우리는이 일 [R33 CA174616-01A1]을 자금 NIH에서 국립 암 연구소 (National Cancer Institute)의 IMAT 프로그램을 감사합니다.

1. 대상 셀 준비 <ol><li> 37 O C에서 (10 % 열 - 불 활성화 소 태아 혈청 (FBS), 4 ㎚ L 글루타민, 500 IU / ml의 페니실린 / 스트렙토 마이신, RPMI 1640 배지) 성장 배지에서 표적 세포 (예. 라지 림프종 세포)를 유지 5 % CO 2 인큐베이터. </li><li> 15ml의 튜브에 표적 세포 펠릿 시료를 원심 분리기. 원심 분리 시간은 다른 세포 유형에 따라 달라집니다; 라지 세포에 대한 468 XG에 3 분 동안 원심 분리. </li><li> 먼저 상층 액의 표면에 형성하는 거품을 대기음, 전체 상층 액을 제거합니다. </li><li> 튜브에 PBS의 10 ML을 추가합니다. 세포 덩어리를 분리시킨 솔루션을 피펫 팅에 의해 여러 번 아래로 세포를 다시 일시 중지합니다. </li><li> 원심 분리기 468 X g에서 3 분의 샘플. </li><li> 상등액의 표면에 형성하는 기포를 대기음, 전체 상층 액을 제거한다. </li></ol> 세포 마이크로 어레이 2. 준비 <ol><li> Obtain 세포 부착 96 웰 플레이트 키트 또는 단일 셀 어레이 8 웰 챔버 슬라이드 (재료 / 시약의 표 참조). </li><li> 키트에서 DNA 시약에 액티베이터의 1.2 μl를 적용합니다. , 유리 병 캡을 반전, 부드럽게 솔루션을 혼합 흔들어. </li><li> 이 솔루션은 실온에서 20 분 동안 반응 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> (15 ML 튜브에서) 표적 세포 펠렛에 혼합 용액을 적용합니다. </li><li> 500 nM의 최종 농도 세포질 녹색 형광 염료를 추가한다. </li><li> 오비탈 쉐이커상에서 RT에서 30 분 동안 혼합 용액 및 염료로 표적 세포를 부화. </li><li> 5 ml의 PBS로 두 번 세포를 씻어, 10 ml의 성장 배지에서 세포를 재현 탁. </li><li> 각 웰 단계 2.7에서 용액 100 μl를 적용합니다. hemacytometer를 이용하여 세포 수를 계산. 확인 세포 수를 잘 당 6 ~ 10 × 10월 4일에서 1일까지 × 5 사이의 세포를 다양합니다. </li><li> 실온에서 배양 10 ~ 15 분 후, 부드럽게 200-30로 두 번 샘플을 씻어0 μL 성장 미디어는 언 바운드 세포를 제거합니다. 참고 : 약 5 ~ 10 μL 성장 미디어는 세척 후 각 웰에 남아 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 전체 혈액 세포 독성 분석 실험 <ol><li> 물론 각각의 샘플에 인간의 전체 혈액의 180 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> ㎖ / 5mg을에 항 CD20 항체 용액을 얻어서하도록 일련의 희석을 수행하는 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 1.5 ㎖의 튜브에 항 CD20 항체 용액 0.5 ㎍ / ml로. 각 샘플 잘 삼중를 만들기 위해 항 -CD20 항체의 농도를 각각 20 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 각 웰에 500nM의 최종 농도로 요오드화 프로피 듐을 추가한다. </li><li> 16 시간 동안 5 % CO 2로 37 ° C에서 얻어진 플레이트를 인큐베이션. </li><li> 이미지 슬라이드 또는 8 배 배율 자동 이미징 시스템을 96 웰 플레이트에 세포. </li><li> 결과를 정량화하는 자동 촬상 시스템의 셀 카운팅 프로그램을 사용한다. 주 : 자동 촬상 시스템의 소프트웨어는 단순 제공단계별 세포 계수에 대한 작업을. 이 소프트웨어를 사용하는 프로토콜은 제공자의 웹 사이트에서 확인할 수있다. </li><li> 소프트웨어의 메인 페이지에서 [리뷰 결과]를 선택합니다. </li><li> [샘플 저​​장 한 파일]을 선택합니다. </li><li> 제 1 게이트는 FITC 강도가&gt; (50), 다음 게이트 TxRed가 강도&gt; (20)을 의미 의미한다. </li><li> [플레이트 개요]를 선택합니다. </li><li> [내보내기 테이블]을 선택합니다. 참고 :이 프로그램의 비율 세포 살해 공식은 다음과 같습니다 : % 표적 세포 살해 = (녹색과 빨간색 두 염색 된 세포의 # / 세포의 # 녹색 스테인드) * 100 % </li></ol>

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저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이해 관계가 없습니다.

