Name: preparation and testing of plant seed meal-based wood adhesives
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Data reported in this work are part of the USDA-ARS National Program 306 Project 'Values-Added Products from Cottonseed' research supported by the Agency's in-house funding. Publication of this paper is supported in part by the Journal of Visualized Experiments. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. We acknowledge the constructive comments from JoVE science editor and peer reviewers in the review and revision process.

1. Pamuk ve Soya Küspesi-tabanlı ürünler (Şekil 1) <ol><li> Piyasada mevcut kaynaklardan, hammadde, yağı alınmış pamuk tohumu ve soya yemek edinin. </li><li> 0.5 mm çelik ekranı 16 geçmek için bir siklon örnek değirmeni katı yağsız yemek taşlama ile çalışma yemeği edinin. </li><li> Yemek 21 suda çözünür bileşenleri ayırmak için: su çıkarma (200 ml su 25 gr yemek) sonra çalışma yemekler su yıkanmış yemek hazırlayın. </li><li> Hazırlayın Protein alkali ekstraksiyon ve asit yağış 16 ile çalışan yemekler ayırır. </li></ol> Ahşap Kaplama Şeritler 2. Hazırlık <ol><li> Uzun 88.9 mm 25.4 mm genişliğinde şeritler halinde piyasada mevcut bir kaynaktan elde edilen kesme ahşap kaplamalar (kalın 1.59 mm). </li><li> . Kalem Her şeridin bir ucundan 25.4 mm (1.0 &quot;) uzunluğu en ahşap tahıl boyunca bir çizgi çizin uygun tedaviler veya numaraları test bu şeritler Etiket 5. -10 ahşap çiftleri her test değişkeni için hazırlanmıştır. </li></ol> Yapıştırıcı Çamurların 3. hazırlanması <ol><li> Uygulama oranı ile test için odun örneklerinde başına gerekli su yıkanmış yemek miktarını hesaplamak (örneğin, 4 mg kuru içerik cm -2) toplam bağ alanı x (örneğin 581 cm 2.54 x 2.54 cm yapıştırma alanı ile 2 90 ahşap şeritleri Her) artı enoughness için yaklaşık% 30 fazla (örneğin, su, 4 x 581 x 130,% 3 g), örneğin yemek yıkanmıştır. </li><li> Iyonu giderilmiş su (ağ / ağ 03:25) ile, su ile yıkanır yemek karıştırın ve Parafilm ile sızdırmaz bir çanak içinde 2 saat süre ile bir manyetik karıştırma çubuğu ile karıştırılmıştır. </li></ol> Gümrüklü Ahşap Örneklerinin 4. Hazırlık <ol><li> 25.4 mm (1.0 &quot;) uzunluğu kapsayan 2 ahşap kaplama şeritleri bir ucuna yapıştırıcı bulamacı Fırça 10 Hava-kuru -. 15 dakika ya da yapışkan kadar. </li><li> Yine birinci tabaka ve kurumaya üstüne yapıştırıcı madde harç maddenin bir ikinci tabakayı fırça. kuru yapışkan miktarıuygulanan hazırlama bağlama her ağaç şeridinin ilgili olarak, 4.5 mg kuru cm2 başına katıdır. </li><li> 2 ahşap kaplama şeritleri yapışkan yapışkan kaplı alana üst üste (25.4 x 25.4 mm veya 1.0 &quot;x 1.0&quot;). 400 psi (2.8 MPa) bir basınçta 20 dakika süre ile 100 ° C&#39;de bir tezgah üstü ısıtılmış baskı kullanarak sıcak pres. Basınç ahşap örneklerinin çakışan alanına bölünmesi basın tarafından uygulanan kuvvettir unutmayın. Her test değişkeni için gerekli Bunlar bağlama parametreler değiştirilebilir. </li><li> Serin ve 48 klima odasında saat veya nem kontrolü (22 sıcaklığı - 23 ° C ve 50 bağıl nem -% 60; Şekil 2) ile bir kuluçka için gümrüklü ahşap örnekleri ko˛ullandırın. </li></ol> 5. Su Direnci Deneyleri <ol><li> (- 23 ° C 22), oda sıcaklığında plastik bir tepsi 48 saat boyunca musluk suyunda, ilk iyileştirme sonrası, bağlı ağaç örnekleri bırakın. iliklerine sonra ıslak örnekler kesme için hemen test edilirKopma mukavemeti ve ıslak mukavemeti olarak bildirilmiştir. Kaplama yüzeyi üzerinde fazla su yavaşça önce ölçümlerine kağıt mendil ile hafifçe vurarak ile ayrılabilmektedir. </li><li> 4 saat süre ile 63 ° C&#39;de bir su banyosu içinde başlangıç ​​olarak kondisyonlamadan sonra, oda koşulları altında, daha sonra kuru bağlanmış odun numunelerinin diğer bir grup daldırın (22 sıcaklığı - 23 ° C ve 50 bağıl nem -% 60), O / N (18 - 20 saat). 48 saat kuruma süresi ile bir kez daldırma-kurutma döngüsü tekrarlayın. Numuneler daha sonra kurutuldu, kopmada çekme mukavemetleri açısından test edilmiş ve ıslatılmış yapıştırıcı gücü olarak rapor edilir. </li></ol> 6. Bindirme Kesme Kuvvet Ölçümleri <ol><li> 7 MPa arasında bir kavrama basıncı bir Malzeme Test Cihazı üzerinde 32 x 40 mm Fishscale kareli kama tutucuları içine yapıştırılmış ahşap numune uygun ve en az -1 1 mm kafa hızına ayarlanır. </li><li> Tedbir ve her bağlanmış odun numune için kopma kesme mukavemetini kaydedin. Birden fazla ölçüm sonuçları her yapışkan formu için ortalaması alınırulation ve test değişkeni. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Bu kağıt hazırlamak ve test tesisi ahşap yapıştırıcılar gibi ürünler tohum tabanlı bir temel prosedür sunar. Bu protokolde exampled yapışkan çamurlar sadece yağı alınmış tohum küspesi ürün ve sudur. Çeşitli yapıştırıcı formülasyonları (örneğin, sodyum dodesil sülfat, sodyum bisülfit ya da odun yağı gibi) test reaktifleri (örneğin, pH, katı madde ve su oranı gibi) karıştırma koşulları içinde 5,6,23 ve / veya değişiklikler 3,24 ilave edilerek ulaşı...

