Data reported in this work are part of the USDA-ARS National Program 306 Project 'Values-Added Products from Cottonseed' research supported by the Agency's in-house funding. Publication of this paper is supported in part by the Journal of Visualized Experiments. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. We acknowledge the constructive comments from JoVE science editor and peer reviewers in the review and revision process.

1.棉籽和豆粕为基础的产品（图1） <ol><li>得到的原料，脱脂棉籽和大豆粗粉，从市售来源。 </li><li>研磨固体脱脂一顿旋风磨样品通过0.5mm的钢化屏16获得工作餐。 </li><li>分离水溶性成分的膳食21：从水中提取（200毫升的水25克餐）后的工作餐准备清水洗净饭菜。 </li><li>准备分离蛋白的工作餐碱提酸沉淀16。 </li></ol> 2.准备的木单板条<ol><li> 88.9毫米长的从市售来源成条状25.4毫米宽得到切木单板（1.59毫米厚）。 </li><li>铅笔从每个条的一端标记横跨木纹线在25.4毫米（1.0“）长标签这些条带适当地检测处理或号码5。 -10木对为每个测试变量制备。 </li></ol> 3.用胶粘剂的泥浆<ol><li>计算每个木标本进行检测需要用水冲洗餐量，通过施用量（ 如，4毫克干含量厘米-2）×总粘接面积（ 如581 平方厘米90的木条与2.54×2.54厘米粘接面积各）加上约30％的额外enoughness（ 即，4×581×130个％3克水洗涤餐的例子）。 </li><li>混合水洗涤餐用去离子水（3点25分重量/重量），并搅拌用2小时在用Parafilm密封烧杯磁力搅拌棒。 </li></ol> 4.准备保税木标本<ol><li>刷胶粘剂浆到2木皮条覆盖25.4毫米（1.0“）长一端风干10 - 15分钟或直到俗气。 </li><li>再次刷上的第一层和风干的顶部粘合剂浆料的第二层。干粘合剂的量申请准备是约4.5毫克干每平方厘米2稳固的结合是每个木条。 </li><li> 2木单板条重叠性粘接剂涂面积（25.4×25.4毫米或1.0“×1.0”）。热压用台式热压机在100℃下20分钟，在400磅（2.8兆帕）的压力下进行。注压力是由压由木样本的重叠面积除以所施加的力。根据需要，对于每个测试变量这些接合参数可以被改变。 </li><li>凉爽和调节所述粘结木材试样48小时在空调房间或湿度控制（22温度- 23℃和50的相对湿度％ - 60％; 图2）的培养箱。 </li></ol> 5.耐水性试验<ol><li>浸入粘合木材试样，初始调理后，在自来水中48小时在塑料托盘在RT（22 - 23℃）。浸泡后的湿标本立即剪切测试断裂强度和报告为湿强度。上的单板表面过量的水可以通过与纸巾之前测量轻轻拍打去除。 </li><li>浸入另一组粘结木材的标本，初始调节之后，在水浴中于63ºC4小时，然后干燥，在室温条件下（22温度 - 23℃，50相对湿度 - 60％），O / N（18 - 20小时）。有48小时的干燥时间重复浸泡干燥循环一次。将干燥的试样，然后测试其断裂时的剪切强度并报告为浸泡粘合强度。 </li></ol> 6.搭接剪切强度测量<ol><li>适合的粘合木材试样插入一个材料测试仪的32×40mm的耐鳞爆网格楔形夹具为7兆帕夹紧压力，并设定十字头速度为1mm分钟-1。 </li><li>测量和断裂每个保税木材标本记录剪切强度。多次测量的结果的平均，每个粘接剂箔片不愿意将测试变量。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

本文提出了一种基本的程序，准备和测试植物种子为基础的产品如木材胶粘剂。 exampled在这个协议的粘接泥浆只是脱脂粕产品和水。各种粘合剂制剂可以通过加入测试试剂（如十二烷基硫酸钠，亚硫酸氢钠或桐油）5,6,23和/或在混合条件下（如pH值，固体和水的比例）的变化3,24的到达25。还需要的粘合剂配方的调整，如果是该粘合剂浆料的流变学性质不适合用于相应的应用?...