WCA는 이상적으로 이러한 CDC와 ADCC 분석 9-11, 같은 및 전임상 동물 시험 전에 기존 대상 검사 한 후 사용 단일 셀 해상도 12-16,와 체외 안티 - 암 검진 도구에서 중요하다. 현재, 이러한 CDC 또는 ADCC 분석 1 차 대상 심사 분석은 모든 단순화 된 미디어 또는 버퍼 시스템에서 수행됩니다. 그러나 이러한 단순화 된 완충 시스템에서 효능을 보여 약물 후보는 항상 더 복잡한 전...

제약 산업에서의 최근의 진보는 종양 세포 항체 및 개인화 된 암 치료의 특정 식별을 실현하는데 관심이 높아진있다; 그러나, 여러 가지 장애물 공정에서 발생된다. 전임상 개발에 항암 활성을 에이전트의 단 5 %의 단계 II-III 시험 1, 2에 충분한 효능을 표시 한 후 라이센스가 부여됩니다. 많은 예제 인해 서로 다른 혈액 성분 3-5 그 항 종양 약물은 인간에 주로 실험 동물에 다르게 동작 보여 주었다으로 임상 전략 (생체 외 및 생체 내) 최적입니다. 항암 약물 스크리닝 플랫폼의 필요성을 해결하기 위해 비싼 동물 실험 및 임상 시험 전에 체크 포인트를 제공하기 위해, 인간 전혈 세포 독성 분석 (WCA)는 더욱 중요한 생물학적 환경에서 항 종양 약물의 효능을 평가하기 위해 제안된다.전혈 세포 독성 분석은 항체 및 인간 전혈의 다른 약물 후보 개별 세포의 반응을 평가할 수있다. WCA는 높은 처리량과 높은 함량 촬상 6 높은 처리량 셀 위치 결정 기술을 통합하여 개발된다. 자동화 된 이미징 시스템을 이용하여 모두 거실과 사균의 수는 고정밀 도로 측정 할 수있다. 인해 표적 세포가 동일한 초점 평면 상에 고정된다는 사실 때문에, WCA는 적혈구의 제거없이 실시간 정량적 세포 독성 분석을 제공 할 수있다. 또한, 자동 촬상 시스템은 그 특정 기준에 도달 한 경우에만 표적 세포 (예., 형광 표지 된 세포 및 세포 형태) 등의 여러 가지 이점 게이팅되고 처리를 제공한다. 또한, 하루에 144 판의 생산을 허용한다. 결과적으로,이 영상 능력과 처리량이 높은 C의 실행을 허용ontent 동시에 높은 처리량 실험. WCA 및 자동화 된 이미징 시스템을 조합함으로써, 높은 처리량 정량 세포 독성 분석은 더욱 중요한 생물학적 환경에서 달성 될 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="761">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Name/Discription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Cell attachment 96 well plate kits&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AP9601</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Suspension Single cell array 8 well chamber slide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS0801</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:336px;">Adherent Single cell array 8 well chamber slide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Adheren</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SS0802</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Lymphoma cell line CD20+</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CCL-86</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Raji cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Lymphoma cell line CD20-</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CRL-8083</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MC/CAR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">RPMI 1640 with L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11875-119</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Thermo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30070.01HI</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Peni/Strep</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">15070063</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Cytosolic dye</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7025</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Tracker Green</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Rituxan (Biosimilar)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Eureka Therapeutics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Human whole blood</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Allcells</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WB001</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4170-10MG</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Automatic imaging system</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Contact Vendor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Reporter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:336px;">Cell counting program</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Contact Vendor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Cell Reporter</td>
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real-time cytotoxicity assays in human whole blood