Ahşap yapıştırma orman ürünleri sektöründe giderek artan bir rol oynar ve verimli kereste kaynakları 1 yararlanmak için önemli bir faktördür. Ahşap doğal ürün bazlı yapıştırıcıların kullanımı faiz, bu dönemden sonra, petrol bazlı yapıştırıcılar fiyatı onlar birkaç geleneksel pazarlardan protein yapıştırıcılar yerinden o kadar düşük oldu. 1960 2 civarında bir zirveye ulaşmak için 1930&#39;lardan sürekli olarak artmıştır. Geçtiğimiz iki yılda, bu eğilim biyobozunur, yenilenebilir malzemelerin kullanımı yenilenen ilgi ile ters, ve daha çevre kabul etti. Bu doğal kaynaklar arasında, ancak süpürge darısı ve şeker kamışı küspeden 13 soya proteini, 3-5, pamuk proteini 6, pirinç kepeği 7, buğday glüteni 8, damıtma tahıl proteini 9, kanola protein ve yağın 10-12, lignin, bunlarla sınırlı değildir , 14, ve polisakaritler karides kabukları 15 türetilen. &lt;tohum protein izolatlarının ise p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; yaygın potansiyel ahşap yapıştırıcılar olarak değerlendirilmiştir, izolasyon prosedürü korozif alkali ve asidik reaktifler içerir ve çevre dostu 16 nispeten pahalı ve daha az izole tabanlı yapıştırıcılar yapar. Protein 17-19 izolatları gibi bu yemek yapışkan özellikleri de yapmazlar bile Böylece, ya da tedavi olmadan bazı yağsız tohum yemekler (unları), aynı zamanda, yapıştırıcı amaçlı test edilmiştir. Biz sırayla farklı fraksiyonları içine pamuk yemek (CM) ile damıtılır ve yapıştırma ahşap kaplamalar 20,21 onların yapışkan gücü inceledik. suda çözünmeyen bir katı madde fraksiyonu (bundan sonra yıkanmış pamuk öğün WCM) pamuk proteini izolatı (CSPI) karşılaştırılabilir ahşap yapıştırıcılar olarak da kullanılabilir, ve CSPI daha hazırlamak için daha az maliyetli olur. Yapıştırıcı gücü ve suya dayanıklılık performansını değerlendirirken iki önemli parametredirpotansiyel bir yapışkan malzeme. Burada, yapışma mukavemeti her ağaç numunesinin tur bağın kopma mukavemeti kayma olarak bildirilmektedir. Yapıştırıcı Su direnci nedeniyle su ıslatma için mola bağlanmış odun numunenin tur kesme gücü değişimi ile ölçülür. Hammadde olarak yağsız pamuk ve soya yemek kullanarak, bu protokol ahşap yapıştırıcılar gibi ve test bitki tohumu bazlı ürünleri hazırlamak için basit ve anlaşılır bir yol sağlar. Bu protokol, doğal ürün-bazlı ahşap yapıştırıcılar daha ekonomik ve çevre dostu formülasyonları arayan çaba kolaylaştırmada yardımcı olacaktır.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Defatted cottonseed meal</td><td>Kentwood Co-op</td><td></td><td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Defatted soy meal</td><td>Kentwood Co-op</td><td></td><td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Wood veneers</td><td>Certainly Wood, Inc.</td><td></td><td>East Aurora, NY, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclone sample mill (model 3010-014)</td><td>UDY Corporation</td><td></td><td>Fort Collins, CO, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Benchtop heated press (model 3856)</td><td>Carver, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Wabash, IN, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Materials tester</td><td>Zwick GmbH &amp;amp; Co.</td><td></td><td>Ulm, Germany</td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation and testing of plant seed meal-based wood adhesives

