Data reported in this work are part of the USDA-ARS National Program 306 Project 'Values-Added Products from Cottonseed' research supported by the Agency's in-house funding. Publication of this paper is supported in part by the Journal of Visualized Experiments. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. We acknowledge the constructive comments from JoVE science editor and peer reviewers in the review and revision process.

1. Pamuk ve Soya Küspesi-tabanlı ürünler (Şekil 1) <ol><li> Piyasada mevcut kaynaklardan, hammadde, yağı alınmış pamuk tohumu ve soya yemek edinin. </li><li> 0.5 mm çelik ekranı 16 geçmek için bir siklon örnek değirmeni katı yağsız yemek taşlama ile çalışma yemeği edinin. </li><li> Yemek 21 suda çözünür bileşenleri ayırmak için: su çıkarma (200 ml su 25 gr yemek) sonra çalışma yemekler su yıkanmış yemek hazırlayın. </li><li> Hazırlayın Protein alkali ekstraksiyon ve asit yağış 16 ile çalışan yemekler ayırır. </li></ol> Ahşap Kaplama Şeritler 2. Hazırlık <ol><li> Uzun 88.9 mm 25.4 mm genişliğinde şeritler halinde piyasada mevcut bir kaynaktan elde edilen kesme ahşap kaplamalar (kalın 1.59 mm). </li><li> . Kalem Her şeridin bir ucundan 25.4 mm (1.0 &quot;) uzunluğu en ahşap tahıl boyunca bir çizgi çizin uygun tedaviler veya numaraları test bu şeritler Etiket 5. -10 ahşap çiftleri her test değişkeni için hazırlanmıştır. </li></ol> Yapıştırıcı Çamurların 3. hazırlanması <ol><li> Uygulama oranı ile test için odun örneklerinde başına gerekli su yıkanmış yemek miktarını hesaplamak (örneğin, 4 mg kuru içerik cm -2) toplam bağ alanı x (örneğin 581 cm 2.54 x 2.54 cm yapıştırma alanı ile 2 90 ahşap şeritleri Her) artı enoughness için yaklaşık% 30 fazla (örneğin, su, 4 x 581 x 130,% 3 g), örneğin yemek yıkanmıştır. </li><li> Iyonu giderilmiş su (ağ / ağ 03:25) ile, su ile yıkanır yemek karıştırın ve Parafilm ile sızdırmaz bir çanak içinde 2 saat süre ile bir manyetik karıştırma çubuğu ile karıştırılmıştır. </li></ol> Gümrüklü Ahşap Örneklerinin 4. Hazırlık <ol><li> 25.4 mm (1.0 &quot;) uzunluğu kapsayan 2 ahşap kaplama şeritleri bir ucuna yapıştırıcı bulamacı Fırça 10 Hava-kuru -. 15 dakika ya da yapışkan kadar. </li><li> Yine birinci tabaka ve kurumaya üstüne yapıştırıcı madde harç maddenin bir ikinci tabakayı fırça. kuru yapışkan miktarıuygulanan hazırlama bağlama her ağaç şeridinin ilgili olarak, 4.5 mg kuru cm2 başına katıdır. </li><li> 2 ahşap kaplama şeritleri yapışkan yapışkan kaplı alana üst üste (25.4 x 25.4 mm veya 1.0 &quot;x 1.0&quot;). 400 psi (2.8 MPa) bir basınçta 20 dakika süre ile 100 ° C&#39;de bir tezgah üstü ısıtılmış baskı kullanarak sıcak pres. Basınç ahşap örneklerinin çakışan alanına bölünmesi basın tarafından uygulanan kuvvettir unutmayın. Her test değişkeni için gerekli Bunlar bağlama parametreler değiştirilebilir. </li><li> Serin ve 48 klima odasında saat veya nem kontrolü (22 sıcaklığı - 23 ° C ve 50 bağıl nem -% 60; Şekil 2) ile bir kuluçka için gümrüklü ahşap örnekleri ko˛ullandırın. </li></ol> 5. Su Direnci Deneyleri <ol><li> (- 23 ° C 22), oda sıcaklığında plastik bir tepsi 48 saat boyunca musluk suyunda, ilk iyileştirme sonrası, bağlı ağaç örnekleri bırakın. iliklerine sonra ıslak örnekler kesme için hemen test edilirKopma mukavemeti ve ıslak mukavemeti olarak bildirilmiştir. Kaplama yüzeyi üzerinde fazla su yavaşça önce ölçümlerine kağıt mendil ile hafifçe vurarak ile ayrılabilmektedir. </li><li> 4 saat süre ile 63 ° C&#39;de bir su banyosu içinde başlangıç ​​olarak kondisyonlamadan sonra, oda koşulları altında, daha sonra kuru bağlanmış odun numunelerinin diğer bir grup daldırın (22 sıcaklığı - 23 ° C ve 50 bağıl nem -% 60), O / N (18 - 20 saat). 48 saat kuruma süresi ile bir kez daldırma-kurutma döngüsü tekrarlayın. Numuneler daha sonra kurutuldu, kopmada çekme mukavemetleri açısından test edilmiş ve ıslatılmış yapıştırıcı gücü olarak rapor edilir. </li></ol> 6. Bindirme Kesme Kuvvet Ölçümleri <ol><li> 7 MPa arasında bir kavrama basıncı bir Malzeme Test Cihazı üzerinde 32 x 40 mm Fishscale kareli kama tutucuları içine yapıştırılmış ahşap numune uygun ve en az -1 1 mm kafa hızına ayarlanır. </li><li> Tedbir ve her bağlanmış odun numune için kopma kesme mukavemetini kaydedin. Birden fazla ölçüm sonuçları her yapışkan formu için ortalaması alınırulation ve test değişkeni. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Bu kağıt hazırlamak ve test tesisi ahşap yapıştırıcılar gibi ürünler tohum tabanlı bir temel prosedür sunar. Bu protokolde exampled yapışkan çamurlar sadece yağı alınmış tohum küspesi ürün ve sudur. Çeşitli yapıştırıcı formülasyonları (örneğin, sodyum dodesil sülfat, sodyum bisülfit ya da odun yağı gibi) test reaktifleri (örneğin, pH, katı madde ve su oranı gibi) karıştırma koşulları içinde 5,6,23 ve / veya değişiklikler 3,24 ilave edilerek ulaşı...

