The authors acknowledge all colleagues who made this work possible; Ann Demarr&#233;, Veerle Laurysens, Jan De Jonge and Erik Quartier for technical assistance. Financial support was from the VUB Research Council, the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT), the Beta Cell Biology Consortium (BCBC), the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Diabetes Onderzoek Nederland (DON) and Interuniversity Attraction Pole (IAP).

所有操作遵循保护脊椎动物用于试验和其他科学目的发行的欧洲公约的准则（ETS 123和2010/63 / EU）。 1.准备工作区<ol><li>提供专用的准备区，给外科手术区域和回收区。 </li><li>进行整个手术过程中的层流柜，以尽量减少环境污染物。 </li><li>组装用品所需的制备，手术和恢复区（如在材料和方法中列出），采用适当的无菌技术。 </li><li>确保手术工具在手术前高压灭菌。 </li><li>提供一个再循环水加热垫在38℃的温度稳定在手术过程中的温度。覆盖加热垫用无菌防水垫。 </li><li>提供一种手术显微镜用至少6.3X的倍率。 </li><li>使用仪器免缝lizer，如热珠灭菌，消毒器械在外科手术过程之间。 </li><li>准备恢复区组成的大笼子中，由平板纸床上用品内衬</li></ol> 2.准备动物外科手术<ol><li>对于PDL和假手术，使用8个周龄雄性小鼠，圈养在标准笼子里，维持12小时光照/ 12小时黑暗循环，并饲喂标准的啮齿动物饮食随意 。 注:在这里，我们用BALB / cJrJ小鼠，但我们也成功地使用其他的菌株和各种转基因品系。 </li><li>丁丙诺啡使用作为超前镇痛（0.05 - 0.1毫克/千克）30分钟前手术。 </li><li> 10mg / kg的甲苯噻嗪 - 通过腹膜内注射100mg / kg的氯胺酮和5麻醉小鼠。 </li><li>通过观察随意运动和肌肉松弛逐渐丧失正确评估麻醉。测试反射由脚趾捏的损失。 </li><li>应用眼药膏上一页眼睛干涩耳鼻喉科，而在麻醉下。 </li></ol> 3.手术场地准备<ol><li>消毒胸部和腹部用消毒洗必泰溶液。 </li><li>剃为2.5cm×1.5cm的腹部的区域。 </li><li>用消毒纱布浸泡洗必泰溶液，再用酒精溶液和洗必泰溶液的最终应用领域剃。 </li><li>定位动物在手术区，使得所制备的手术部位向上面对外科医生。 </li><li>使用防水外科被单有开口留下露出而覆盖身体的其他部分来创建一个无菌工作场的消毒腹部区域悬垂鼠标。监测之前对麻醉深度的方法的鼠标。 </li></ol> 4.胰管结扎<ol><li>剖腹手术<ol><li>使上部中线切口，在皮肤用无菌从剑突延伸到肚脐手术刀片。分离底层白线，并使用无菌剪刀以暴露上腹部象限腹膜。 </li><li>防止干燥出内脏定期喷洒消毒用0.9％氯化钠。 </li><li>使用无菌镊子或拭子，缩回胃优，露出脾和胰腺的脾叶（尾区）。 </li><li>轻轻缩回空肠上段的十二指肠和部分向右上腹部象限以暴露覆盖由内脏腹膜胰腺的头部，颈部和主体区域。 </li></ol></li><li>结扎<ol><li>定位在胰腺的颈部区域中的胰主导管的解剖位置。 </li><li>切开脏腹膜和结肠韧带，准许访问腹膜后，露出胰腺的主体和尾部区域。为了暴露颈部区域，执行科赫尔机动。提起十二指肠和头部关闭腹膜后胰腺从下腔静脉和主动脉之下他们提升。 </li><li>小心地将颈部下方的铲。结扎胰管用6-0 Prolene线螺纹在门静脉分隔胃十二指肠和脾瓣的左侧。 </li><li>执行在靠近第二结扎到第一结扎，以确保瓣适当分开。 </li><li>结扎非常小心，以便不损坏下层的血管，即上级胰十二指肠动脉，胰十二指肠下动脉和脾动脉的胰一部分。 </li><li>将器官放回腹腔。 </li><li>关闭使用4-0聚乙二醇丝状螺纹切口以连续缝合图案为肌肉/腹膜层和在对皮肤的不连续的缝合图案。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.假手术<ol><li>执行所有的步骤去4.1.4通过划线步骤1。而胰腺暴露，不执行胰管结扎。 </li><li>在步骤4.1.4结束时，将内脏放回腹腔。 </li><li>关闭切口在4.2.7中描述。 </li></ol> 6，后期运营维护和监控<ol><li>手术过程完成后，将鼠标在回收区。这包括一个笼子放置在一个加热垫，并镶有平纸张的床上用品，以保持正常的体温。 </li><li>提供营养支持，以避免手术后的低血糖蘸通过食物放置在笼底。为了这个目的，用浸在水中的标准啮齿动物饮食粒料直到它们变软。 </li><li>由食品润湿液提供支持，并提供水随意 。 </li><li>使用丁丙诺啡作为镇痛（0.05 - 0.1毫克/公斤），每天两次2天手术后。在整个实验，跟进，observE中的小鼠发生感染的可能迹象，包括分泌液体或脓液从伤口，或用于修饰行为和活动水平的特点是减少身体每况愈下，食欲降低体重和损失。 </li></ol> 7.成功的评价PDL和PDL尾的收获和深尾胰腺<ol><li>安乐死的小鼠通过颈脱位。 </li><li>再剃腹部，避免皮草结转。 </li><li>打开腹部皮肤和肌肉层和除去大面积皮肤和肌肉得到良好的访问胰腺。 </li><li>使用无菌镊子或拭子，胃被优缩回，露出脾和胰腺的脾叶（尾区）。 </li><li>轻轻拉出空肠上段的十二指肠及部分露出胰腺的胃十二指肠叶（头部区域）。 注意:将PDL胰腺的连接部分现在已减小尺寸，并已成为几乎半透明使胰岛白色小圆点可见。胰腺的头部是不透明的粉红色和不同外分泌lobuli可以观察到。 </li><li>使用无菌剪刀，从脾脏中分离的结扎尾巴部分的胰腺，通过沿脾切割。切松结缔组织尾部区域胰腺连接到内部器官。 </li><li>切PDL尾部区域正好在结扎前，但不包括的绑带与所述组织立即从收获的组织邻接它。 </li><li>为了隔离假尾巴组织，按照步骤7.1至7.5。用无菌剪刀沿脾切分开尾部区域的假胰腺脾脏。切成胰腺的颈部区域和切割松开结缔组织尾部胰腺连接到内脏隔离尾部区域 注:假胰腺的两个尾部和头部区域是不透明的粉红色，分别隔离两个部分，切在颈部区域中的胰腺。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+estimates+of+the+prevalence+of+diabetes+for.">Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for.</a> Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 87, 4-14 (2010).</li><li>Danaei, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=National,+regional,+and+global+trends+in+fasting+plasma+glucose+and+diabetes+prevalence+since+1980:+systematic+analysis+of+health+examination+surveys+and+epidemiological+studies+with+370+country-years+and+2&#183;7+million+participants.">National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2&#183;7 million participants.</a> Lancet. 378, 31-40 (2011).</li><li>Borowiak, M., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+make+beta+cells.">How to make beta cells.</a> Current opinion in Cell Biology. 21, 727-732 (2009).</li><li>Gradwohl, G., Dierich, A., LeMeur, M., Guillemot, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=neurogenin3+is+required+for+the+development+of+the+four+endocrine+cell+lineages+of+the+pancreas.">neurogenin3 is required for the development of the four endocrine cell lineages of the pancreas.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97, 1607-1611 (2000).</li><li>Gu, G., Dubauskaite, J., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+evidence+for+the+pancreatic+lineage:+NGN3++cells+are+islet+progenitors+and+are+distinct+from+duct+progenitors.">Direct evidence for the pancreatic lineage: NGN3+ cells are islet progenitors and are distinct from duct progenitors.