Bu bitki hammadde yenilenebilir ve çevre dostu olarak kabul edilir gibi son, ahşap yapıştırıcılar gibi bitki tohumu küspesi esaslı ürünlerde ilgi giderek artmıştır. Petrol bazlı yapıştırıcılar alternatifler çevre ve sürdürülebilirlik endişelerini hafifletmek için bu doğal ürünler hizmet edebilir. Bu çalışma hammadde olarak pamuk tohumu ve soya yemek kullanarak bitki tohumu bazlı ahşap yapıştırıcılar hazırlanması ve test göstermektedir. Muamele edilmemiş yemlere ek olarak, su yemek yıkanmış ve protein izolatları hazırlanmış ve test edilmiştir. Yapışkan harç 2 saat boyunca (ağ / ağ 03:25) deiyonize su ile dondurularak kurutulmuş bir gıda ürünü, birbirine karıştırarak hazırlanmaktadır. Her yapışkan preparat bir fırça ile 2 ahşap kaplama şeritlerinin bir ucuna tatbik edilir. ahşap kaplama şeritleri yapışkan yapışkan kaplı alanlar tarafından gömülmüş ve yapıştırılır sıcak presleme. Yapıştırıcı gücü molası bağlanmış odun numunenin kesme mukavemeti olarak bildirilmiştir. Yapıştırıcılar Su direnci ölçülürgümrüklü ahşap kesme mukavemeti değişim su ıslatma sonra kopma numune. Bu protokol, bir sentetik bazlı ahşap yapıştırıcılar ikamesi için uygun adaylar olarak bitki tohumu bazlı tarım ürünleri değerlendirmek için izin verir. Veya katkı maddeleri ve bağlama koşulları olmaksızın yapıştırıcı formülasyonuna ayarlamalar çeşitli pratik uygulamalar için kendi yapışkan özelliklerini optimize olabilir.