전반적인 세​​포 독성의 시간 정보에 대한 액세스를 허용 생균 기반 전혈 세포 독성 분석 (WCA)는 높은 처리량 셀 측위 기술 개발된다. 표적 종양 세포 인구 먼저 배열 형식으로 고정화에 미리 프로그램 및 녹색 형광 세포질 염료로 표시되어 있습니다. 셀 어레이의 형성에 이어, 항체 약물은 인간 전혈과 조합하여 첨가한다. 요오드화 프로피 듐 (PI)는 다음 세포 사멸을 평가하기 위해 첨가된다. 셀 어레이는, 자동 촬상 시스템으로 분석된다. 세포질 염료를 대상으로 종양 세포 인구 레이블하지만, PI는 죽은 종양 세포 인구 레이블. 따라서, 표적 암 세포의 사멸 율은 죽은 표적 세포의 수에 표적 세포 생존 수를 계산함으로써 정량화 할 수있다. 이 방법으로, 연구자들은 시간 의존적 농도 의존적​​ 세포 독성 정보에 액세스 할 수있다. 놀랍게도, 유해 라디오 없다화학 물질이 사용된다. 여기에 제시된 WCA는 림프종, 백혈병 및 고형암 세포주에서 테스트되었습니다. 따라서, WCA는 연구자가 관련성이 높은 생체 조건에서 약물의 효능을 평가할 수 있습니다.

항 CD20 항체 및 림프종 세포 (라지 세포 및 MC / CAR)은 전혈 세포 독성 분석 (WCA) 7,8 입증하는 모델 시스템으로 선택되었다. MC / CAR 세포들은 멤브레인 CD20 낮은 카피 수 있었는 라지 세포는 세포 표면 상 CD20의 높은 카피 수 있었다. 표적 세포는 먼저 녹색 형광 세포질 염료 녹색 염색 96 웰 플레이트에 배열했다. 10000 - 50000 림프종 표적 세포를 각 웰에 고정화 하였다. 갓 그린 인간 전혈 180 ㎕를...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood at JoVE.com

Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

전혈 세포 독성 분석 (WCA)는 형광 현미경 및 자동화 된 화상 처리와 높은 처리량 셀 위치 결정 기술을 통합하여 개발 된 세포 독성 분석이다. 여기서, 우리는 항 CD20 항체로 처리 림프종 세포가 세포 독성 정량적 분석을 제공하는 인간 전혈에서 실시간 분석 할 수있는 방법을 설명한다.

인간 전혈에서 실시간 세포 독성 분석 실험

A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with ...

real-time-cytotoxicity-assays-in-human-whole-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.1K 조회수.  Adheren, Inc.  전혈 세포 독성 분석 (WCA)는 형광 현미경 및 자동화 된 화상 처리와 높은 처리량 셀 위치 결정 기술을 통합하여 개발 된 세포 독성 분석이다. 여기서, 우리는 항 CD20 항체로 처리 림프종 세포가 세포 독성 정량적 분석을 제공하는 인간 전혈에서 실시간 분석 할 수있는 방법을 설명한다. 

비디오: Real-time Cytotoxicity Assays in Human Whole Blood

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

Intravital 이미징을 사용하여 실시간으로 종양의 Nanoparticle의 이해 평가

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

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Rapid Point-of-Care Assay of Enoxaparin Anticoagulant Efficacy in Whole Blood

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH), enoxaparin. There are also urgent clinical situations where it would be important if this could be determined rapidly. The present assay is designed to accomplish this. We only assayed human blood samples that were spiked with known concentrations of enoxaparin. The essential feature of the present assay is the quantification of the efficacy of enoxaparin in a patient's blood sample by degrading it to complete inactivity with heparinase. Two blood samples were drawn into Vacutainer tubes (Becton-Dickenson; Franklin Lakes, NJ) that were spiked with enoxaparin; one sample was digested with heparinase for 5 min at 37 &deg;C, the other sample represented the patient's baseline anticoagulated status. The percent shortening of clotting time in the heparinase-treated sample, as compared to the baseline state, yielded the anticoagulant contribution of enoxaparin. We used the portable, battery operated Hemochron 801 apparatus for measurements of clotting times (International Technidyne Corp., Edison, NJ). The apparatus has 2 thermostatically controlled (37 &deg;C) assay tube wells. We conducted the assays in two types of assay cartridges that are available from the manufacturer of the instrument. One cartridge was modified to increase its sensitivity. We removed the kaolin from the FTK-ACT cartridge by extensive rinsing with distilled water, leaving only the glass surface of the tube, and perhaps the detection magnet, as activators. We called this our minimally activated assay (MAA). The use of a minimally activated assay has been studied by us and others. 2-4 The second cartridge that was studied was an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay (A104). This was used as supplied from the manufacturer. The thermostated wells of the instrument were used for both the heparinase digestion and coagulation assays. The assay can be completed within 10 min. The MAA assay showed robust changes in clotting time after heparinase digestion of enoxaparin over a typical clinical concentration range. At 0.2 anti-Xa I.U. of enoxaparin per ml of blood sample, heparinase digestion caused an average decrease of 9.8% (20.4 sec) in clotting time; at 1.0 I.U. per ml of enoxaparin there was a 41.4% decrease (148.8 sec). This report only presents the experimental application of the assay; its value in a clinical setting must still be established.

