Data reported in this work are part of the USDA-ARS National Program 306 Project 'Values-Added Products from Cottonseed' research supported by the Agency's in-house funding. Publication of this paper is supported in part by the Journal of Visualized Experiments. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. We acknowledge the constructive comments from JoVE science editor and peer reviewers in the review and revision process.

1. זרעי כותנה ומוצרים מבוססי סויה ארוחה (איור 1) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השג את חומרי הגלם, כותנה נטולות שומן וארוחות סויה, ממקורות מסחריים זמינים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השג את הארוחה עובדת על ידי שחיקה הארוחה נטול שומן המוצקה בטחנת מדגם ציקלון לעבור מסך פלדת 0.5 מ&quot;מ 16. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להכין ארוחות שטפו מים מהארוחות לעבוד אחרי מיצוי במים (ארוחת 25 גרם: 200 מיליליטר מים) כדי להפריד בין רכיבים מסיסים במים בארוחות 21. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן חלבון מבודד מהארוחות עובדות על ידי מיצוי אלקלי ומשקעי חומצת 16. </li></ol> 2. הכנת רצועות עץ פורניר <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חזיתות מעץ חתוך (1.59 מ&quot;מ עובי) המתקבלות ממקור זמין מסחרי לרצועות רחבות 25.4 מ&quot;מ על ידי מ&quot;מ 88.9 ארוך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> עיפרון לסמן קו על פני התבואה העץ ב25.4 מ&quot;מ (1.0 &quot;) באורך מקצה אחד של כל רצועה לייבל הרצועות האלה כיאות עם בדיקת טיפולים או מספרים 5.. -10 זוגות עץ מוכנים לכל משתנה בדיקה. </li></ol> 3. הכנת הדבק slurries <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב את כמות מים שטפו הארוחה נדרשת לכל דגימות העץ לבדיקה, על ידי קצב יישום (לדוגמא, 4 -2 סנטימטרים תוכן מ&quot;ג יבשים) x כולל שטח מליטה (למשל, 581 סנטימטר 2 של 90 רצועות עץ עם שטח מליטה 2.54 x 2.54 סנטימטרים כל אחד) בתוספת כ -30% נוספים עבור enoughness (כלומר, 4 x 581 x 130% 3 גרם של מים שטף ארוחה לדוגמה). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מערבבים ארוחה שטפה מים עם מים ללא יונים (03:25 w / w), ומערבבים עם בר ומערבב מגנטי עבור שעה 2 בכוס אטומה עם Parafilm. </li></ol> 4. הכנת דוגמאות עץ בונדד <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לצחצח slurry דבק על קצה אחד של רצועות פורניר עץ 2 מכסות 25.4 מ&quot;מ אורך (1.0 &quot;) Air-יבש במשך 10 -. 15 דקות או עד דביק. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לצחצח שכבה שנייה של slurry דבק על גבי השכבה הראשונה ואוויר היבש שוב. הסכום של דבק יבשההכנה מיושמת היא כ -4.5 מ&quot;ג יבשים מוצקה לסנטימטר 2 של מליטה הן של כל רצועת עץ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חפיפת אזור הדבק דביק המצופה (מ&quot;מ 25.4 x 25.4 או 1.0 &quot;x 1.0&quot;) של רצועות פורניר עץ 2. Hot-עיתונות באמצעות מחומם לחץ benchtop ב 100 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 20 דקות בלחץ של 400 psi (2.8 MPA). שים לב ללחץ הוא הכח המופעל על ידי העיתונות מחולקת באזור החופף של דגימות העץ. פרמטרים מליטה אלה עשויים להשתנות בהתאם לצורך לכל אחד ממשתני בדיקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מגניב ולהתנות את דגימות עץ ערובה במשך 48 שעות בחדר אוויר או חממה עם בקרת לחות (טמפרטורה של 22-23 מעלות צלזיוס ולחות היחסית של 50 - 60%; איור 2). </li></ol> 5. ניסויי התנגדות המים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לטבול את דגימות עץ ערובה, לאחר מיזוג ראשוני, במים ברז במשך 48 שעות במגש פלסטיק ב RT (22-23 מעלות צלזיוס). הדגימות הרטובות לאחר טבילה נבדקות באופן מיידי לגזירהכוח בהפסקה ודווח ככוח רטוב. עודפי מים על פני השטח הפורניר ניתן להסיר בעדינות על ידי מלטף עם רקמת נייר לפני מדידות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לטבול את קבוצה נוספת של דגימות עץ ערובה, לאחר מיזוג ראשוני, באמבט מים על 63 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 4 שעות, ולאחר מכן יבש בתנאי חדר (טמפרטורה של 22-23 מעלות צלזיוס ולחות היחסית של 50 - 60%) O / N (18 - 20 שעות). חזור על מחזור הטבילה-ייבוש פעם אחת עם זמן ייבוש 48 שעות. אז הדגימות מיובשות, נבחנו צורך בכוח הגזירה בהפסקה ודווחו כחוזק הדבקה ספוג. </li></ol> מדידות חוזק גזירה 6. Lap <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להתאים דגימת עץ ערובה לתוך אוחז 32 x 40 מ&quot;מ fishscale gridded הטריז בTester חומרים עם לחץ מרתק של 7 מגפ&quot;ס, ולקבוע את מהירות crosshead במ&quot;מ 1 דק &#39;-1. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מדוד ורשום את כוח הגזירה בהפסקה לכל דגימת עץ ערובה. התוצאות של מדידות מרובות בממוצע עבור כל טופס דבקulation ומשתנה מבחן. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