Ahşap yapıştırma orman ürünleri sektöründe giderek artan bir rol oynar ve verimli kereste kaynakları 1 yararlanmak için önemli bir faktördür. Ahşap doğal ürün bazlı yapıştırıcıların kullanımı faiz, bu dönemden sonra, petrol bazlı yapıştırıcılar fiyatı onlar birkaç geleneksel pazarlardan protein yapıştırıcılar yerinden o kadar düşük oldu. 1960 2 civarında bir zirveye ulaşmak için 1930&#39;lardan sürekli olarak artmıştır. Geçtiğimiz iki yılda, bu eğilim biyobozunur, yenilenebilir malzemelerin kullanımı yenilenen ilgi ile ters, ve daha çevre kabul etti. Bu doğal kaynaklar arasında, ancak süpürge darısı ve şeker kamışı küspeden 13 soya proteini, 3-5, pamuk proteini 6, pirinç kepeği 7, buğday glüteni 8, damıtma tahıl proteini 9, kanola protein ve yağın 10-12, lignin, bunlarla sınırlı değildir , 14, ve polisakaritler karides kabukları 15 türetilen. &lt;tohum protein izolatlarının ise p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; yaygın potansiyel ahşap yapıştırıcılar olarak değerlendirilmiştir, izolasyon prosedürü korozif alkali ve asidik reaktifler içerir ve çevre dostu 16 nispeten pahalı ve daha az izole tabanlı yapıştırıcılar yapar. Protein 17-19 izolatları gibi bu yemek yapışkan özellikleri de yapmazlar bile Böylece, ya da tedavi olmadan bazı yağsız tohum yemekler (unları), aynı zamanda, yapıştırıcı amaçlı test edilmiştir. Biz sırayla farklı fraksiyonları içine pamuk yemek (CM) ile damıtılır ve yapıştırma ahşap kaplamalar 20,21 onların yapışkan gücü inceledik. suda çözünmeyen bir katı madde fraksiyonu (bundan sonra yıkanmış pamuk öğün WCM) pamuk proteini izolatı (CSPI) karşılaştırılabilir ahşap yapıştırıcılar olarak da kullanılabilir, ve CSPI daha hazırlamak için daha az maliyetli olur. Yapıştırıcı gücü ve suya dayanıklılık performansını değerlendirirken iki önemli parametredirpotansiyel bir yapışkan malzeme. Burada, yapışma mukavemeti her ağaç numunesinin tur bağın kopma mukavemeti kayma olarak bildirilmektedir. Yapıştırıcı Su direnci nedeniyle su ıslatma için mola bağlanmış odun numunenin tur kesme gücü değişimi ile ölçülür. Hammadde olarak yağsız pamuk ve soya yemek kullanarak, bu protokol ahşap yapıştırıcılar gibi ve test bitki tohumu bazlı ürünleri hazırlamak için basit ve anlaşılır bir yol sağlar. Bu protokol, doğal ürün-bazlı ahşap yapıştırıcılar daha ekonomik ve çevre dostu formülasyonları arayan çaba kolaylaştırmada yardımcı olacaktır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="927">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Material and Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Supplier/Manufacturer</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Address</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;">defatted cottonseed meal</td>
			<td>Kentwood Co-op</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kentwood, LA, USA&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">defatted soy meal</td>
			<td>Kentwood Co-op</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">wood veneers</td>
			<td>Certainly Wood, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>East Aurora, NY, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">cyclone sample mill (model 3010-014)</td>
			<td>UDY Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fort Collins, CO, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benchtop Heated Press&#160; (Model 3856)</td>
			<td>Carver, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Wabash, IN. USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Materials Tester</td>
			<td>Zwick GmbH &#38; Co.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ulm, Germany</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and testing of plant seed meal-based wood adhesives

