of 742 unique human microRNAs. We performed the arrays in triplicate runs and we processed and analyzed data using the GenEx Professional 5 software.
Using this protocol, we have successfully profiled microRNAs in various types of cell lines and primary cells, CSF, plasma, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.

We describe a protocol of real time PCR to profile microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). With the exception of RNA extraction protocols, the procedure can be extended to RNA extracted from other body fluids, cultured cells, or tissue specimens.

Liquide céphalo-rachidien profilage de microARN Utilisation quantitative PCR en temps réel

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their ...

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an increased risk of vascular morbidity.&#160;Yet, albeit&#160;the mounting clinical evidence, there is a paucity of clear studies of vascular toxicity and therefore the etiology of a heterogeneous group of vascular/cardiovascular disorders remains to be elucidated. Moreover, the mechanism that may underlie vascular toxicity can completely differ from the principles of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, which is related to direct myocyte injury. We have established a real-time, in vivo molecular imaging platform&#160;to evaluate&#160;the potential&#160;acute&#160;vascular toxicity of anti-cancer therapies.
We have set up a platform of in vivo, high-resolution molecular imaging&#160;in mice,&#160;suitable for visualizing vasculature within confined organs and reference blood vessels within the same individuals whereas each individual serve as its own control. Blood vessel walls were impaired after doxorubicin administration, representing a unique mechanism of vascular toxicity that may be the early event in end-organ injury. Herein, the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging is described, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

We herein describe the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

Induits par la chimiothérapie vasculaire Toxicité - en temps réel<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imagerie de déficience navire

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an ...

Assessment of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Attachment and Invasion of Mesothelial Cells in Real Time

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not accurately model the behaviors of cancer cells within a nonadherent environment, as cancer cells inherently aggregate into multicellular structures which contribute to the metastatic process by attaching to and invading the peritoneal lining to form secondary tumors. To model this important stage of ovarian cancer metastasis, multicellular aggregates, or spheroids, can be generated from established ovarian cancer cell lines maintained under nonadherent conditions. To mimic the peritoneal microenvironment encountered by tumor cells in vivo, a spheroid-mesothelial co-culture model was established in which preformed spheroids are plated on top of a human mesothelial cell monolayer, formed over an extracellular matrix barrier. Methods were then developed using a real-time cell analyzer to conduct quantitative real time measurements of the invasive capacity of different ovarian cancer cell lines grown as spheroids. This approach allows for the continuous measurement of invasion over long periods of time, which has several advantages over traditional endpoint assays and more laborious real time microscopy image analyses. In short, this method enables a rapid, determination of factors which regulate the interactions between ovarian cancer spheroid cells invading through mesothelial and matrix barriers over time.

Ovarian cancer cell invasion into the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum is a dynamic process over time. Utilizing a real time analyzer, the invasive capacity of ovarian cancer cells in a spheroid-mesothelial cell co-culture model can be quantified over prolonged time periods, providing insights into factors regulating the metastatic process.

Évaluation de Cancer de l&#39;ovaire Spheroid attachement et l&#39;invasion des cellules mésothéliales en temps réel

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not ...

Real-time X-ray Imaging of Lung Fluid Volumes in Neonatal Mouse Lung

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting and sustaining this phenotype is critically important in normal alveolar growth and gas exchange throughout life. Several in vitro studies have characterized the role of key regulatory proteins, signaling molecules, and steroid hormones that can influence the rate of lung fluid clearance. However, in vivo examinations must be performed to evaluate whether these regulatory factors play important physiological roles in regulating perinatal lung liquid absorption. As such, the utilization of real time X-ray imaging to determine perinatal lung fluid clearance, or pulmonary edema, represents a technological advancement in the field. Herein, we explain and illustrate an approach to assess the rate of alveolar lung fluid clearance and alveolar flooding in C57BL/6 mice at post natal day 10 using X-ray imaging and analysis. Successful implementation of this protocol requires prior approval from institutional animal care and use committees (IACUC), an in vivo small animal X-ray imaging system, and compatible molecular imaging software.

We present a protocol to assess the rate of alveolar fluid clearance or pulmonary edema in neonatal mouse lung using X-ray imaging technology.

En temps réel d&#39;imagerie à rayons X du poumon Volumes fluide dans néonatale Souris Lung

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

Évaluation des métastases pulmonaires chez la souris tumeur mammaire modèles par PCR quantitative en temps réel

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...

Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Modeled via Liver Laceration in Mice with Real Time Hemodynamic Monitoring

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via a liver laceration that results in consistent blood loss, hemodynamic alterations, and survival.
Mice undergo a standardized resection of the left-middle lobe of the liver. They are allowed to bleed without mechanical intervention. Hemostatic agents can be administered as pre-treatment or rescue therapy depending on the interest of the investigator. During the time of hemorrhage, real-time hemodynamic monitoring via a left femoral arterial line is performed. Mice are then sacrificed, blood loss is quantified, blood is collected for further analysis, and organs are harvested for analysis of injury. Experimental design is described to allow for simultaneous testing of multiple animals.
Liver hemorrhage as a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage exists in the literature, primarily in rat and porcine models. Some of these models utilize hemodynamic monitoring or quantify blood loss but lack consistency. The present model incorporates quantification of blood loss, real-time hemodynamic monitoring in a murine model that offers the advantage of using transgenic lines and a high-throughput mechanism to further investigate the pathophysiologic mechanisms in uncontrolled hemorrhage.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage, an important cause of mortality among trauma patients, can be modeled using a standard liver laceration in a murine model. This model results in consistent blood loss, survival, and allows for testing hemostatic agents. This article provides the step-by-step process to perform this valuable model.

Choc hémorrhagique incontrôlable modélisé par la lacération du foie chez les souris avec une surveillance hémodynamique en temps réel

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via ...