מאמר זה מציג הליך בסיסי להכנה ובדיקת זרע צמח מבוסס מוצרים כמו דבקי עץ. Slurries דבק exampled בפרוטוקול זה הוא פשוט מוצר זרע ארוחה נטול שומן ומים. ניתן להגיע ניסוחים דבקים שונים על ידי תוספת של חומרים כימיים בדיקות (כגון סולפט dodecyl נתרן, נתרן bisulfite או שמן טונג) 5,6,23 ו / או שינ...

מליטה הדבקה של עץ ממלא תפקיד הולך וגדל בתעשיית מוצר היער ומהווה גורם מרכזי ליעילות ניצול משאבי עץ 1. העניין בשימוש בדבקים המבוססים על מוצרים טבעיים לעץ גדל בהתמדה מ 1930 להגיע לשיא בסביבות שנתי 1960 2. לאחר תקופה זו, המחיר של דבקים מבוססי נפט הפך כל כך נמוך שהם נעקרו דבקי חלבון ממספר שווקים מסורתיים. בשני העשורים האחרונים, מגמה זו התהפכה עם עניין מחודש בשימוש בחומרים שאינם מתחדש, מתכלה, ויותר מקובלת לסביבה. משאבי טבע אלה כוללים, אך אינם מוגבלים ל, חלבון סויה 3-5, חלבון כותנה 6, סובין אורז 7, גלוטן חיטה 8, מסתננים תבואה חלבון 9, חלבון קנולה ושמן 10-12, ליגנין מדורה וקני סוכר פסולת 13 , 14, ורבים-סוכרים הנגזרים מפגזי שרימפס 15. &lt;p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; בעוד שבודד חלבון זרע נבדק באופן נרחב כדבקי עץ פוטנציאליים, הליך הבידוד כרוך אלקליין מאכל וחומרים כימי חומצי וזה גורם לי דבקים המבוסס על בודד יקר יחסית ופחות ידידותית לסביבה 16. לכן, כמה ארוחות נטולות שומן זרע (קמחים) עם או בלי טיפול גם נבדקו לצורך דבק, למרות שמאפייני ההדבקה של ארוחות אלה לא לבצע, כמו גם חלבון מבודד 17-19. ברצף יש לנו מופרדים תערובת זרעי כותנה (CM) לשברים שונים, ובחנו את חוזק ההדבקה שלהם בחזיתות מעץ המליטה 20,21. החלק המוצק אינם מסיסים במים (כותנה שטפה להלן ארוחה-WCM) יכול לשמש כדבקי עץ, דומים לבודד חלבון כותנה (CSPI), ויהיה פחות יקר כדי להכין מאשר CSPI. חוזק הדבקה ועמידות למים הם שני פרמטרים קריטיים בהערכת הביצועיםחומר הדבקה פוטנציאלי. כאן, חוזק ההדבקה הוא כפי שדווח כוח הגזירה בהפסקה של אג&quot;ח חיקו של כל דגימת עץ. התנגדות מים של הדבק נמדדת על ידי השינוי בכוח גזירת חיק של דגימת עץ ערובה בהפסקה בשל שריה במים. באמצעות ארוחות כותנה וסויה נטולות שומן כחומר גלם, פרוטוקול זה מספק דרך פשוטה וישירה כדי להכין ומוצרים מבוססי זרע צמח מבחן כמו דבקי עץ. פרוטוקול זה יהיה מועיל בקידום המאמץ במחפש יותר ניסוחים כלכליים וידידותית לסביבה של דבקי עץ מבוסס מוצרים טבעיים.