Bu bitki hammadde yenilenebilir ve çevre dostu olarak kabul edilir gibi son, ahşap yapıştırıcılar gibi bitki tohumu küspesi esaslı ürünlerde ilgi giderek artmıştır. Petrol bazlı yapıştırıcılar alternatifler çevre ve sürdürülebilirlik endişelerini hafifletmek için bu doğal ürünler hizmet edebilir. Bu çalışma hammadde olarak pamuk tohumu ve soya yemek kullanarak bitki tohumu bazlı ahşap yapıştırıcılar hazırlanması ve test göstermektedir. Muamele edilmemiş yemlere ek olarak, su yemek yıkanmış ve protein izolatları hazırlanmış ve test edilmiştir. Yapışkan harç 2 saat boyunca (ağ / ağ 03:25) deiyonize su ile dondurularak kurutulmuş bir gıda ürünü, birbirine karıştırarak hazırlanmaktadır. Her yapışkan preparat bir fırça ile 2 ahşap kaplama şeritlerinin bir ucuna tatbik edilir. ahşap kaplama şeritleri yapışkan yapışkan kaplı alanlar tarafından gömülmüş ve yapıştırılır sıcak presleme. Yapıştırıcı gücü molası bağlanmış odun numunenin kesme mukavemeti olarak bildirilmiştir. Yapıştırıcılar Su direnci ölçülürgümrüklü ahşap kesme mukavemeti değişim su ıslatma sonra kopma numune. Bu protokol, bir sentetik bazlı ahşap yapıştırıcılar ikamesi için uygun adaylar olarak bitki tohumu bazlı tarım ürünleri değerlendirmek için izin verir. Veya katkı maddeleri ve bağlama koşulları olmaksızın yapıştırıcı formülasyonuna ayarlamalar çeşitli pratik uygulamalar için kendi yapışkan özelliklerini optimize olabilir.

Her yapıştırıcı formülasyonun performans kopma bağlanmış odun numunenin kesme gücü ile belirlenir ve değerler kullanılan ahşap kaplama boyutlarına bağlı olarak değişir. Tavsiye edilen pamuk tohumu-2&#39;nin daha kalın ve daha geniş şeritler yerine örneğin, Tablo 1 &#39;de, bağlı örneklerin, kuru ve batırılmış, yapışkan dayanıklılık değerleri daha ince ve daha dar akçaağaç şeritleri kullanıldığı zaman daha düşüktür, (PAMUK-1 e bakınız) protokol, aynı pa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives at JoVE.com

Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

Hazırlık ve Bitki Tohumu Küspesi-tabanlı Ahşap Yapıştırıcılar Test

Recently, the interest in plant seed meal-based products as wood adhesives has steadily increased, as these plant raw materials are considered renewable ...