</a> Development. 129, 2447-2457 (2002).</li><li>Dor, Y., Brown, J., Martinez, O. I., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+pancreatic+beta-cells+are+formed+by+self-duplication+rather+than+stem-cell+differentiation.">Adult pancreatic beta-cells are formed by self-duplication rather than stem-cell differentiation.</a> Nature. 429, 41-46 (2004).</li><li>Teta, M., Rankin, M. M., Long, S. Y., Stein, G. M., Kushner, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+regeneration+of+adult+beta+cells+does+not+involve+specialized+progenitors.">Growth and regeneration of adult beta cells does not involve specialized progenitors.</a> Dev Cell. 12, 817-826 (2007).</li><li>Bonner-Weir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perspective:+Postnatal+pancreatic+beta+cell+growth.">Perspective: Postnatal pancreatic beta cell growth.</a> Endocrinology. 141, 1926-1929 (2000).</li><li>Brennand, K., Huangfu, D., Melton, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All+beta+cells+contribute+equally+to+islet+growth+and+maintenance.">All beta cells contribute equally to islet growth and maintenance.</a> PLoS Biol. 5, e163 (2007).</li><li>Salpeter, S. J., Klein, A. M., Huangfu, D., Grimsby, J., Dor, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+and+aging+control+the+quiescence+period+that+follows+pancreatic+beta+cell+replication.">Glucose and aging control the quiescence period that follows pancreatic beta cell replication.</a> Development. 137, 3205-3213 (2010).</li><li>Xu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta+cells+can+be+generated+from+endogenous+progenitors+in+injured+adult+mouse+pancreas.">Beta cells can be generated from endogenous progenitors in injured adult mouse pancreas.</a> Cell. 132, 197-207 (2008).</li><li>Wang, R. N., Kloppel, G., Bouwens, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duct-+to+islet-cell+differentiation+and+islet+growth+in+the+pancreas+of+duct-ligated+adult+rats.">Duct- to islet-cell differentiation and islet growth in the pancreas of duct-ligated adult rats.</a> Diabetologia. 38, 1405-1411 (1995).</li><li>Yasuda, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine+expression+and+induction+of+acinar+cell+apoptosis+after+pancreatic+duct+ligation+in+mice.">Cytokine expression and induction of acinar cell apoptosis after pancreatic duct ligation in mice.</a> Journal of interferon, &amp; cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 19, 637-644 (1999).</li><li>Van Gassen, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+dynamics+are+regulated+by+local+macrophage+proliferation+and+monocyte+recruitment+in+injured+pancreas.">Macrophage dynamics are regulated by local macrophage proliferation and monocyte recruitment in injured pancreas.</a> European journal of immunology. , (2015).</li><li>Van de Casteele, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogenin+3++cells+contribute+to+beta-cell+neogenesis+and+proliferation+in+injured+adult+mouse+pancreas.">Neurogenin 3+ cells contribute to beta-cell neogenesis and proliferation in injured adult mouse pancreas.</a> Cell Death Dis. 4, e523 (2013).</li><li>Xiao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No+evidence+for+beta+cell+neogenesis+in+murine+adult+pancreas.">No evidence for beta cell neogenesis in murine adult pancreas.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 123, 2207-2217 (2013).</li><li>Ackermann Misfeldt, A., Costa, R. H., Gannon, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-cell+proliferation,+but+not+neogenesis,+following+60%+partial+pancreatectomy+is+impaired+in+the+absence+of+FoxM1.">Beta-cell proliferation, but not neogenesis, following 60% partial pancreatectomy is impaired in the absence of FoxM1.</a> Diabetes. 57, 3069-3077 (2008).</li><li>Lee, C. S., De Leon, D. D., Kaestner, K. H., Stoffers, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+pancreatic+islets+after+partial+pancreatectomy+in+mice+does+not+involve+the+reactivation+of+neurogenin-3.">Regeneration of pancreatic islets after partial pancreatectomy in mice does not involve the reactivation of neurogenin-3.</a> Diabetes. 55, 269-272 (2006).</li><li>Bonner-Weir, S., Sharma, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+stem+cells.">Pancreatic stem cells.</a> The Journal of pathology. 197, 519-526 (2002).</li><li>Nir, T., Melton, D. A., Dor, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery+from+diabetes+in+mice+by+beta+cell+regeneration.">Recovery from diabetes in mice by beta cell regeneration.