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			<td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">wood veneers</td>
			<td>Certainly Wood, Inc.</td>
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			<td>East Aurora, NY, USA</td>
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			<td>UDY Corporation</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benchtop Heated Press&#160; (Model 3856)</td>
			<td>Carver, Inc.</td>
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			<td>Wabash, IN. USA</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Materials Tester</td>
			<td>Zwick GmbH &#38; Co.</td>
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			<td>Ulm, Germany</td>
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preparation and testing of plant seed meal-based wood adhesives

לאחרונה, העניין במוצרים מבוסס ארוחת זרע צמח כמו דבקי עץ גדל בהתמדה, כחומרי גלם אלו צמח נחשבים מתחדשים וידידותית לסביבה. מוצרים טבעיים אלה עשויים לשמש כחלופות לדבקים מבוססי נפט ללהקל על חששות קיימות סביבתיים ו. עבודה זו מדגימה את ההכנה ובדיקה של דבקי עץ הצמח מבוסס זרע באמצעות זרעי כותנה וארוחת סויה כחומר גלם. בנוסף לארוחות שלא טופלו, מים שטפו ארוחות ומבודדות חלבון מוכנים ונבדק. slurries דבק מוכן על ידי ערבוב מוצר ארוחה המיובש בהקפאה במים ללא יונים (03:25 w / w) עבור שעה 2. כל הכנת דבק מוחלת על קצה אחד של רצועות פורניר עץ 2 בעזרת מברשת. אזורי דבק דביק המצופים של רצועות פורניר העץ הם לקקו והדביקו על ידי לחיצה על-חם. חוזק הדבקה הוא כפי שדווח כוח הגזירה של דגימת עץ ערובה בהפסקה. התנגדות מים של הדבקים נמדדת על ידיהשינוי בכוח הגזירה של עץ הערובה דגימות בהפסקה לאחר שריה במים. פרוטוקול זה מאפשר להעריך מוצרים חקלאיים המבוססים על זרעי צמח כמועמדים מתאימים להחלפה של דבקי עץ מבוסס סינטטיים. התאמות לניסוח הדבק עם או בלי תוספות ותנאי מליטה יכולות לייעל מאפייני ההדבקה שלהם ליישומים מעשיים שונים.