木材的粘接起着在森林产品工业中日益重要的作用，并且是有效地利用木材资源1的关键因素。在使用天然产物型胶粘剂木材利率稳步上升，从20世纪30年代，以达到在1960年左右2峰值。在此之后，中石油为基础的粘合剂的价格变得如此之低，他们流离失所蛋白胶粘剂从几个传统市场。在过去的二十年里，这一趋势已经在使用的材料是可再生，可降解的新的兴趣逆转，更符合环保要求。这些天然资源包括但不限于，大豆蛋白3-5，棉籽蛋白6，米糠7，小麦面筋8，酒糟蛋白9，低芥酸菜子蛋白质和油10-12，木质素从高粱和甘蔗渣13 ，14，和多糖衍生自虾壳15。 &lt;P类=“jove_content”&gt;鉴于种子蛋白质分离物已被广泛地评价为潜在木材胶粘剂，隔离过程涉及腐蚀性酸性和碱性试剂，它使分离物基粘合剂较昂贵和较少的环境友好型16。因此，一些脱脂种子餐（粉）有或无治疗也已测试了用于粘合目的，即使这些膳食的粘合性能不执行以及蛋白分离物17-19。我们顺序地分馏棉籽粕（CM）成不同的馏分，并检查其在粘接木材薄板20,21的粘接强度。水不溶性的固体成分（以下，洗涤棉籽粕-WCM）可以用作木材粘合剂，媲美棉籽蛋白分离物（CSPI），并且将是制备比CSPI成本更低。 粘合强度和耐水性是在评估的性能的两个关键参数一个潜在的粘合剂材料。这里，粘合强度被报告为在每个木材试样的搭接键的断裂的剪切强度。粘合剂的耐水性是通过在粘合的木材试样断裂时的拉伸剪切强度的变化，由于浸水测量。使用脱脂棉籽和大豆膳食为原料，该协议提供了一个简单而直接的方式来准备和测试植物种子为基础的产品如木材胶粘剂。该协议将促进在寻求天然产物为基础的木材胶粘剂更多的经济型和环境友好剂型的努力有所帮助。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="927">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Material and Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Supplier/Manufacturer</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Address</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;">defatted cottonseed meal</td>
			<td>Kentwood Co-op</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kentwood, LA, USA&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">defatted soy meal</td>
			<td>Kentwood Co-op</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">wood veneers</td>
			<td>Certainly Wood, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>East Aurora, NY, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">cyclone sample mill (model 3010-014)</td>
			<td>UDY Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fort Collins, CO, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benchtop Heated Press&#160; (Model 3856)</td>
			<td>Carver, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Wabash, IN. USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Materials Tester</td>
			<td>Zwick GmbH &#38; Co.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ulm, Germany</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and testing of plant seed meal-based wood adhesives

最近，在植物种子粉为基础的产品如木材胶粘剂的兴趣不断增加，因为这些植物原料被认为是可再生能源和环境友好。这些天然产物可以作为替代的基于石油的粘合剂，以减轻环境和可持续性的担忧。这项工作演示了使用棉籽和大豆粉为原料的植物种子为基础的木材胶粘剂的制备和测试。此外，未经处理的餐点，用水洗净膳食和分离蛋白的制备和测试。粘合剂浆料是通过2小时搅拌冷冻干燥餐产物用去离子水（3点25瓦特/ w）的制备。每种粘合剂制剂施加到用刷子2木材单板条一端。木材单板条带的粘性粘合剂涂覆区域被研磨和胶合热压。粘合强度被报告为粘结木材试样断裂时的剪切强度。粘合剂的耐水性是通过测量在保税木材的剪切强度的变化，在试件浸水后休息。该协议允许一个评估植物种子为基础的农产品为合适人选的合成基木材胶粘剂替代。调整到具有或不具有添加剂和粘合条件的粘合剂配制剂可用于各种实际应用中优化其粘合性能。

各个粘合剂配方的性能是由粘结木材试样的剪切断裂力测定和值取决于所使用的木材单板的尺寸。例如，在表1中，接合试样的干燥和浸泡粘合强度值较低时更薄，更窄枫木条用于（参见棉籽-1），相对于棉籽-2的厚和更宽条建议的协议，使用相同的棉籽基粘合剂配方中。也观察到人在薄和窄木单板粘合剪切强度的测量更多的木材标本失败。具体而言，3脱脂粉，4洗涤膳食，并且所有10?...