Demonstration of a rapid quantitative assay of the inhibition of blood coagulation by the low-molecular-weight-heparin, enoxaparin. The contribution of enoxaparin is assessed by removing its influence through digestion with heparinase. A fuller description of the assay is detailed in our published paper.1 The assay still requires clinical confirmation.

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the ...

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process including development1, apoptosis2, and cell cycle regulation3. MiRNAs are estimated to regulate the expression of 30% to 90% of human genes4 by binding to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs)5. Widespread dysregulation of miRNAs has been reported in various diseases and cancer subtypes6. Due to their prevalence and unique structure, these small molecules are likely to be the next generation of biomarkers, therapeutic agents and/or targets.
Methods used to investigate miRNA expression include SYBR green I dye- based as well as Taqman-probe based qPCR. If miRNAs are to be effectively used in the clinical setting, it is imperative that their detection in fresh and/or archived clinical samples be accurate, reproducible, and specific. qPCR has been widely used for validating expression of miRNAs in whole genome analyses such as microarray studies7. The samples used in this protocol were from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer; however other tissues and cell lines can be substituted in. Prostate specimens were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen after resection. Clinical variables and follow-up information for each patient were collected for subsequent analysis8.
Quantification of miRNA levels in prostate tumor samples. The main steps in qPCR analysis of tumors are: Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and detection of qPCR products using miRNA-specific primers. Total RNA, which includes mRNA, miRNA, and other small RNAs were extracted from specimens using TRIzol reagent. Qiagen's miScript System was used to synthesize cDNA and perform qPCR (Figure 1). Endogenous miRNAs are not polyadenylated, therefore during the reverse transcription process, a poly(A) polymerase polyadenylates the miRNA. The miRNA is used as a template to synthesize cDNA using oligo-dT and Reverse Transcriptase. A universal tag sequence on the 5' end of oligo-dT primers facilitates the amplification of cDNA in the PCR step. PCR product amplification is detected by the level of fluorescence emitted by SYBR Green, a dye which intercalates into double stranded DNA. Specific miRNA primers, along with a Universal Primer that binds to the universal tag sequence will amplify specific miRNA sequences. 
The miScript Primer Assays are available for over a thousand human-specific miRNAs, and hundreds of murine-specific miRNAs. Relative quantification method was used here to quantify the expression of miRNAs. To correct for variability amongst different samples, expression levels of a target miRNA is normalized to the expression levels of a reference gene. The choice of a gene on which to normalize the expression of targets is critical in relative quantification method of analysis. Examples of reference genes typically used in this capacity are the small RNAs RNU6B, RNU44, and RNU48 as they are considered to be stably expressed across most samples. In this protocol, RNU6B is used as the reference gene.

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

Quantitative Real Time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a rapid and sensitive method to investigate the expression levels of various microRNA (miRNA) molecules in tumor samples. Using this method expression of hundreds of different miRNA molecules can be amplified, quantified, and analyzed from the same cDNA template.

정량 실시간 PCR (qPCR)에 의한 전립선 종양에 MicroRNA 감지

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process ...