Her yapıştırıcı formülasyonun performans kopma bağlanmış odun numunenin kesme gücü ile belirlenir ve değerler kullanılan ahşap kaplama boyutlarına bağlı olarak değişir. Tavsiye edilen pamuk tohumu-2&#39;nin daha kalın ve daha geniş şeritler yerine örneğin, Tablo 1 &#39;de, bağlı örneklerin, kuru ve batırılmış, yapışkan dayanıklılık değerleri daha ince ve daha dar akçaağaç şeritleri kullanıldığı zaman daha düşüktür, (PAMUK-1 e bakınız) protokol, aynı pa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives at JoVE.com

Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

Hazırlık ve Bitki Tohumu Küspesi-tabanlı Ahşap Yapıştırıcılar Test

Recently, the interest in plant seed meal-based products as wood adhesives has steadily increased, as these plant raw materials are considered renewable ...

preparation-and-testing-of-plant-seed-meal-based-wood-adhesives

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8.7K Görüntüleme.  United States Department of Agriculture. To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

Video: Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

High-throughput Screening of Recalcitrance Variations in Lignocellulosic Biomass: Total Lignin, Lignin Monomers, and Enzymatic Sugar Release

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the use of non-renewable energy sources. In order to identify which plants, out of a diverse pool, have the desired chemical traits for downstream applications, attributes, such as cellulose and lignin content, or monomeric sugar release following an enzymatic saccharification, must be compared. The experimental and data analysis protocols of the standard methods of analysis can be time-consuming, thereby limiting the number of samples that can be measured. High-throughput (HTP) methods alleviate the shortcomings of the standard methods, and permit the rapid screening of available samples to isolate those possessing the desired traits. This study illustrates the HTP sugar release and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry pipelines employed at the National Renewable Energy Lab. These pipelines have enabled the efficient assessment of thousands of plants while decreasing experimental time and costs through reductions in labor and consumables.

Plant cell wall structure and chemistry traits are evaluated to identify ideal feedstocks for biofuels and bio-materials. Standard methods have limitations when applied to large data sets. These high-throughput pretreatment, enzyme saccharification, and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry methods compare large numbers of biomass samples with decreased experimental time and cost.

Toplam Lignin, lignin Monomer ve enzimatik Şeker Yayın: Lignocellulosic Biyokütle rekalsitrantların Varyasyonları yüksek verimlilik Taraması

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the ...

Çevre

Method to Produce Durable Pellets at Lower Energy Consumption Using High Moisture Corn Stover and a Corn Starch Binder in a Flat Die Pellet Mill

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National Laboratory, a high-moisture pelleting process was developed to reduce the drying cost. In this process the biomass pellets are produced at higher feedstock moisture contents than conventional methods, and the high moisture pellets produced are further dried in energy efficient dryers. This process helps to reduce the feedstock moisture content by about 5-10% during pelleting, which is mainly due to frictional heat developed in the die. The objective of this research was to explore how binder addition influences the pellet quality and energy consumption of the high-moisture pelleting process in a flat die pellet mill. In the present study, raw corn stover was pelleted at moistures of 33, 36, and 39% (w.b.) by addition of 0, 2, and 4% pure corn starch. The partially dried pellets produced were further dried in a laboratory oven at 70 &#176;C for 3-4 hr to lower the pellet moisture to less than 9% (w.b.). The high moisture and dried pellets were evaluated for their physical properties, such as bulk density and durability. The results indicated that increasing the binder percentage to 4% improved pellet durability and reduced the specific energy consumption by 20-40% compared to pellets with no binder. At higher binder addition (4%), the reduction in feedstock moisture during pelleting was &#60;4%, whereas the reduction was about 7-8% without the binder. With 4% binder and 33% (w.b.) feedstock moisture content, the bulk density and durability values observed of the dried pellets were &#62;510 kg/m3 and &#62;98%, respectively, and the percent fine particles generated was&#160;reduced to &#60;3%.