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Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

准备和植物种子膳食为基础的木材胶粘剂的测试

Recently, the interest in plant seed meal-based products as wood adhesives has steadily increased, as these plant raw materials are considered renewable ...

preparation-and-testing-of-plant-seed-meal-based-wood-adhesives

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8.6K 次观看.  United States Department of Agriculture. To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

视频: Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen and the causal agent of corn smut on maize. This disease is responsible for significant yield losses of approximately $1.0 billion annually in the U.S.1 Several methods including crop rotation, fungicide application and seed treatments are currently used to control corn smut2. However, host resistance is the only practical method for managing corn smut. Identification of crop plants including maize, wheat, and rice that are resistant to various biotrophic pathogens has significantly decreased yield losses annually3-5. Therefore, the use of a pathogen inoculation method that efficiently and reproducibly delivers the pathogen in between the plant leaves, would facilitate the rapid identification of maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis. As, a first step toward indentifying maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis, a needle injection inoculation method and a resistance reaction screening method was utilized to inoculate maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines with a U. maydis strain and to select resistant plants.
Maize, teosinte and maize x teosinte introgression lines, consisting of about 700 plants, were planted, inoculated with a strain of U. maydis, and screened for resistance. The inoculation and screening methods successfully identified three teosinte lines resistant to U. maydis. Here a detailed needle injection inoculation and resistance reaction screening protocol for maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines is presented. This study demonstrates that needle injection inoculation is an invaluable tool in agriculture that can efficiently deliver U. maydis in between the plant leaves and has provided plant lines that are resistant to U. maydis that can now be combined and tested in breeding programs for improved disease resistance.

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

The use of a needle injection method to inoculate maize and teosinte plants with the biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis is described. The needle injection inoculation method facilitates the controlled delivery of the fungal pathogen in between the plant leaves where the pathogen enters the plant through the formation of appresoria. This method is highly efficient, enabling reproducible inoculations with U. maydis.

评估 乌西拉戈 病原性的快速高效方法，可在玉米和特奥辛特线上使用

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is ...

科研

环境科学

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

成绩单及代谢物谱烟草树和杨树的评价作为原料的生物基工业

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

A Technical Perspective in Modern Tree-ring Research - How to Overcome Dendroecological and Wood Anatomical Challenges

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to environmental changes and to finally reconstruct such changes. This is done by analyzing growth variations back in time and correlating various plant-specific parameters to (for example) temperature records. Integrating wood anatomical parameters in these analyses would strengthen reconstructions, even down to intra-annual resolution. We therefore present a protocol on how to sample, prepare, and analyze wooden specimen for common macroscopic analyses, but also for subsequent microscopic analyses. Furthermore we introduce a potential solution for analyzing digital images generated from common small and large specimens to support time-series analyses. The protocol presents the basic steps as they currently can be used. Beyond this, there is an ongoing need for the improvement of existing techniques, and development of new techniques, to record and quantify past and ongoing environmental processes. Traditional wood anatomical research needs to be expanded to include ecological information to this field of research. This would support dendro-scientists who intend to analyze new parameters and develop new methodologies to understand the short and long term effects of specific environmental factors on the anatomy of woody plants.

Here we present a protocol outlining how to sample wooden specimens for the overall assessment of their growth structures. Macro- and microscopic preparation and visualization techniques necessary to generate well-replicated and highly resolved wood anatomical and dendroecological dataset, are described are described.

现代树轮研究技术的角度 - 如何克服Dendroecological和木解剖挑战

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to ...

Preparation and Testing of Impedance-based Fluidic Biochips with RTgill-W1 Cells for Rapid Evaluation of Drinking Water Samples for Toxicity

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cells for use in a field portable water toxicity sensor. A monolayer of RTgill-W1 cells forms on the sensing electrodes enclosed within the biochips. The biochips are then used for testing in a field portable electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) device designed for rapid toxicity testing of drinking water. The manuscript further describes how to run a toxicity test using the prepared biochips. A control water sample and the test water sample are mixed with pre-measured powdered media and injected into separate channels of the biochip. Impedance readings from the sensing electrodes in each of the biochip channels are measured and compared by an automated statistical software program. The screen on the ECIS instrument will indicate either "Contamination Detected" or "No Contamination Detected" within an hour of sample injection. Advantages are ease of use and rapid response to a broad spectrum of inorganic and organic chemicals at concentrations that are relevant to human health concerns, as well as the long-term stability of stored biochips in a ready state for testing. Limitations are the requirement for cold storage of the biochips and limited sensitivity to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Applications for this toxicity detector are for rapid field-portable testing of drinking water supplies by Army Preventative Medicine personnel or for use at municipal water treatment facilities.