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular patterns responsible for governing the movement performance. This motor learning can be enhanced through a number of methods that are utilized in research and clinical settings alike. In general, verbal feedback of performance in real-time or knowledge of results following movement is commonly used clinically as a preliminary means of instilling motor learning. Depending on patient preference and learning style, visual feedback (e.g. through use of a mirror or different types of video) or proprioceptive guidance utilizing therapist touch, are used to supplement verbal instructions from the therapist. Indeed, a combination of these forms of feedback is commonplace in the clinical setting to facilitate motor learning and optimize outcomes.
Laboratory-based, quantitative motion analysis has been a mainstay in research settings to provide accurate and objective analysis of a variety of movements in healthy and injured populations. While the actual mechanisms of capturing the movements may differ, all current motion analysis systems rely on the ability to track the movement of body segments and joints and to use established equations of motion to quantify key movement patterns. Due to limitations in acquisition and processing speed, analysis and description of the movements has traditionally occurred offline after completion of a given testing session.
This paper will highlight a new supplement to standard motion analysis techniques that relies on the near instantaneous assessment and quantification of movement patterns and the display of specific movement characteristics to the patient during a movement analysis session. As a result, this novel technique can provide a new method of feedback delivery that has advantages over currently used feedback methods.

Retraining abnormal movement patterns following injury or disease is a key component of physical rehabilitation. Recent advances in technology have permitted accurate assessment of movement during a variety of tasks, with near instantaneous quantification of results. This provides new opportunities for modification of faulty movement patterns in real time.

운동은 성능의 실시간 피드백을 사용하여 재교육

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular ...

Cerebrospinal Fluid MicroRNA Profiling Using Quantitative Real Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their translational repression. Changes in miRNA expression have been shown to be involved in the development of all major complex diseases. Furthermore, recent findings showed that miRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular environment and enter the bloodstream and other body fluids where they can circulate with high stability. The function of such circulating miRNAs remains largely elusive, but systematic high throughput approaches, such as miRNA profiling arrays, have lead to the identification of miRNA signatures in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders and several types of cancers. In this context, the identification of miRNA expression profile in the cerebrospinal fluid, as reported in our recent study, makes miRNAs attractive candidates for biomarker analysis.
There are several tools available for profiling microRNAs, such as microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and deep sequencing. Here, we describe a sensitive method to profile microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluids by quantitative real-time PCR. We used the Exiqon microRNA ready-to-use PCR human panels I and II V2.R, which allows detection of 742 unique human microRNAs. We performed the arrays in triplicate runs and we processed and analyzed data using the GenEx Professional 5 software.
Using this protocol, we have successfully profiled microRNAs in various types of cell lines and primary cells, CSF, plasma, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.

We describe a protocol of real time PCR to profile microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). With the exception of RNA extraction protocols, the procedure can be extended to RNA extracted from other body fluids, cultured cells, or tissue specimens.

정량 실시간 PCR을 사용하여 뇌척수액의 마이크로 RNA 프로파일

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their ...

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an increased risk of vascular morbidity.&#160;Yet, albeit&#160;the mounting clinical evidence, there is a paucity of clear studies of vascular toxicity and therefore the etiology of a heterogeneous group of vascular/cardiovascular disorders remains to be elucidated. Moreover, the mechanism that may underlie vascular toxicity can completely differ from the principles of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, which is related to direct myocyte injury. We have established a real-time, in vivo molecular imaging platform&#160;to evaluate&#160;the potential&#160;acute&#160;vascular toxicity of anti-cancer therapies.
We have set up a platform of in vivo, high-resolution molecular imaging&#160;in mice,&#160;suitable for visualizing vasculature within confined organs and reference blood vessels within the same individuals whereas each individual serve as its own control. Blood vessel walls were impaired after doxorubicin administration, representing a unique mechanism of vascular toxicity that may be the early event in end-organ injury. Herein, the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging is described, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

Chemotherapy-induced Vascular Toxicity - Real-time In vivo Imaging of Vessel Impairment

We herein describe the method of fibered confocal fluorescent microscopy (FCFM) based imaging, which provides an innovative mode to understand physiological phenomena at the cellular and sub-cellular levels in animal subjects.

화학 요법에 의한 혈관 독성 - 실시간<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 선박 손상의 영상

Certain classes of chemotherapies may exert acute vascular changes that may progress into long-term conditions that may predispose the patient to an ...