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 117, 2553-2561 (2007).</li><li>Bouwens, L., Rooman, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+pancreatic+beta-cell+mass.">Regulation of pancreatic beta-cell mass.</a> Physiol Rev. 85, 1255-1270 (2005).</li><li>Wang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurog3+gene+dosage+regulates+allocation+of+endocrine+and+exocrine+cell+fates+in+the+developing+mouse+pancreas.">Neurog3 gene dosage regulates allocation of endocrine and exocrine cell fates in the developing mouse pancreas.</a> Developmental biology. 339, 26-37 (2010).</li><li>Pan, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+patterns+of+multipotentiality+in+Ptf1a-expressing+cells+during+pancreas+organogenesis+and+injury-induced+facultative+restoration.">Spatiotemporal patterns of multipotentiality in Ptf1a-expressing cells during pancreas organogenesis and injury-induced facultative restoration.</a> Development. 140, 751-764 (2013).</li><li>Kopp, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox9++ductal+cells+are+multipotent+progenitors+throughout+development+but+do+not+produce+new+endocrine+cells+in+the+normal+or+injured+adult+pancreas.">Sox9+ ductal cells are multipotent progenitors throughout development but do not produce new endocrine cells in the normal or injured adult pancreas.</a> Development. 138, 653-665 (2011).</li><li>Wang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+Neurog3+expression+in+hormone-expressing+islet+cells+is+required+for+endocrine+maturation+and+function.">Sustained Neurog3 expression in hormone-expressing islet cells is required for endocrine maturation and function.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106, 9715-9720 (2009).</li><li>Kopinke, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lineage+tracing+reveals+the+dynamic+contribution+of+Hes1++cells+to+the+developing+and+adult+pancreas.">Lineage tracing reveals the dynamic contribution of Hes1+ cells to the developing and adult pancreas.</a> Development. 138, 431-441 (2011).</li><li>Rankin, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta-Cells+are+not+generated+in+pancreatic+duct+ligation-induced+injury+in+adult+mice.">beta-Cells are not generated in pancreatic duct ligation-induced injury in adult mice.</a> Diabetes. 62, 1634-1645 (2013).</li><li>Solar, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+exocrine+duct+cells+give+rise+to+insulin-producing+beta+cells+during+embryogenesis+but+not+after+birth.">Pancreatic exocrine duct cells give rise to insulin-producing beta cells during embryogenesis but not after birth.</a> Dev Cell. 17, 849-860 (2009).</li><li>Furuyama, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+cell+supply+from+a+Sox9-expressing+progenitor+zone+in+adult+liver,+exocrine+pancreas+and+intestine.">Continuous cell supply from a Sox9-expressing progenitor zone in adult liver, exocrine pancreas and intestine.</a> Nat Genet. 43, 34-41 (2011).</li><li>Van de Casteele, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partial+duct+ligation:+beta-cell+proliferation+and+beyond.">Partial duct ligation: beta-cell proliferation and beyond.</a> Diabetes. 63, 2567-2577 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, J., Rouse, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histopathology+and+pathogenesis+of+caerulein-,+duct+ligation-,+and+arginine-induced+acute+pancreatitis+in+Sprague-Dawley+rats+and+C57BL6+mice.">Histopathology and pathogenesis of caerulein-, duct ligation-, and arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL6 mice.</a> Histology and histopathology. 29, 1135-1152 (2014).</li><li>Martinez-Romero, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epigenetic+regulators+Bmi1+and+Ring1B+are+differentially+regulated+in+pancreatitis+and+pancreatic+ductal+adenocarcinoma.">The epigenetic regulators Bmi1 and Ring1B are differentially regulated in pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.</a> The Journal of pathology. 219, 205-213 (2009).</li><li>Prevot, P. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+ductal+transcription+factors+HNF6+and+Sox9+in+pancreatic+acinar-to-ductal+metaplasia.">Role of the ductal transcription factors HNF6 and Sox9 in pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia.</a> Gut. 61, 1723-1732 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