In this study, a protocol was developed to produce good quality pellets using a flat die pellet mill at reduced specific energy consumption testing high-moisture corn stover and a starch based binder. The results indicated that adding a corn starch binder improved the pellet durability, reduced percent fines and decreased specific energy consumption.

Yöntemi Düz Die Pelet Mill Yüksek Nem mısır koçanı ve Mısır nişastası Ciltçi&#39;yi kullanarak Az Enerji Tüketimi de Dayanıklı Peletlerini üretmek için

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National ...

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is needed to open up the structure of the plant cell wall, increasing the accessibility of the cell wall carbohydrates. Lignin, a polyphenolic material present in many cell wall types, is known to be a significant hindrance to enzyme access. Reduction in lignin content to a level that does not interfere with the structural integrity and defense system of the plant might be a valuable step to reduce the costs of bioethanol production. In this study, we have genetically down-regulated one of the lignin biosynthesis-related genes, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (ZmCCR1) via a double stranded RNA interference technique. The ZmCCR1_RNAi construct was integrated into the maize genome using the particle bombardment method. Transgenic maize plants grew normally as compared to the wild-type control plants without interfering with biomass growth or defense mechanisms, with the exception of displaying of brown-coloration in transgenic plants leaf mid-ribs, husks, and stems. The microscopic analyses, in conjunction with the histological assay, revealed that the leaf sclerenchyma fibers were thinned but the structure and size of other major vascular system components was not altered. The lignin content in the transgenic maize was reduced by 7-8.7%, the crystalline cellulose content was increased in response to lignin reduction, and hemicelluloses remained unchanged. The analyses may indicate that carbon flow might have been shifted from lignin biosynthesis to cellulose biosynthesis. This article delineates the procedures used to down-regulate the lignin content in maize via RNAi technology, and the cell wall compositional analyses used to verify the effect of the modifications on the cell wall structure.

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

A double stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) technique is employed to down-regulate the maize cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase (ZmCCR1) gene to lower plant lignin content. Lignin down-regulation from the cell wall is visualized by microscopic analyses and quantified by the Klason method. Compositional changes in hemicellulose and crystalline cellulose are analyzed.

Lignin Aşağı düzenleme<em&gt; Zea mays</em&gt; DsRNAi ve Klason Lignin Analizi ile

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is ...

Biyomühendislik

Rapid Testing of Resistance of Timber to Biodegradation by Marine Wood-Boring Crustaceans

Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every year. As treatments of wood with broad spectrum biocides, such as creosote and chromated copper arsenate (CCA), are now restricted in marine use by legislation, naturally durable timber species and novel preservation methods of wood are required. These methods undergo testing in order to meet regulatory standards, such as the European standard for testing wood preservatives against marine borers, EN 275. Initial investigation of durable timbers species or wood preservative treatments can be achieved quickly and inexpensively through laboratory testing, which offers many advantages over marine field trials that are typically costly, long-term endeavours. Many species of Limnoria (gribble) are marine wood-boring crustaceans. Limnoria are ideal for use in laboratory testing of biodegradation of wood by marine wood-borers, due to the practicality of rearing them in aquaria and the ease of measuring their feeding rates on wood. Herein, we outline a standardizable laboratory test for assessing wood biodegradation using gribble.

This protocol presents a method for assessing the feeding rate of the wood-boring crustacean, Limnoria, by measuring faecal pellet production. This method is designed for use in non-specialist labs and has potential for incorporation into standard testing protocols, to evaluate enhanced wood durability under marine conditions.