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial cells for use in a field portable electric cell-substrate impedance sensor. The protocol for running a rapid drinking water toxicity test with the sensor is also described.

准备和测试阻抗为基础与RTgill-W1细胞饮用水进行快速评估水样进行毒性射流生物芯片

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cells for use in a field portable water toxicity ...

Reliable Method for Assessing Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Mortality under Field Conditions

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester fabric and glue can be folded and glued to construct a strip of compartments that house seeds and identifying information, while allowing contact with soil leachate, water, microorganisms, and ambient temperature. Strips may be constructed with a wide range of compartment numbers and sizes and allow the researcher to house a variety of genotypes within a single species, different species, or seeds that have experienced different treatments. As opposed to individual seed packets, strips are more easily retrieved as a unit. While replicate packets can be included within a strip, different strips can act as blocks or can be retrieved at different times for observation of seed behavior over time. We used a high temperature glue gun to delineate compartments and sealed the strips once the seed and tags identifying block and removal times were inserted. The seed strips were then buried in the field at the desired depth, with the location marked for later removal. Burrowing animal predators were effectively excluded by use of a covering of metal mesh hardware cloth on the soil surface. After the selected time interval for burial, strips were dug up and seeds were assessed for germination, dormancy and mortality. While clearly dead seeds can often be distinguished from ungerminated living ones by eye, dormant seeds were conclusively identified using a standard Tetrazolium chloride colorimetric test for seed viability.

Here we present a protocol for assessing seed survivorship, germination and dormancy under field conditions using buried, labeled seed strips and tetrazolium chloride (TZ) viability testing.

对于在野外条件下评估种子萌发，休眠和死亡率可靠的方法

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester ...

On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method

We present a step-by-step tutorial to prepare proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts, consisting of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a high surface area carbon, and to test their performance in thin film rotating disk electrode (TF-RDE) measurements. The TF-RDE methodology is widely used for catalyst screening; nevertheless, the measured performance sometimes considerably differs among research groups. These uncertainties impede the advancement of new catalyst materials and, consequently, several authors discussed possible best practice methods and the importance of benchmarking.
The visual tutorial highlights possible pitfalls in the TF-RDE testing of Pt/C catalysts. A synthesis and testing protocol to assess standard Pt/C catalysts is introduced that can be used together with polycrystalline Pt disks as benchmark catalysts. In particular, this study highlights how the properties of the catalyst film on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode influence the measured performance in TF-RDE testing. To obtain thin, homogeneous catalyst films, not only the catalyst preparation, but also the ink deposition and drying procedures are essential. It is demonstrated that an adjustment of the ink&#39;s pH might be necessary, and how simple control measurements can be used to check film quality. Once reproducible TF-RDE measurements are obtained, determining the Pt loading on the catalyst support (expressed as Pt wt%) and the electrochemical surface area is necessary to normalize the determined reaction rates to either surface area or Pt mass. For the surface area determination, so-called CO stripping, or the determination of the hydrogen underpotential deposition (Hupd) charge, are standard. For the determination of the Pt loading, a straightforward and cheap procedure using digestion in aqua regia with subsequent conversion of Pt(IV) to Pt(II) and UV-vis measurements is introduced.

Preparing and testing Pt/C fuel cell catalysts is subject to continuous discussion in the scientific community with respect to reproducibility and best practice. With the presented work, we intend to present a step-by-step tutorial to make and test Pt/C catalysts, which can serve as benchmark for novel catalyst systems.

用薄膜旋转圆盘电极法制备和测试燃料电池催化剂的研究

We present a step-by-step tutorial to prepare proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts, consisting of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

植物感染试验: 以植物病原菌为载体的喷雾和伤口介导接种

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Xylem Water Distribution in Woody Plants Visualized with a Cryo-scanning Electron Microscope