In the present study, we describe in detail the methodology behind PDL, a mouse injury model to study beta cell neogenesis and proliferation and transdifferentiation of pancreatic non-beta cells. Ambiguity in data on PDL among labs stimulates the need for a standardized protocol for PDL surgery.
Critical steps in the PDL protocol include the selection of healthy, young mice for surgery. Preferably male mice should be used since unpublished data from our lab suggest that estrogen receptor signa...

糖尿病的患病率增加，影响超过3亿人口的世界级1,2提振了寻找新产生胰岛素的β细胞的来源，无论是在体外和体内，以补充不足的β细胞质量。3识别关键机制和因素调节β细胞增殖和β细胞新生， 即 β细胞从非β细胞或祖细胞的分化，可以用于再生治疗的糖尿病的发展提供了新的目标。 在显影啮齿动物胰腺，所有的内分泌细胞类型，从内分泌祖细胞的流动人口区分，表达转录因子Neurogenin3（Ngn3的）。4,5在成年啮齿动物胰腺，在正常生理条件下，β细胞量是保持在一个最佳的数量，以满足代谢需求。改变β细胞的大小，凋亡和复制构成为β细胞扩张和关上。6-8的主要机制虽然β细胞的潜力，在正常生理条件下增殖是整个人口均匀的，9其增殖率低和再复制是通过限制由于内分泌祖细胞迄今尚未在正常成人胰腺确定一个动态静止期间或不应期6,7，按年龄和葡萄糖代谢的影响。10，新生被认为不利于正常成人的β细胞的生长。8 因此，在成人胰腺即膨胀并能产生新的β细胞将提供一种新的，β细胞可能无限来源的兼性内分泌祖细胞的鉴定。 局部管结扎（PDL）是已经描述以诱导β细胞neogenesi动物损伤模型S在成人胰腺11,12在此模型中，主胰管引流胰尾被手术结扎。外分泌引流阻塞造成重大诱导组织重塑，伴有炎症和腺泡萎缩远端结扎12-14在这种炎症环境中，重新表达的内分泌祖标记Ngn3的是诱导β细胞的体积会增加两倍。此加倍的β细胞量的结果从新的β细胞的产生由一个Ngn3的表达胚胎型内分泌祖细胞，并从预先存在的和新形成的β细胞，它们很容易重新复制没有"静止时期"的增殖。 11,15 β细胞新生和复制在损伤模型，如胰腺6,7,16-19和β细胞20的选择性消融已被广泛地描述。但是，在采取这些再生结果E型是由造成损伤的程度的影响，与降低的初始β细胞量21相关联。 PDL是其中最初的β细胞的质量不会受到影响，β细胞新生和增殖被鲁棒地激活一个外科模型。事实上，在小鼠接受PDL的胰腺，Ngn3的表达细胞被识别为靠近管道的上皮衬里。这些细胞可以从Ngn3的-GFP转基因小鼠的结扎胰腺使用荧光激活细胞分选（FACS）分离，并能够以下植入入和离体 E12.5 Ngn3的胰腺的培养分化朝官能β细胞- / - 。小鼠11同样，在Ngn3的CreERT; R26 YFP小鼠中细胞激活基因Ngn3的他莫昔芬注射，标签阳性Ngn3的细胞衍生的β细胞被PDL后发现后都将被永久标记15。此外，新成立的β细胞预稀释-exist荷兰国际集团的β细胞，并优先在找到小胰岛在其中β细胞显示出高增殖潜力。15 Ngn3的是PDL后β细胞扩张很重要，因为使用目标特定的短发夹RNA显著减少β细胞大规模和β细胞的增殖后下降Ngn3的表达PDL 11值得注意的是，Ngn3的细胞来源的β细胞的PDL后的级分和β细胞量的关键取决于Ngn3的感应15的水平。这是根据该观察结果Ngn3的表达的高水平是用于从多能胰祖细胞胰腺发育过程中的内分泌承诺的一个关键步骤22此外，Ngn3的表达细胞由白喉毒素给药于Ngn3的CreERT选择性烧蚀; R26 IDTR小鼠结果在降低的胰岛素含量和降低的β细胞增殖，特别是在小的胰岛15 <p类="jove_content"&gt;虽然在PDL后管细胞Ngn3的表达诱导已经证实了许多11,15,16,23,24，在胰岛细胞24,25和差异Ngn3的表达PDL的结果挑战我们的初步意见增加β细胞量26,27，外观Ngn3的表达的管道源性内分泌祖细胞24,26,28,29，并增加β细胞的增殖27 PDL之后。30 这些相互矛盾的结果可能，至少部分地，被最重要的归因于各种因素，包括变化的小鼠，手术后的生理和环境条件，并进行分析，体重，性别和年龄的手术后的时间点的组合，差异手术技术。30在我们的手中，β细胞增殖，胰岛素含量，β细胞体积和小岛的数量PDL后持续增加。还NGN3 mRNA的持续增加，但在PDL胰腺尾部，为此我们没有直接的解释之间的Ngn3的表达差异较大。我们假设，Ngn3的 mRNA的水平可能与来自非β细胞15的β细胞新生的程度相关，但这需要进一步属实。虽然它不会删除所有的实验变化，标准化的方法进行手术PDL允许在结果更好的一致性，并在研究β细胞的增殖和新生开辟了新的途径。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Supplies for preparation area&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hibiscrub&#160;</td>
			<td>Regent Medical</td>
			<td>5601IE5F11</td>
			<td>Chlorhexidin diglucon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamin</td>
			<td>Ceva</td>
			<td>BE-V202526</td>
			<td>anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun(2%) (Xylazin)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>BE-V041815</td>
			<td>anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duratears</td>
			<td>Alcon</td>
			<td>34335-8</td>
			<td>ointment for eyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supplies for surgical area&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica Operating microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>10446320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot bead sterilizer</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>18000-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>autoclaved surgical instruments</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recirclulating water heating pad</td>
			<td>Gaymar Industries, Inc.</td>
			<td>TP702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive OP-towel</td>
			<td>BARRIER</td>
			<td>706500-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OP-tape</td>
			<td>BARRIER</td>
			<td>381035-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stella 3/5 Compresse de gaze (Sterile)</td>
			<td>Lohmann&#38;Rauscher International</td>
			<td>35968</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Plasco 0,9% NaCl solution</td>
			<td>B.BRAUN</td>
			<td>3521680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-0 prolene suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8706H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 polyglycol suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>SL-607</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supplies for recovery area</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper bedding (paper towel)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetergesic</td>
			<td>ecuPhar</td>
			<td>BE-V342955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials for analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taqman Ngn3 primer</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA technologies</td>
			<td>Mm.PT.56a.33574796.gs</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taqman CycloA primer</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA technologies</td>
			<td>Mm.PT.39a.2.gs</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Rabbit Cleaved Caspase 3 antibody (D175)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>5A1E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse/rat Ki67 antibody</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>14-5698-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monoclonal anti-actin alpha-Smooth muscle-Cy3 (mouse)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>085K4889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat Cytokeratin 19&#160;</td>
			<td>DSHB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monoclonal Mouse anti-BrdU</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>M0744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>33342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