Assessment of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Attachment and Invasion of Mesothelial Cells in Real Time

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not accurately model the behaviors of cancer cells within a nonadherent environment, as cancer cells inherently aggregate into multicellular structures which contribute to the metastatic process by attaching to and invading the peritoneal lining to form secondary tumors. To model this important stage of ovarian cancer metastasis, multicellular aggregates, or spheroids, can be generated from established ovarian cancer cell lines maintained under nonadherent conditions. To mimic the peritoneal microenvironment encountered by tumor cells in vivo, a spheroid-mesothelial co-culture model was established in which preformed spheroids are plated on top of a human mesothelial cell monolayer, formed over an extracellular matrix barrier. Methods were then developed using a real-time cell analyzer to conduct quantitative real time measurements of the invasive capacity of different ovarian cancer cell lines grown as spheroids. This approach allows for the continuous measurement of invasion over long periods of time, which has several advantages over traditional endpoint assays and more laborious real time microscopy image analyses. In short, this method enables a rapid, determination of factors which regulate the interactions between ovarian cancer spheroid cells invading through mesothelial and matrix barriers over time.

Ovarian cancer cell invasion into the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum is a dynamic process over time. Utilizing a real time analyzer, the invasive capacity of ovarian cancer cells in a spheroid-mesothelial cell co-culture model can be quantified over prolonged time periods, providing insights into factors regulating the metastatic process.

실시간으로 중피 세포의 난소 암 회전 타원체의 부착과 침략의 평가

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not ...

Real-time X-ray Imaging of Lung Fluid Volumes in Neonatal Mouse Lung

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting and sustaining this phenotype is critically important in normal alveolar growth and gas exchange throughout life. Several in vitro studies have characterized the role of key regulatory proteins, signaling molecules, and steroid hormones that can influence the rate of lung fluid clearance. However, in vivo examinations must be performed to evaluate whether these regulatory factors play important physiological roles in regulating perinatal lung liquid absorption. As such, the utilization of real time X-ray imaging to determine perinatal lung fluid clearance, or pulmonary edema, represents a technological advancement in the field. Herein, we explain and illustrate an approach to assess the rate of alveolar lung fluid clearance and alveolar flooding in C57BL/6 mice at post natal day 10 using X-ray imaging and analysis. Successful implementation of this protocol requires prior approval from institutional animal care and use committees (IACUC), an in vivo small animal X-ray imaging system, and compatible molecular imaging software.

We present a protocol to assess the rate of alveolar fluid clearance or pulmonary edema in neonatal mouse lung using X-ray imaging technology.

신생아 마우스 폐에서 폐 유체 볼륨의 실시간 X 선 영상

At birth, the lung undergoes a profound phenotypic switch from secretion to absorption, which allows for adaptation to breathing independently. Promoting ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

정량 실시간 PCR에 의해 마우스 유방 종양 모델에서 폐 전이의 평가

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...

Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Modeled via Liver Laceration in Mice with Real Time Hemodynamic Monitoring

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via a liver laceration that results in consistent blood loss, hemodynamic alterations, and survival.
Mice undergo a standardized resection of the left-middle lobe of the liver. They are allowed to bleed without mechanical intervention. Hemostatic agents can be administered as pre-treatment or rescue therapy depending on the interest of the investigator. During the time of hemorrhage, real-time hemodynamic monitoring via a left femoral arterial line is performed. Mice are then sacrificed, blood loss is quantified, blood is collected for further analysis, and organs are harvested for analysis of injury. Experimental design is described to allow for simultaneous testing of multiple animals.
Liver hemorrhage as a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage exists in the literature, primarily in rat and porcine models. Some of these models utilize hemodynamic monitoring or quantify blood loss but lack consistency. The present model incorporates quantification of blood loss, real-time hemodynamic monitoring in a murine model that offers the advantage of using transgenic lines and a high-throughput mechanism to further investigate the pathophysiologic mechanisms in uncontrolled hemorrhage.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage, an important cause of mortality among trauma patients, can be modeled using a standard liver laceration in a murine model. This model results in consistent blood loss, survival, and allows for testing hemostatic agents. This article provides the step-by-step process to perform this valuable model.

실시간 혈류 역학 모니터링을 이용한 마우스의 간경화로 모델링 된 통제 할 수없는 출혈성 쇼크

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is an important cause of preventable deaths among trauma patients. We have developed a murine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage via ...