הביצועים של כל ניסוח דבק נקבע על ידי כוח הגזירה של דגימת עץ ערובה בהפסקה והערכים משתנים בהתאם לממדים של פורניר העץ המשמש. לדוגמא, בטבלה 1, ערכי חוזק הדבקה יבשים ורטובים של דגימות ערובה הם נמוכים יותר כאשר רצועות דקות יותר וצרות יותר מייפל משמשות (ראה Cottonseed-1), ב...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives at JoVE.com

Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

הכנה ובדיקה של דבקי עץ מבוססי ארוחת זרעי צמח

Recently, the interest in plant seed meal-based products as wood adhesives has steadily increased, as these plant raw materials are considered renewable ...

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8.6K Views.  United States Department of Agriculture. To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

Video: Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen and the causal agent of corn smut on maize. This disease is responsible for significant yield losses of approximately $1.0 billion annually in the U.S.1 Several methods including crop rotation, fungicide application and seed treatments are currently used to control corn smut2. However, host resistance is the only practical method for managing corn smut. Identification of crop plants including maize, wheat, and rice that are resistant to various biotrophic pathogens has significantly decreased yield losses annually3-5. Therefore, the use of a pathogen inoculation method that efficiently and reproducibly delivers the pathogen in between the plant leaves, would facilitate the rapid identification of maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis. As, a first step toward indentifying maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis, a needle injection inoculation method and a resistance reaction screening method was utilized to inoculate maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines with a U. maydis strain and to select resistant plants.
Maize, teosinte and maize x teosinte introgression lines, consisting of about 700 plants, were planted, inoculated with a strain of U. maydis, and screened for resistance. The inoculation and screening methods successfully identified three teosinte lines resistant to U. maydis. Here a detailed needle injection inoculation and resistance reaction screening protocol for maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines is presented. This study demonstrates that needle injection inoculation is an invaluable tool in agriculture that can efficiently deliver U. maydis in between the plant leaves and has provided plant lines that are resistant to U. maydis that can now be combined and tested in breeding programs for improved disease resistance.

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

The use of a needle injection method to inoculate maize and teosinte plants with the biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis is described. The needle injection inoculation method facilitates the controlled delivery of the fungal pathogen in between the plant leaves where the pathogen enters the plant through the formation of appresoria. This method is highly efficient, enabling reproducible inoculations with U. maydis.

שיטה מהירה ויעילה להערכת פתוגניות של מיאדי אוסטילגו על קווי תירס וטוסינטה

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is ...

Transcript and Metabolite Profiling for the Evaluation of Tobacco Tree and Poplar as Feedstock for the Bio-based Industry

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the exploration of renewable resources are necessary to overcome these challenges. Within the multinational framework MultiBioPro we are developing biorefinery pipelines to maximize the use of plant biomass. More specifically, we use poplar and tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) as target crop species for improving saccharification, isoprenoid, long chain hydrocarbon contents, fiber quality, and suberin and lignin contents. The methods used to obtain these outputs include GC-MS, LC-MS and RNA sequencing platforms. The metabolite pipelines are well established tools to generate these types of data, but also have the limitations in that only well characterized metabolites can be used. The deep sequencing will allow us to include all transcripts present during the developmental stages of the tobacco tree leaf, but has to be mapped back to the sequence of Nicotiana tabacum. With these set-ups, we aim at a basic understanding for underlying processes and at establishing an industrial framework to exploit the outcomes. In a more long term perspective, we believe that data generated here will provide means for a sustainable biorefinery process using poplar and tobacco tree as raw material. To date the basal level of metabolites in the samples have been analyzed and the protocols utilized are provided in this article.

Plant biomass offers a renewable resource for multiple products, including fuel, feed, food, and a variety of materials. In this paper we investigate the properties of tobacco tree (Nicotiana glauca) and poplar as suitable sources for a biorefinery pipeline.

תמליל והמטבוליט Profiling להערכת של טבק ועץ צפצפה כחומר גלם לתעשייה המבוססת על ביו

The global demand for food, feed, energy, and water poses extraordinary challenges for future generations. It is evident that robust platforms for the ...