surgical injury to the mouse pancreas through ligation of the pancreatic duct as a model for endocrine and exocrine reprogramming and proliferation

扩张胰腺β细胞在体内或体外 ，或产生β细胞通过分化从胚胎或成体干细胞，可以提供β细胞的新扩展的来源，以减轻在人类胰岛移植的治疗糖尿病的供体短缺。虽然最近已经取得进展实现这一目标，调节β细胞扩增和分化的干/祖细胞的机制仍有待特点。在这里，我们描述了一个协议，用于在成年小鼠胰腺可作为研究组织重构和β细胞的增殖和分化的机制的工具功能的损伤模型。局部管结扎（PDL）是啮齿动物胰腺涉及造成阻塞的外分泌产物引流出来的尾部区域胰腺的主胰管手术结扎的实验诱导的损伤。在造成损伤诱导腺泡萎缩，免疫细胞infilt口粮和严重组织重塑。我们以前曾报道神经元素（NGN）3的活化表达内源祖细胞样细胞和PDL后增加β细胞增殖。因此，PDL提供了基础，研究涉及β细胞动力学信号，并在成人胰腺内分泌祖细胞的性质。因为，它仍然在很大程度上仍然不清楚，哪些因素和途径促进β细胞新生和增殖的客运专线，标准化的协议将PDL允许跨实验室比较。

PDL诱导腺泡萎缩和炎症，但不影响体重和血糖 在第8周龄雄性BALB / c小鼠，所述管道排出从胰腺的尾部外分泌酶结扎而器官的头部，位于邻近所述胃和十二指肠，不受影响。年龄，性别和体重匹配的雄性BALB / c小鼠进行假手术扼要所有步骤局部结扎的手术，除了胰管的结扎。胰腺组织收获3，7，14，后30天手术。 当PDL进行正确执行，小鼠出现健?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation at JoVE.co

Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

This protocol describes an injury model involving the surgical ligation of the pancreatic duct in the adult mouse pancreas, resulting in severe injury that establishes an environment that allows beta cell neogenesis and proliferation. This model can be used as a tool to study mechanisms involved in beta cell formation.

通过胰管结扎手术损伤的小鼠胰腺作为模型内分泌和外重新规划和扩散

Expansion of pancreatic beta cells in vivo or ex vivo, or generation of beta cells by differentiation from an embryonic or adult stem cell, can provide ...

surgical-injury-to-mouse-pancreas-through-ligation-pancreatic-duct-as

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.1K 次观看.  Vrije Universiteit Brussel. This protocol describes an injury model involving the surgical ligation of the pancreatic duct in the adult mouse pancreas, resulting in severe injury that establishes an environment that allows beta cell neogenesis and proliferation. This model can be used as a tool to study mechanisms involved in beta cell formation. 