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8.6K Görüntüleme.  United States Department of Agriculture. To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

Video: Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen and the causal agent of corn smut on maize. This disease is responsible for significant yield losses of approximately $1.0 billion annually in the U.S.1 Several methods including crop rotation, fungicide application and seed treatments are currently used to control corn smut2. However, host resistance is the only practical method for managing corn smut. Identification of crop plants including maize, wheat, and rice that are resistant to various biotrophic pathogens has significantly decreased yield losses annually3-5. Therefore, the use of a pathogen inoculation method that efficiently and reproducibly delivers the pathogen in between the plant leaves, would facilitate the rapid identification of maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis. As, a first step toward indentifying maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis, a needle injection inoculation method and a resistance reaction screening method was utilized to inoculate maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines with a U. maydis strain and to select resistant plants.
Maize, teosinte and maize x teosinte introgression lines, consisting of about 700 plants, were planted, inoculated with a strain of U. maydis, and screened for resistance. The inoculation and screening methods successfully identified three teosinte lines resistant to U. maydis. Here a detailed needle injection inoculation and resistance reaction screening protocol for maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines is presented. This study demonstrates that needle injection inoculation is an invaluable tool in agriculture that can efficiently deliver U. maydis in between the plant leaves and has provided plant lines that are resistant to U. maydis that can now be combined and tested in breeding programs for improved disease resistance.

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

The use of a needle injection method to inoculate maize and teosinte plants with the biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis is described. The needle injection inoculation method facilitates the controlled delivery of the fungal pathogen in between the plant leaves where the pathogen enters the plant through the formation of appresoria. This method is highly efficient, enabling reproducible inoculations with U. maydis.

Ustilago maydis'in Mısır ve Teosinte Hatlarında Patojenitesini Değerlendirmek İçin Hızlı ve Verimli Bir Yöntem

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is ...

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Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

Bio-tabanlı Sanayi Feedstock olarak Tütün Ağacı ve Kavak Değerlendirme transkript ve metabolit profil

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

A Technical Perspective in Modern Tree-ring Research - How to Overcome Dendroecological and Wood Anatomical Challenges

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to environmental changes and to finally reconstruct such changes. This is done by analyzing growth variations back in time and correlating various plant-specific parameters to (for example) temperature records. Integrating wood anatomical parameters in these analyses would strengthen reconstructions, even down to intra-annual resolution. We therefore present a protocol on how to sample, prepare, and analyze wooden specimen for common macroscopic analyses, but also for subsequent microscopic analyses. Furthermore we introduce a potential solution for analyzing digital images generated from common small and large specimens to support time-series analyses. The protocol presents the basic steps as they currently can be used. Beyond this, there is an ongoing need for the improvement of existing techniques, and development of new techniques, to record and quantify past and ongoing environmental processes. Traditional wood anatomical research needs to be expanded to include ecological information to this field of research. This would support dendro-scientists who intend to analyze new parameters and develop new methodologies to understand the short and long term effects of specific environmental factors on the anatomy of woody plants.

Here we present a protocol outlining how to sample wooden specimens for the overall assessment of their growth structures. Macro- and microscopic preparation and visualization techniques necessary to generate well-replicated and highly resolved wood anatomical and dendroecological dataset, are described are described.

Modern Ağaç halkası Araştırma A Teknik Perspektif - Dendroekolojik ve Ahşap Anatomik Zorluklar Üstesinden Nasıl

Dendroecological research uses information stored in tree rings to understand how single trees and even entire forest ecosystems responded to ...

Preparation and Testing of Impedance-based Fluidic Biochips with RTgill-W1 Cells for Rapid Evaluation of Drinking Water Samples for Toxicity

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cells for use in a field portable water toxicity sensor. A monolayer of RTgill-W1 cells forms on the sensing electrodes enclosed within the biochips. The biochips are then used for testing in a field portable electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) device designed for rapid toxicity testing of drinking water. The manuscript further describes how to run a toxicity test using the prepared biochips. A control water sample and the test water sample are mixed with pre-measured powdered media and injected into separate channels of the biochip. Impedance readings from the sensing electrodes in each of the biochip channels are measured and compared by an automated statistical software program. The screen on the ECIS instrument will indicate either "Contamination Detected" or "No Contamination Detected" within an hour of sample injection. Advantages are ease of use and rapid response to a broad spectrum of inorganic and organic chemicals at concentrations that are relevant to human health concerns, as well as the long-term stability of stored biochips in a ready state for testing. Limitations are the requirement for cold storage of the biochips and limited sensitivity to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Applications for this toxicity detector are for rapid field-portable testing of drinking water supplies by Army Preventative Medicine personnel or for use at municipal water treatment facilities.

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial cells for use in a field portable electric cell-substrate impedance sensor. The protocol for running a rapid drinking water toxicity test with the sensor is also described.

Hazırlık ve Test zehirlilik için hızlı değerlendirme İçme Suyu Örnekleri için RTgill-W1 Hücreleri ile akışkan bioçipler Empedans tabanlı

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cells for use in a field portable water toxicity ...