Preparation and Testing of Impedance-based Fluidic Biochips with RTgill-W1 Cells for Rapid Evaluation of Drinking Water Samples for Toxicity

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cells for use in a field portable water toxicity sensor. A monolayer of RTgill-W1 cells forms on the sensing electrodes enclosed within the biochips. The biochips are then used for testing in a field portable electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) device designed for rapid toxicity testing of drinking water. The manuscript further describes how to run a toxicity test using the prepared biochips. A control water sample and the test water sample are mixed with pre-measured powdered media and injected into separate channels of the biochip. Impedance readings from the sensing electrodes in each of the biochip channels are measured and compared by an automated statistical software program. The screen on the ECIS instrument will indicate either "Contamination Detected" or "No Contamination Detected" within an hour of sample injection. Advantages are ease of use and rapid response to a broad spectrum of inorganic and organic chemicals at concentrations that are relevant to human health concerns, as well as the long-term stability of stored biochips in a ready state for testing. Limitations are the requirement for cold storage of the biochips and limited sensitivity to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Applications for this toxicity detector are for rapid field-portable testing of drinking water supplies by Army Preventative Medicine personnel or for use at municipal water treatment facilities.

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial cells for use in a field portable electric cell-substrate impedance sensor. The protocol for running a rapid drinking water toxicity test with the sensor is also described.

הכנה ובדיקה של עכבה מבוססי biochips fluidic עם תאים RTgill-W1 טוב ההערכה המהירה של שתייה דגימות מים עבור רעילות

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cells for use in a field portable water toxicity ...

Potentiodynamic Corrosion Testing

Different metallic materials have different polarization characteristics as dictated by the open circuit potential, breakdown potential, and passivation potential of the material. The detection of these electrochemical parameters identifies the corrosion factors of a material. A reliable and well-functioning corrosion system is required to achieve this.
Corrosion of the samples was achieved via a potentiodynamic polarization technique employing a three-electrode configuration, consisting of reference, counter, and working electrodes. Prior to commencement a baseline potential is obtained. Following the stabilization of the corrosion potential (Ecorr), the applied potential is ramped at a slow rate in the positive direction relative to the reference electrode. The working electrode was a stainless steel screw. The reference electrode was a standard Ag/AgCl. The counter electrode used was a platinum mesh. Having a reliable and well-functioning in vitro corrosion system to test biomaterials provides an in-expensive technique that allows for the systematic characterization of the material by determining the breakdown potential, to further understand the material's response to corrosion. The goal of the protocol is to set up and run an in vitro potentiodynamic corrosion system to analyze pitting corrosion for small metallic medical devices.

Here, we present a protocol to set up and run an in vitro potentiodynamic corrosion system to analyze pitting corrosion for small metallic medical devices.

Potentiodynamic בדיקת קורוזיה

Different metallic materials have different polarization characteristics as dictated by the open circuit potential, breakdown potential, and passivation ...

Reliable Method for Assessing Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Mortality under Field Conditions

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester fabric and glue can be folded and glued to construct a strip of compartments that house seeds and identifying information, while allowing contact with soil leachate, water, microorganisms, and ambient temperature. Strips may be constructed with a wide range of compartment numbers and sizes and allow the researcher to house a variety of genotypes within a single species, different species, or seeds that have experienced different treatments. As opposed to individual seed packets, strips are more easily retrieved as a unit. While replicate packets can be included within a strip, different strips can act as blocks or can be retrieved at different times for observation of seed behavior over time. We used a high temperature glue gun to delineate compartments and sealed the strips once the seed and tags identifying block and removal times were inserted. The seed strips were then buried in the field at the desired depth, with the location marked for later removal. Burrowing animal predators were effectively excluded by use of a covering of metal mesh hardware cloth on the soil surface. After the selected time interval for burial, strips were dug up and seeds were assessed for germination, dormancy and mortality. While clearly dead seeds can often be distinguished from ungerminated living ones by eye, dormant seeds were conclusively identified using a standard Tetrazolium chloride colorimetric test for seed viability.