视频: Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms at work during MI and developing effective therapeutic approaches requires methodology to reproducibly simulate the clinical incidence and reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with MI. Here, we describe a surgical method to induce MI in mouse models that can be used for short-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as permanent ligation. The major advantage of this method is to facilitate location of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to allow for accurate ligation of this artery to induce ischemia in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. Accurate positioning of the ligature on the LAD increases reproducibility of infarct size and thus produces more reliable results. Greater precision in placement of the ligature will improve the standard surgical approaches to simulate MI in mice, thus reducing the number of experimental animals necessary for statistically relevant studies and improving our understanding of the mechanisms producing cardiac dysfunction following MI. This mouse model of MI is also useful for the preclinical testing of treatments targeting myocardial damage following MI.

We introduce a surgical method to induce experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to simulate myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse models that allows for more clarity in positioning of the ligation on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to increase the reproducibility of MI experiments in mice.

心肌缺血再灌注损伤的通过左前降支结扎小鼠模型

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

科研

医学

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well as to excrete bilirubin and other metabolic products. In the liver, the experimental obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary system initiates a complex cascade of pathological events that leads to cholestasis and inflammation resulting in a strong fibrotic reaction originating from the periportal fields. Therefore, surgical ligation of the common bile duct has become the most commonly used model to induce obstructive cholestatic injury in rodents and to study the molecular and cellular events that underlie these pathophysiological mechanisms induced by inappropriate bile flow. In recent years, different surgical techniques have been described that either allow reconnection or reanastomosis after bile duct ligation (BDL), e.g., partial BDL, or other microsurgical methods for specific research questions. However, the most frequently used model is the complete obstruction of the common bile duct that induces a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days. The mortality rate can be high due to infectious complications or technical inaccuracies. Here we provide a detailed surgical procedure for the BDL model in mice that induce a highly reproducible fibrotic response in accordance to the 3R rule for animal welfare postulated by Russel and Burch in 1959.

Disruption of bile flow results in severe inflammatory cholestatic liver injury with a characteristic time-dependent sequence of morphological alterations. Here we present a protocol for the surgical ligation of the common bile duct in mice that allows to induce a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days.

胆管结扎小鼠:感应炎性肝损伤和纤维化的阻塞性胆汁淤积

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well ...

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Huntington's can disrupt it. People with Parkinson's disease, for example, tend to have increased saccadic latencies. Consequently, the quantitative measurement of saccadic eye movements has received considerable attention as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions. A lot more can be learned about the brain in both health and disease by observing what happens to eye movements when the function of specific brain areas is perturbed. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical intervention used for the management of a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, in which stimulating electrodes are placed in specific brain areas including several sites in the basal ganglia. Eye movement measurements can then be made with the stimulator systems both off and on and the results compared. With suitable experimental design, this approach can be used to study the pathophysiology of the disease being treated, the mechanism by which DBS exerts it beneficial effects, and even aspects of normal neurophysiology.

This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

使用Saccadometry与深部脑刺激来研究正常和病理脑功能

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including ...

Pancreatic Duct Infusion: An Effective and Selective Method of Drug and Viral Delivery

The pancreas is a bifunctional organ with both endocrine and exocrine components. A number of pathologies can afflict the pancreas, including diabetes, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. All three of these diseases mark active areas of study, not only to develop immediate therapy, but also to better understand their pathophysiology. There are few tools to further these areas of study. Pancreatic duct infusion is an important technique that can allow for lineage tracing, gene introduction, and cell line-specific targeting. The technique requires the intricate dissection of the second portion of the duodenum and ampulla, followed by the occlusion of the bile duct and the cannulation of the pancreatic duct. Although the technique is technically challenging at first, the applications are myriad. Ambiguity in the specifics of the procedure between groups highlighted the need for a standard protocol. This work describes the expression of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) within the pancreas after the pancreatic duct infusion of a viral vector expressing GFP versus a sham surgery. The infusion and therefore expression is specific to the pancreas, without expression present in any other tissue type.

Pancreatic duct infusion is an important technique that can allow for lineage tracing, gene introduction, and cell line-specific targeting. A pancreatic duct infusion technique for drug and viral delivery to pancreatic cells is presented here.

胰腺管输液:药物和病毒输送的有效和选择性方法

The pancreas is a bifunctional organ with both endocrine and exocrine components. A number of pathologies can afflict the pancreas, including diabetes, ...

Dissection of the Mouse Pancreas for Histological Analysis and Metabolic Profiling

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at the 12 codon (Ptf1acre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+) mouse strain as a model of human pancreatic cancer. The goal of our current studies is to identify novel metabolic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer progression. We have performed metabolic profiling of urine, feces, blood, and pancreas tissue extracts, as well as histological analyses of the pancreas to stage the cancer progression. The mouse pancreas is not a well-defined solid organ like in humans, but rather is a diffusely distributed soft tissue that is not easily identified by individuals unfamiliar with mouse internal anatomy or by individuals that have little or no experience performing mouse organ dissections. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed step-wise visual demonstration to guide novices in the removal of the mouse pancreas by dissection. This article should be especially valuable to students and investigators new to research that requires harvesting of the mouse pancreas by dissection for metabolic profiling or histological analyses.