A scanning electron microscope installed cryo-unit (cryo-SEM) allows specimen observation at subzero temperatures and has been used for exploring water distribution in plant tissues in combination with freeze fixation techniques using liquid nitrogen (LN2). For woody species, however, preparations for observing the xylem transverse-cut surface involve some difficulties due to the orientation of wood fibers. Additionally, higher tension in the water column in xylem conduits can occasionally cause artifactual changes in water distribution, especially during sample fixation and collection. In this study, we demonstrate an efficient procedure to observe the water distribution within the xylem of woody plants in situ&#160;by using a cryostat and cryo-SEM. At first, during sample collection, measuring the xylem water potential should determine whether high tension is present in the xylem conduits. When the xylem water potential is low (&#60; ca. &#8722;0.5 MPa), a tension relaxation procedure is needed to facilitate better preservation of the water status in xylem conduits during sample freeze fixation. Next, a watertight collar is attached around the tree stem and filled with LN2&#160;for freeze fixation of the water status of xylem. After harvesting, care should be taken to ensure that the sample is preserved frozen while completing the procedures of sample preparation for observation. A cryostat is employed to clearly expose the xylem transverse-cut surface. In cryo-SEM observations, time adjustment for freeze-etching is required to remove frost dust and accentuate the edge of the cell walls on the viewing surface. Our results demonstrate the applicability of cryo-SEM techniques for the observation of water distribution within xylem at cellular and subcellular levels. The combination of cryo-SEM with non-destructive in situ observation techniques will profoundly improve the exploration of woody plant water flow dynamics.

Observing the water distribution within the xylem provides significant information regarding water flow dynamics in woody plants. In this study, we demonstrate the practical approach to observe xylem water distribution in situ&#160;by using a cryostat and cryo-SEM, which eliminates artifactual changes in the water status during sample preparation.

木本植物的赛莱默水分布,用低温扫描电子显微镜可视化

A scanning electron microscope installed cryo-unit (cryo-SEM) allows specimen observation at subzero temperatures and has been used for exploring water ...

Sample Preparation Method of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope for the Appendages of Woodboring Beetle

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of the woodboring beetle, Chlorophorus caragana Xie &#38; Wang (2012), for both types of electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sample preparation protocol was based on sample chemical fixation, dehydration in a series of ethanol baths, drying, and sputter-coating. By adding Tween 20 (Polyoxyethylene sorbitan laurate) to the fixative and the wash solution, the insect body surface of woodboring beetle was washed more cleanly in SEM. This study&#39;s transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation involved a series of steps including fixation, ethanol dehydration, embedding in resin, positioning using fluorescence microscopy, sectioning, and staining. Fixative with Tween 20 enabled penetrate the insect body wall of woodboring beetle more easily than it would had been without Tween 20, and subsequently better fixed tissues and organs in the body, thus yielded clear transmission electron microscope observations of insect sensilla ultrastructures. The next step of this preparation was determining the positions of insect sensilla in the sample embedded in the resin block by using fluorescence microscopy to increase the precision of target sensilla positioning. This improved slicing accuracy.

In order to observe ultrastructure of insect sensilla, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively) sample preparation protocol were presented in the study. Tween 20 was added into the fixative to avoid sample deformation in SEM. Fluorescence microscopy was helpful for improving slicing accuracy in TEM.

木钻甲虫附着物扫描和透射电子显微镜的样品制备方法

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of ...

The Effect of Construction and Demolition Waste Plastic Fractions on Wood-Polymer Composite Properties

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), including valuable materials such as plastics, have a remarkable influence on the waste sector. In order for plastic materials to be re-utilized, they must be identified and separated according to their polymer composition. In this study, the identification of these materials was performed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), which identified material based on their physical-chemical properties. Advantages of the NIR method are a low environmental impact and rapid measurement (within a few seconds) in the spectral range of 1600-2400 nm without special sample preparation. Limitations include its inability to analyze dark materials. The identified polymers were utilized as a component for wood-polymer composite (WPC) that consists of a polymer matrix, low cost fillers, and additives. The components were first compounded with an agglomeration apparatus, followed by production by extrusion. In the agglomeration process, the aim was to compound all materials to produce uniformly distributed and granulated materials as pellets. During the agglomeration process, the polymer (matrix) was melted and fillers and other additives were then mixed into the melted polymer, being ready for the extrusion process. In the extrusion method, heat and shear forces were applied to a material within the barrel of a conical counter-rotating twin-screw type extruder, which reduces the risk of burning the materials and lower shear mixing. The heated and sheared mixture was then conveyed through a die to give the product the desired shape. The above-described protocol proved the potential for re-utilization of CDW materials. Functional properties must be verified according to the standardized tests, such as flexural, tensile, and impact strength tests for the material.

Secondary material streams have been shown to include potential raw materials for production. Presented here is a protocol in which CDW-plastic waste as a raw material is identified, followed by various processing steps (agglomeration, extrusion). As a result, a composite material was produced, and mechanical properties were analyzed.

建筑与拆迁废塑料馏分对木聚合物复合性能的影响

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), including valuable materials such as plastics, have a remarkable influence on the waste sector. In order for ...