Deniz Ahşap-Sıkıcı Kabuklular Tarafından Kerestenin Biyobozunurluk Direncinin Hızlı Test Edilmesi

Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

Yüksek β-O-4 içeriği ile Lignin çıkarımı hafif etanol ayıklama ve bozulumu verim üzerindeki etkisi

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

Kimya

Fabrication and Design of Wood-Based High-Performance Composites

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber reinforced composites, due to its excellent mechanical properties. Delignified wood, however, is rather fragile in a wet state, which makes handling and shaping challenging. Here we present two fabrication processes, closed-mold densification and vacuum densification, to produce high-performance cellulose composites based on delignified wood, including an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Further, we suggest strategies for how the composites can be re-used or decomposed at the end-of-life cycle. Closed-mold densification has the advantage that no elaborate lab equipment is needed. Simple screw clamps or a press can be used for densification. We recommend this method for small parts with simple geometries and large radii of curvature. Vacuum densification in an open-mold process is suitable for larger objects and complex geometries, including small radii of curvature. Compared to the closed-mold process, the open-mold vacuum approach only needs the manufacture of a single mold cavity.

Delignified densified wood represents a new promising lightweight, high-performance and bio-based material with great potential to partially substitute natural fiber reinforced- or glass fiber reinforced composites in the future. We here present two versatile fabrication routes and demonstrate the possibility to create complex composite parts.

Ahşap Tabanlı Yüksek Performanslı Kompozitlerin İmalatı ve Tasarımı

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber ...

Mühendislik

Evaluation of the Curing of Adhesive Systems by Rheological and Thermal Testing

The analysis of thermal processes associated to the curing of adhesives and the study of mechanical behavior once cured, provide key information to choose the best option for any specific application. The proposed methodology for the curing characterization, based on thermal analysis and rheology, is described through the comparison of three commercial adhesives. The experimental techniques used here are Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Rheology. TGA provides information about the thermal stability and filler content, DSC allows the evaluation of some thermal events associated to the cure reaction and to thermal changes of the cured material when subjected to temperature changes. Rheology complements the information of the thermal transformations from a mechanical point of view. Thus, the curing reaction can be tracked through the elastic modulus (mainly the storage modulus), the phase angle and the gap. In addition, it is also shown that although DSC is of no use to study the curing of moisture curable adhesives, it is a very convenient method to evaluate the low temperature glass transition of amorphous systems.

An experimental methodology based on thermal and rheological measurements is proposed to characterize the curing process of adhesives with to obtain useful information for industrial adhesive selection.

Yapıştırıcı Sistemlerin Kürünün Reolojik ve Termal Test ile Değerlendirilmesi

The analysis of thermal processes associated to the curing of adhesives and the study of mechanical behavior once cured, provide key information to choose ...

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls (Lignocellulosic biomass) Part I: Lignin

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st century. This has rekindled interest in the use of plant products as industrial raw materials for the production of liquid fuels for transportation1 and other products such as biocomposite materials7. Plant biomass remains one of the greatest untapped reserves on the planet4. It is mostly comprised of cell walls that are composed of energy rich polymers including cellulose, various hemicelluloses (matrix polysaccharides, and the polyphenol lignin6 and thus sometimes termed lignocellulosics. However, plant cell walls have evolved to be recalcitrant to degradation as walls provide tensile strength to cells and the entire plants, ward off pathogens, and allow water to be transported throughout the plant; in the case of trees up to more the 100 m above ground level. Due to the various functions of walls, there is an immense structural diversity within the walls of different plant species and cell types within a single plant4. Hence, depending of what crop species, crop variety, or plant tissue is used for a biorefinery, the processing steps for depolymerization by chemical/enzymatic processes and subsequent fermentation of the various sugars to liquid biofuels need to be adjusted and optimized. This fact underpins the need for a thorough characterization of plant biomass feedstocks. Here we describe a comprehensive analytical methodology that enables the determination of the composition of lignocellulosics and is amenable to a medium to high-throughput analysis. In this first part we focus on the analysis of the polyphenol lignin (Figure 1). The method starts of with preparing destarched cell wall material. The resulting lignocellulosics are then split up to determine its lignin content by acetylbromide solubilization3, and its lignin composition in terms of its syringyl, guaiacyl- and p-hydroxyphenyl units5. The protocol for analyzing the carbohydrates in lignocellulosic biomass including cellulose content and matrix polysaccharide composition is discussed in Part II2.