This video article provides a detailed demonstration of the procedures required to successfully remove the pancreas from a mouse by dissection for histological analysis and metabolic profiling.

解剖的小鼠胰腺的组织学分析与代谢谱

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at ...

Robotic Lateral Pancreaticojejunostomy for Chronic Pancreatitis

Lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) has shown good postoperative outcomes in patients with painful, morphine dependent, chronic pancreatitis (CP). The recent rise of robotic and laparoscopic pancreatic surgery has found benefits such as reduced time to functional recovery. Few studies have reported on the feasibility, technique and outcome of robotic LPJ, especially including transection of the gastroduodenal artery. The present study describes the main steps for robotic LPJ in a patient with painful chronic pancreatitis with a dilated main pancreatic duct. The patient underwent robotic LPJ. The LPJ anastomosis is performed using a running suture technique in a longitudinal side-to-side manner. Routinely, the gastroduodenal artery is transected to drain the entire length of the main pancreatic duct. The patient is in French position; 7 trocars are placed (4 robotic, 2 laparoscopic assistants, 1 liver-retractor). After docking of the robot system, the omental bursa is opened, and the right gastroepiploic artery and vein are ligated at their base at the lower border of the pancreas. Intraoperative ultrasonography is performed in order to determine trajectory of the dilated main pancreatic duct which is opened for its entire length after the gastroduodenal artery has been suture ligated both cranially and caudally from the main pancreatic duct. A Roux limb is created, and a latero-lateral PJ is fashioned using several 3-0 barbed sutures. A stapled jejuno-jejunostomy is created at sufficient distance from the pancreatic anastomosis, aided by a 50 cm suture. The described technique for robotic LPJ is a complex but feasible operation for patients with treatment refractory CP and a dilated main pancreatic duct. Due to its complexity, implementation in high volume centers with extensive experience with CP surgery may improve outcomes.

Robotic lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (RLPJ) may be used in patients with painful, morphine dependent, chronic pancreatitis and a dilated main pancreatic duct. We describe a standardized and reproducible technique for RLPJ, which includes transection of the gastroduodenal artery.

慢性胰腺炎的机器人侧胰腺肌切除术

Lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) has shown good postoperative outcomes in patients with painful, morphine dependent, chronic pancreatitis (CP). The ...

Laparoscopic Radical Left Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Strategy and Technique Video

Radical resection margins, resection of Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia, and adequate lymph node dissection are crucial for an adequate oncological resection of left-sided pancreatic cancer. Several surgical techniques have been described in recent years, but few were specifically designed for minimally invasive approaches. This study describes and demonstrates a standardized and reproducible technique for an adequate oncological resection of pancreatic cancer: laparoscopic radical left pancreatectomy (LRLP).
A 61-year-old woman presented with an incidental finding of a 3 cm mass in the left pancreas suspect for malignancy. Imaging did not reveal distant metastases, central vascular involvement, or morbid obesity, hence the patient was suitable for LRLP. This study describes the main steps of LRLP for pancreatic cancer. First, the lesser sac is opened by transecting the gastrocolic ligament. The splenic flexure of the colon is mobilized and the inferior border of the pancreas including Gerota&#39;s fascia is dissected down to the inferior border of the spleen. The pancreas is tunneled and hung, including Gerota&#8217;s fascia with a vessel loop. At the pancreatic neck, a tunnel is created between the pancreas and the portal vein, likewise a vessel loop is passed. The pancreas is then transected using the graded compression technique with an endostapler. Both the splenic vein and artery are transected before completing the resection. The entire specimen is extracted in a retrieval bag via a small Pfannenstiel incision.
Duration of the surgery was 210 min with 250 mL blood loss. Pathology revealed a R0-resection (&#62;1 mm) of a well-to-moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma originating from an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. A total of 15 tumor-negative lymph nodes were resected. This is a detailed description of LRLP for left-sided pancreatic cancer as is currently being used within the international, multicenter randomized DIPLOMA (Distal Pancreatectomy Minimally Invasive or Open for PDAC) trial.

Oncologically safe left pancreatectomy requires radical resection (R0), Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia resection, and adequate lymph node dissection. This study describes the technical details of laparoscopic radical left pancreatectomy (LRLP), used in the first international multicenter randomized trial comparing minimally invasive with open left pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer, the DIPLOMA trial.

胰腺癌的腹腔镜根左造影切除术:手术策略与技术视频

Radical resection margins, resection of Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia, and adequate lymph node dissection are crucial for an adequate oncological ...

A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes

From our experience with rat lung transplantation, we have found several areas for improvement. Information in the existing literature regarding methods for choosing appropriate cuff sizes for the pulmonary vein (PV), pulmonary artery (PA), or bronchus (Br) are varied, thus making the determination of proper cuff size during rat lung transplantation an exercise of trial and error. By standardizing the cuffing technique to use the smallest effective cuff appropriate for the size of the vessel or bronchus, one can make the transplantation procedure safer, faster, and more successful. Since diameters of the PV, PA, and Br are related to the body weight of the rat, we present a strategy to choosing an appropriate size using a weight-based guide. Since lung volume is also related to body weight, we recommend that this relationship should also be considered when choosing the proper volume of air for donor lung inflation during warm ischemia as well as for the proper volume of PBS to be instilled during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collection. We also describe methods for 4th intercostal space dissection, wound closure, and sample collection from both the native and transplanted lobes.