Reliable Method for Assessing Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Mortality under Field Conditions

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester fabric and glue can be folded and glued to construct a strip of compartments that house seeds and identifying information, while allowing contact with soil leachate, water, microorganisms, and ambient temperature. Strips may be constructed with a wide range of compartment numbers and sizes and allow the researcher to house a variety of genotypes within a single species, different species, or seeds that have experienced different treatments. As opposed to individual seed packets, strips are more easily retrieved as a unit. While replicate packets can be included within a strip, different strips can act as blocks or can be retrieved at different times for observation of seed behavior over time. We used a high temperature glue gun to delineate compartments and sealed the strips once the seed and tags identifying block and removal times were inserted. The seed strips were then buried in the field at the desired depth, with the location marked for later removal. Burrowing animal predators were effectively excluded by use of a covering of metal mesh hardware cloth on the soil surface. After the selected time interval for burial, strips were dug up and seeds were assessed for germination, dormancy and mortality. While clearly dead seeds can often be distinguished from ungerminated living ones by eye, dormant seeds were conclusively identified using a standard Tetrazolium chloride colorimetric test for seed viability.

Here we present a protocol for assessing seed survivorship, germination and dormancy under field conditions using buried, labeled seed strips and tetrazolium chloride (TZ) viability testing.

Tarla Şartlarında Tohum çimlenme, dormansi ve Ölümlerini değerlendirilmesi için güvenilir yöntem

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester ...

On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method

We present a step-by-step tutorial to prepare proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts, consisting of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a high surface area carbon, and to test their performance in thin film rotating disk electrode (TF-RDE) measurements. The TF-RDE methodology is widely used for catalyst screening; nevertheless, the measured performance sometimes considerably differs among research groups. These uncertainties impede the advancement of new catalyst materials and, consequently, several authors discussed possible best practice methods and the importance of benchmarking.
The visual tutorial highlights possible pitfalls in the TF-RDE testing of Pt/C catalysts. A synthesis and testing protocol to assess standard Pt/C catalysts is introduced that can be used together with polycrystalline Pt disks as benchmark catalysts. In particular, this study highlights how the properties of the catalyst film on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode influence the measured performance in TF-RDE testing. To obtain thin, homogeneous catalyst films, not only the catalyst preparation, but also the ink deposition and drying procedures are essential. It is demonstrated that an adjustment of the ink&#39;s pH might be necessary, and how simple control measurements can be used to check film quality. Once reproducible TF-RDE measurements are obtained, determining the Pt loading on the catalyst support (expressed as Pt wt%) and the electrochemical surface area is necessary to normalize the determined reaction rates to either surface area or Pt mass. For the surface area determination, so-called CO stripping, or the determination of the hydrogen underpotential deposition (Hupd) charge, are standard. For the determination of the Pt loading, a straightforward and cheap procedure using digestion in aqua regia with subsequent conversion of Pt(IV) to Pt(II) and UV-vis measurements is introduced.

Preparing and testing Pt/C fuel cell catalysts is subject to continuous discussion in the scientific community with respect to reproducibility and best practice. With the presented work, we intend to present a step-by-step tutorial to make and test Pt/C catalysts, which can serve as benchmark for novel catalyst systems.

Hazırlık ve ince Film dönen Disk elektrot yöntemi kullanarak yakıt hücresi katalizörler test

We present a step-by-step tutorial to prepare proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts, consisting of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

Bitki enfeksiyon Test: Sprey ve bitki patojeni Magnaporthe Grisea ile aşı yara-aracılı

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Xylem Water Distribution in Woody Plants Visualized with a Cryo-scanning Electron Microscope

A scanning electron microscope installed cryo-unit (cryo-SEM) allows specimen observation at subzero temperatures and has been used for exploring water distribution in plant tissues in combination with freeze fixation techniques using liquid nitrogen (LN2). For woody species, however, preparations for observing the xylem transverse-cut surface involve some difficulties due to the orientation of wood fibers. Additionally, higher tension in the water column in xylem conduits can occasionally cause artifactual changes in water distribution, especially during sample fixation and collection. In this study, we demonstrate an efficient procedure to observe the water distribution within the xylem of woody plants in situ&#160;by using a cryostat and cryo-SEM. At first, during sample collection, measuring the xylem water potential should determine whether high tension is present in the xylem conduits. When the xylem water potential is low (&#60; ca. &#8722;0.5 MPa), a tension relaxation procedure is needed to facilitate better preservation of the water status in xylem conduits during sample freeze fixation. Next, a watertight collar is attached around the tree stem and filled with LN2&#160;for freeze fixation of the water status of xylem. After harvesting, care should be taken to ensure that the sample is preserved frozen while completing the procedures of sample preparation for observation. A cryostat is employed to clearly expose the xylem transverse-cut surface. In cryo-SEM observations, time adjustment for freeze-etching is required to remove frost dust and accentuate the edge of the cell walls on the viewing surface. Our results demonstrate the applicability of cryo-SEM techniques for the observation of water distribution within xylem at cellular and subcellular levels. The combination of cryo-SEM with non-destructive in situ observation techniques will profoundly improve the exploration of woody plant water flow dynamics.