Here we present a protocol for assessing seed survivorship, germination and dormancy under field conditions using buried, labeled seed strips and tetrazolium chloride (TZ) viability testing.

דרך אמין להערכת זרע נביטה, תרדמת, ותמותה בתנאי שדה

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester ...

On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method

We present a step-by-step tutorial to prepare proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts, consisting of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a high surface area carbon, and to test their performance in thin film rotating disk electrode (TF-RDE) measurements. The TF-RDE methodology is widely used for catalyst screening; nevertheless, the measured performance sometimes considerably differs among research groups. These uncertainties impede the advancement of new catalyst materials and, consequently, several authors discussed possible best practice methods and the importance of benchmarking.
The visual tutorial highlights possible pitfalls in the TF-RDE testing of Pt/C catalysts. A synthesis and testing protocol to assess standard Pt/C catalysts is introduced that can be used together with polycrystalline Pt disks as benchmark catalysts. In particular, this study highlights how the properties of the catalyst film on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode influence the measured performance in TF-RDE testing. To obtain thin, homogeneous catalyst films, not only the catalyst preparation, but also the ink deposition and drying procedures are essential. It is demonstrated that an adjustment of the ink&#39;s pH might be necessary, and how simple control measurements can be used to check film quality. Once reproducible TF-RDE measurements are obtained, determining the Pt loading on the catalyst support (expressed as Pt wt%) and the electrochemical surface area is necessary to normalize the determined reaction rates to either surface area or Pt mass. For the surface area determination, so-called CO stripping, or the determination of the hydrogen underpotential deposition (Hupd) charge, are standard. For the determination of the Pt loading, a straightforward and cheap procedure using digestion in aqua regia with subsequent conversion of Pt(IV) to Pt(II) and UV-vis measurements is introduced.

Preparing and testing Pt/C fuel cell catalysts is subject to continuous discussion in the scientific community with respect to reproducibility and best practice. With the presented work, we intend to present a step-by-step tutorial to make and test Pt/C catalysts, which can serve as benchmark for novel catalyst systems.

על ההכנה ובדיקה של זרזים תא דלק בשיטת סרט דק סיבוב הדיסק אלקטרודה

We present a step-by-step tutorial to prepare proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts, consisting of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

הבדיקה זיהום צמח: ריסוס, בתיווך הפצע חיסון עם הפתוגן של צמח Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Xylem Water Distribution in Woody Plants Visualized with a Cryo-scanning Electron Microscope

A scanning electron microscope installed cryo-unit (cryo-SEM) allows specimen observation at subzero temperatures and has been used for exploring water distribution in plant tissues in combination with freeze fixation techniques using liquid nitrogen (LN2). For woody species, however, preparations for observing the xylem transverse-cut surface involve some difficulties due to the orientation of wood fibers. Additionally, higher tension in the water column in xylem conduits can occasionally cause artifactual changes in water distribution, especially during sample fixation and collection. In this study, we demonstrate an efficient procedure to observe the water distribution within the xylem of woody plants in situ&#160;by using a cryostat and cryo-SEM. At first, during sample collection, measuring the xylem water potential should determine whether high tension is present in the xylem conduits. When the xylem water potential is low (&#60; ca. &#8722;0.5 MPa), a tension relaxation procedure is needed to facilitate better preservation of the water status in xylem conduits during sample freeze fixation. Next, a watertight collar is attached around the tree stem and filled with LN2&#160;for freeze fixation of the water status of xylem. After harvesting, care should be taken to ensure that the sample is preserved frozen while completing the procedures of sample preparation for observation. A cryostat is employed to clearly expose the xylem transverse-cut surface. In cryo-SEM observations, time adjustment for freeze-etching is required to remove frost dust and accentuate the edge of the cell walls on the viewing surface. Our results demonstrate the applicability of cryo-SEM techniques for the observation of water distribution within xylem at cellular and subcellular levels. The combination of cryo-SEM with non-destructive in situ observation techniques will profoundly improve the exploration of woody plant water flow dynamics.