Here, we present optimizations to a rat lung transplantation model that serve to improve outcomes. We provide a size guide for cuffs based on body weight, a measurement strategy to ascertain the 4th intercostal space, and methods of wound closure and BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid and tissue collection.

温缺血/再灌注损伤的大鼠肺移植模型:改善结局的优化

From our experience with rat lung transplantation, we have found several areas for improvement. Information in the existing literature regarding methods ...

Stabilized Longitudinal In Vivo Cellular-Level Visualization of the Pancreas in a Murine Model with a Pancreatic Intravital Imaging Window

Direct in vivo cellular-resolution imaging of the pancreas in a live small animal model has been technically challenging. A recent intravital imaging study, with an abdominal imaging window, enabled visualization of the cellular dynamics in abdominal organs in vivo. However, due to the soft sheet-like architecture of the mouse pancreas that can be easily influenced by physiologic movement (e.g., peristalsis and respiration), it was difficult to perform stabilized longitudinal in vivo imaging over several weeks at the cellular level to identify, track, and quantify islets or cancer cells in the mouse pancreas. Herein, we describe a method for implanting a novel supporting base, an integrated pancreatic intravital imaging window, that can spatially separate the pancreas from the bowel for longitudinal time-lapse intravital imaging of the pancreas microstructure. Longitudinal in vivo imaging with the imaging window enables stable visualization, allowing for the tracking of islets over a period of 3 weeks and high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of the microstructure, as evidenced here in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model. With our method, further intravital imaging studies can elucidate the pathophysiology of various diseases involving the pancreas at the cellular level.

Stabilized Longitudinal In Vivo Cellular-Level Visualization of the Pancreas in a Murine Model with a Pancreatic Intravital Imaging Window

In vivo high-resolution imaging of the pancreas was facilitated with the pancreatic intravital imaging window.

稳定纵向 在Vivo 细胞级可视化胰腺在穆林模型与胰腺内活性成像窗口

Direct in vivo cellular-resolution imaging of the pancreas in a live small animal model has been technically challenging. A recent intravital imaging ...

Establishment of a Mouse Severe Acute Pancreatitis Model using Retrograde Injection of Sodium Taurocholate into the Biliopancreatic Duct

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a lack of effective treatments in the current clinical practice. With the easy accessibility of transgenic and knockout strains and their small size, which allows minimal doses of drugs required for in vivo evaluation, a well-established experimental model in mice is preferred for AP research. Moreover, SAP induced through sodium taurocholate (TC) is currently one of the most widely used and best characterized models. This model has been investigated for novel therapies and possible molecular events during the process of AP. Here, we present the generation of an AP mouse model using sodium taurocholate and a simple homemade microsyringe. Moreover, we also provide the methodology for the subsequent histology and serological testing.

A mouse model of severe acute pancreatitis is described herein. The procedure presented here is very rapid, simple, and accessible, thereby potentially allowing the study of the molecular mechanisms and different therapeutic interventions in acute pancreatitis in a convenient way.

建立小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型，将牛磺胆酸钠逆行注射到胆胰管中

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a ...

通过胰管结扎手术损伤的小鼠胰腺作为模型内分泌和外重新规划和扩散

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

心肌缺血再灌注损伤的通过左前降支结扎小鼠模型

胆管结扎小鼠:感应炎性肝损伤和纤维化的阻塞性胆汁淤积

使用Saccadometry与深部脑刺激来研究正常和病理脑功能

胰腺管输液:药物和病毒输送的有效和选择性方法

解剖的小鼠胰腺的组织学分析与代谢谱

慢性胰腺炎的机器人侧胰腺肌切除术

胰腺癌的腹腔镜根左造影切除术:手术策略与技术视频

温缺血/再灌注损伤的大鼠肺移植模型:改善结局的优化

稳定纵向在Vivo 细胞级可视化胰腺在穆林模型与胰腺内活性成像窗口

建立小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型，将牛磺胆酸钠逆行注射到胆胰管中

通过胰管结扎手术损伤的小鼠胰腺作为模型内分泌和外重新规划和扩散

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

心肌缺血再灌注损伤的通过左前降支结扎小鼠模型

胆管结扎小鼠:感应炎性肝损伤和纤维化的阻塞性胆汁淤积

使用Saccadometry与深部脑刺激来研究正常和病理脑功能

胰腺管输液:药物和病毒输送的有效和选择性方法

解剖的小鼠胰腺的组织学分析与代谢谱

慢性胰腺炎的机器人侧胰腺肌切除术

胰腺癌的腹腔镜根左造影切除术:手术策略与技术视频

温缺血/再灌注损伤的大鼠肺移植模型:改善结局的优化

稳定纵向 在Vivo 细胞级可视化胰腺在穆林模型与胰腺内活性成像窗口

建立小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型，将牛磺胆酸钠逆行注射到胆胰管中

稳定纵向在Vivo 细胞级可视化胰腺在穆林模型与胰腺内活性成像窗口