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls Lignocellulosic biomass Part I: Lignin

Plant biomass is a major carbon-neutral renewable resource that could be used for the production of biofuels. Plant biomass consists mainly of cell walls, a structurally complex composite material termed lignocellulosics. Here we describe a protocol for a comprehensive analysis of the content and composition of the polyphenolic lignin.

Bitki Hücre Duvarları kapsamlı Kompozisyonel Analizi (Lignocellulosic biyokütle) Bölüm I: Lignin

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st ...

Biyoloji

Twin-Screw Extrusion Process to Produce Renewable Fiberboards

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as source of mechanical reinforcement in fully bio-based fiberboards was developed. Various lignocellulosic crop by-products have already been successfully pre-treated through this process, e.g., cereal straws (especially rice), coriander straw, shives from oleaginous flax straw, and bark of both amaranth and sunflower stems.
The extrusion process results in a marked increase in the average fiber aspect ratio, leading to improved mechanical properties of fiberboards. The twin-screw extruder can also be fitted with a filtration module at the end of the barrel. The continuous extraction of various chemicals (e.g., free sugars, hemicelluloses, volatiles from essential oil fractions, etc.) from the lignocellulosic substrate, and the fiber refining can, therefore, be performed simultaneously.
The extruder can also be used for its mixing ability: a natural binder (e.g., Organosolv lignins, protein-based oilcakes, starch, etc.) can be added to the refined fibers at the end of the screw profile. The obtained premix is ready to be molded through hot pressing, with the natural binder contributing to fiberboard cohesion. Such a combined process in a single extruder pass improves the production time, production cost, and may lead to reduction in plant production size. Because all the operations are performed in a single step, fiber morphology is better preserved, thanks to a reduced residence time of the material inside the extruder, resulting in enhanced material performances. Such one-step extrusion operation may be at the origin of a valuable industrial process intensification.
Compared to commercial wood-based materials, these fully bio-based fiberboards do not emit any formaldehyde, and they could find various applications, e.g., intermediate containers, furniture, domestic flooring, shelving, general construction, etc.

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass was developed, which leads to an increased average fiber aspect ratio. A natural binder can also be added continuously after fiber refining, leading to bio-based fiberboards with improved mechanical properties after hot pressing of the obtained extruded material.

Yenilenebilir Fiberboard Üretmek için İki Vidalı Ekstrüzyon Prosesi

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as ...

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

The properties of cured wood adhesives are difficult to study because of the loss of water and other components to the wood, the influence of wood on the adhesive cure, and the effect of adhesive penetration on the wood interphase; thus, normal testing of a neat adhesive film is generally not useful. Most tests of wood adhesive bond strength are slow, laborious, can be strongly influenced by the wood and do not provide information on the kinetics of cure. Test method ASTM D 7998-19, however, can be used for fast evaluation of the strength of wood bonds. The use of a smooth, uniform, and strong wood surface, like maple face-veneer, and sufficient bonding pressure reduces the adhesion and wood strength effects on bond strength. This method has three main applications. The first is to provide consistent data on bond strength development. The second is to measure the dry and wet strengths of bonded lap shear samples. The third is to better understand the adhesive heat resistance by quickly evaluating thermal sensitivity and distinguishing between thermal softening and thermal degradation.

We present a procedure, ASTM D7998-19, for a rapid and more consistent evaluation of both dry and wet strength of adhesive bonds on wood. The method can also be used to provide information on strength development as a function of temperature and time or strength retention up to 250 &#176;C.

Ahşap Yapıştırıcıların Yapışkan Mukavemet Gelişimi için Standart Test Yöntemi ASTM D 7998-19

The properties of cured wood adhesives are difficult to study because of the loss of water and other components to the wood, the influence of wood on the ...

Hazırlık ve Bitki Tohumu Küspesi-tabanlı Ahşap Yapıştırıcılar Test

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