Observing the water distribution within the xylem provides significant information regarding water flow dynamics in woody plants. In this study, we demonstrate the practical approach to observe xylem water distribution in situ&#160;by using a cryostat and cryo-SEM, which eliminates artifactual changes in the water status during sample preparation.

Cryo-scanning Electron mikroskop ile görselleştirilen Woody bitkilerde xylem su dağılımı

A scanning electron microscope installed cryo-unit (cryo-SEM) allows specimen observation at subzero temperatures and has been used for exploring water ...

Sample Preparation Method of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope for the Appendages of Woodboring Beetle

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of the woodboring beetle, Chlorophorus caragana Xie &#38; Wang (2012), for both types of electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sample preparation protocol was based on sample chemical fixation, dehydration in a series of ethanol baths, drying, and sputter-coating. By adding Tween 20 (Polyoxyethylene sorbitan laurate) to the fixative and the wash solution, the insect body surface of woodboring beetle was washed more cleanly in SEM. This study&#39;s transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation involved a series of steps including fixation, ethanol dehydration, embedding in resin, positioning using fluorescence microscopy, sectioning, and staining. Fixative with Tween 20 enabled penetrate the insect body wall of woodboring beetle more easily than it would had been without Tween 20, and subsequently better fixed tissues and organs in the body, thus yielded clear transmission electron microscope observations of insect sensilla ultrastructures. The next step of this preparation was determining the positions of insect sensilla in the sample embedded in the resin block by using fluorescence microscopy to increase the precision of target sensilla positioning. This improved slicing accuracy.

In order to observe ultrastructure of insect sensilla, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively) sample preparation protocol were presented in the study. Tween 20 was added into the fixative to avoid sample deformation in SEM. Fluorescence microscopy was helpful for improving slicing accuracy in TEM.

Woodboring Böceği uzantıları için Tarama ve İletim Elektron Mikroskobu Örnek Hazırlama Yöntemi

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of ...

The Effect of Construction and Demolition Waste Plastic Fractions on Wood-Polymer Composite Properties

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), including valuable materials such as plastics, have a remarkable influence on the waste sector. In order for plastic materials to be re-utilized, they must be identified and separated according to their polymer composition. In this study, the identification of these materials was performed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), which identified material based on their physical-chemical properties. Advantages of the NIR method are a low environmental impact and rapid measurement (within a few seconds) in the spectral range of 1600-2400 nm without special sample preparation. Limitations include its inability to analyze dark materials. The identified polymers were utilized as a component for wood-polymer composite (WPC) that consists of a polymer matrix, low cost fillers, and additives. The components were first compounded with an agglomeration apparatus, followed by production by extrusion. In the agglomeration process, the aim was to compound all materials to produce uniformly distributed and granulated materials as pellets. During the agglomeration process, the polymer (matrix) was melted and fillers and other additives were then mixed into the melted polymer, being ready for the extrusion process. In the extrusion method, heat and shear forces were applied to a material within the barrel of a conical counter-rotating twin-screw type extruder, which reduces the risk of burning the materials and lower shear mixing. The heated and sheared mixture was then conveyed through a die to give the product the desired shape. The above-described protocol proved the potential for re-utilization of CDW materials. Functional properties must be verified according to the standardized tests, such as flexural, tensile, and impact strength tests for the material.

Secondary material streams have been shown to include potential raw materials for production. Presented here is a protocol in which CDW-plastic waste as a raw material is identified, followed by various processing steps (agglomeration, extrusion). As a result, a composite material was produced, and mechanical properties were analyzed.

İnşaat ve Yıkım Atık Plastik Fraksiyonlarının Ahşap-Polimer Kompozit Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), including valuable materials such as plastics, have a remarkable influence on the waste sector. In order for ...