Observing the water distribution within the xylem provides significant information regarding water flow dynamics in woody plants. In this study, we demonstrate the practical approach to observe xylem water distribution in situ&#160;by using a cryostat and cryo-SEM, which eliminates artifactual changes in the water status during sample preparation.

התפלגות המים xylem במפעלי וודי דמיינו בעזרת מיקרוסקופ אלקטרוני לסריקת ההקפאה

A scanning electron microscope installed cryo-unit (cryo-SEM) allows specimen observation at subzero temperatures and has been used for exploring water ...

Sample Preparation Method of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope for the Appendages of Woodboring Beetle

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of the woodboring beetle, Chlorophorus caragana Xie &#38; Wang (2012), for both types of electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sample preparation protocol was based on sample chemical fixation, dehydration in a series of ethanol baths, drying, and sputter-coating. By adding Tween 20 (Polyoxyethylene sorbitan laurate) to the fixative and the wash solution, the insect body surface of woodboring beetle was washed more cleanly in SEM. This study&#39;s transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation involved a series of steps including fixation, ethanol dehydration, embedding in resin, positioning using fluorescence microscopy, sectioning, and staining. Fixative with Tween 20 enabled penetrate the insect body wall of woodboring beetle more easily than it would had been without Tween 20, and subsequently better fixed tissues and organs in the body, thus yielded clear transmission electron microscope observations of insect sensilla ultrastructures. The next step of this preparation was determining the positions of insect sensilla in the sample embedded in the resin block by using fluorescence microscopy to increase the precision of target sensilla positioning. This improved slicing accuracy.

In order to observe ultrastructure of insect sensilla, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively) sample preparation protocol were presented in the study. Tween 20 was added into the fixative to avoid sample deformation in SEM. Fluorescence microscopy was helpful for improving slicing accuracy in TEM.

הכנה לדוגמה שיטת סריקה ומיקרוסקופ אלקטרון שידור לתוספות של החיפושית המשעממת

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of ...

The Effect of Construction and Demolition Waste Plastic Fractions on Wood-Polymer Composite Properties

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), including valuable materials such as plastics, have a remarkable influence on the waste sector. In order for plastic materials to be re-utilized, they must be identified and separated according to their polymer composition. In this study, the identification of these materials was performed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), which identified material based on their physical-chemical properties. Advantages of the NIR method are a low environmental impact and rapid measurement (within a few seconds) in the spectral range of 1600-2400 nm without special sample preparation. Limitations include its inability to analyze dark materials. The identified polymers were utilized as a component for wood-polymer composite (WPC) that consists of a polymer matrix, low cost fillers, and additives. The components were first compounded with an agglomeration apparatus, followed by production by extrusion. In the agglomeration process, the aim was to compound all materials to produce uniformly distributed and granulated materials as pellets. During the agglomeration process, the polymer (matrix) was melted and fillers and other additives were then mixed into the melted polymer, being ready for the extrusion process. In the extrusion method, heat and shear forces were applied to a material within the barrel of a conical counter-rotating twin-screw type extruder, which reduces the risk of burning the materials and lower shear mixing. The heated and sheared mixture was then conveyed through a die to give the product the desired shape. The above-described protocol proved the potential for re-utilization of CDW materials. Functional properties must be verified according to the standardized tests, such as flexural, tensile, and impact strength tests for the material.

Secondary material streams have been shown to include potential raw materials for production. Presented here is a protocol in which CDW-plastic waste as a raw material is identified, followed by various processing steps (agglomeration, extrusion). As a result, a composite material was produced, and mechanical properties were analyzed.

ההשפעה של בנייה והריסה פסולת פסולת פלסטיק שברים על עץ פולימר תכונות מרוכבות

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), including valuable materials such as plastics, have a remarkable influence on the waste sector. In order for ...