This work is funded by the Swiss National Foundation (31_138429) and Synapsis Foundation for the support of research on Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

所有动物的程序是按照在用于科学目的的动物的保护与欧盟指令六十三分之二千○一十/欧盟和由当地动物保健委员会（广弗里堡，瑞士）的批准。 1.动物的制备<ol><li>实验动物<ol><li>执行对成年雄性野生型和3-5个月的婴儿转基因小鼠（C57BL / 6背景）的实验。三组小鼠的对应的野生型同窝对照组（A组，Jagged1处理FLOX / FLOX 19）和两个条件KO小鼠系（B组，Jagged1ncKO和C，Jagged1gcKO）。 </li><li>家鼠标准实验室条件在通风的房间下，具有12小时控制黑暗/光照周期，并提供食物和水自由采食 。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.实验装置<ol><li>实验舞台<ol><li>对于实验的舞台，用干净的消毒鼠笼（36厘米长×20.5厘米宽×13.5厘米高度）（ 图1A）。 </li><li>将每个鼠标编号的笼子里新鲜的床上用品3厘米高。如果笼重用，如气味敏感试验，采取以下措施，以避免气味和老鼠之间的交叉污染。 <ol><li>马克在水一方。 </li><li>清洁笼子的窄壁，用70％的乙醇，一为每侧的两个薄棉纸。 </li><li>根据小鼠的基因型堆积笼和在层罩暂时储存。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>相机<ol><li>安装一个摄像头定制鼎在58厘米的笼（ 图1A）底部的目标。固定三脚架和笼子的位置，并用标记分隔，以便相机上笼的顶部居中。 </li><li>记录视频在320像素×240像素，每秒15.08帧作为MOV文件。 </li></ol></li><li>气味<ol><li>悬浮风光TS，时所指出的，在溶剂中，它们是可溶的。 </li><li>对于偏好测试使用的花生酱。悬浮在花生油花生酱（10％重量/体积）。 </li><li>为了避免测试使用纯2-甲基（2-MB）酸（98％）。 </li><li>用于敏感性试验中，使用雌性尿液从同一小鼠菌落和背景（C57BL / 6）。 <ol><li>为了方便前1-2天收集尿液嗅觉测试。抑制并按住鼠标与它的肚子笼网格上方的引擎盖下。下的笼格放置一个塑料培养皿收集尿液的下降。 </li><li>从在1.5ml管每个女性收集尿和混合所有尿样正常化动物间变异。储存在-20℃直到使用。 </li><li>在实验的当天，解冻的尿，并执行4稀释在双蒸水以10:1的稀释因子（1:10，1:100; 1:1000 1:10,000）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>3.嗅觉测试注:在这个协议中的气味已经有意选择这被认为是强有力的引诱（花生酱和女性尿液）或强驱蚊（2-MB酸）15。它之前进行的优先级和敏感性测试，以愉快的气味，以避免测试，以消除与嗅觉行为的任何干扰的可能性是非常重要的。然而，为简单起见，在本文中，偏好和回避试验将二者下的感知试验说明。每个行为会话开始于一个习惯阶段。 <ol><li>习惯相<ol><li>将动物在清洁分配笼并让它探索5分钟（ 图1B）。由于实验笼子里的环境是熟悉的家笼，这么短的时间就足以允许习惯。 </li><li>如果灵敏度测试在一天内完成，应用A之前执行习惯只有一次n中的最高稀释气味。如果灵敏度进行试验在不同的日子，在每一天，需要在一个新的干净笼子一个习惯相。 </li></ol></li><li>感知测试<ol><li>习惯后，启动相机，并立即吸取60微升愉快的气味（花生酱）和60微升中性气味（自来水）的上保持器的相对壁以约10厘米的底部（ 图1C）。 </li><li>让鼠标探索气味​​2分钟（ 图1D）。此后，关闭摄像头。 </li><li>此时，继续进行从习惯相下一小鼠开始。通过施加60微升斥气味的（2 MB乙酸）和60微升水恰好执行回避试验中的方法相同。 </li></ol></li><li>药敏试验<ol><li>评估雄性小鼠的吸引力阈增加以下顺序女性尿液浓度:1:10,000; 1:1000; 1:100; 1:10和纯尿。 </li><li>习惯之后，暴露每只小鼠为先前在3.2.1描述的实验者吸管的最高稀释。 </li><li>记录的尿与水的探索行为，在摄像​​机2分钟的时间范围内。之后所有小鼠队列被测试的最高稀释度（1:10,000），暴露于尿液浓度较高时，如上面所指出的。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.事后的数据分析注意:所述的所有行为试验在处理事后以下的数据分析的指令。 <ol><li>在ImageJ的打开MOV文件为Windows系统<ol><li>使用自定义设置从http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download安装快速的时间为Java。 </li><li>安装快速的时间插件从ImageJ的网站（http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/plugins/qt-capture.html）。 </li><li>进口QTJava.zip（C: Program Files文件 QuickTime的 QTSystem）到库EXTENSImageJ的离子（.ImageJ JRE lib目录分机）。 </li><li>副本也将在QTJava.zip插件文件夹并将其重命名为QTJava.jar。 </li><li>安装附加的宏文件夹中的六个脚本（ImageJ的插件宏）。 </li><li>打开ImageJ的编译和运行快速时间插件，随后关闭ImageJ的。 </li><li>重新打开ImageJ的使用文件&gt;导入打开文件MOV&gt;使用快速的时间。 </li></ol></li><li>视频调整<ol><li>一旦视频文件中的ImageJ打开，以便获得恒定的2分钟的探索从时间实验者已经吸的气味物质入笼（T0）剪切视频。识别对应于T 0的帧，并删除利用增量为1（ImageJ的图片堆栈 ToolsSlice剂）的先前帧。使用相同的命令删除所有超过2分钟的探索帧。 </li><li>确保笼中心并在必要时使用图像&gt;变换&gt;旋转命令对齐。 </li></ol></li><li>韦迪o处理 注:视频处理是完全计算机辅助并使用附带本文宏命令。 <ol><li>为了在区域限制到一个127像素×218像素大小的笼子里运行插件&gt;宏&gt;运行命令第1步宏。移动固定矩形在笼（ 图2，步骤1）。 </li><li>作物上的感兴趣区（ROI）的区域中的保持器的使用步骤2宏（ 图2，步骤2）的面积。 </li><li>使用步骤3宏通过分配阈值信号，去除斑点和过滤该信号方差来提取从背景的小鼠图像。在Z轴情节的输出值表示的平均灰度值，对应于鼠标阴影的2分钟的探索过程中的"水室"的ROI中移动的强度。将结果复制到根据在一个电子表格文件在ROI（ 图2，步骤3）命名表。 </li><li>使用第4步宏在ROI"气味室"提取鼠标的平均灰度值。将结果复制到根据在ROI中的相同的电子表格文件，如4.3.3（ 图2，步骤4）命名表。 </li><li>为了进一步限制了投资回报率"水周"鼠标移动的分析，使用步骤5宏。结果复制到按投资回报率在同一个电子表格文件中4.3.3（ 图2，第5步）命名工作表。 </li><li>要限制在投资回报率"气味外围"鼠标移动的分析使用步骤6宏。结果复制到根据ROI的电子表格文件，如4.3.3（ 图2，步骤6）命名的工作表。 </li><li>过程中的所有视频和检查一致性每动物的帧数。这里，记录所有动物对于对应于一个2分钟的探索会话1,810帧。 </li><li>对于每一个动物，并为每个投资回报率，平均灰色VA帧排序梅毒大于0除以相应帧由值的数量为1秒，将获得在每个ROI所经过的秒数。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.统计分析<ol><li>对于每个测试使用的http://www.real-statistics.com/one-way-analysis-of-variance-anova/homogeneity-variances/可用公式由巴特利特的试验验证组/基因型内方差齐性。 </li><li>在吸引和回避试验，进行比较之间用水对气味的时间花费在一个组内使用一个非定向学生t检验，假设根据巴特利特的试验的结果相等或不等方差。比较用减去花费与水的基因型之间通过单向ANOVA和Bonferroni的事后检验时的气味所花费的时间。 </li><li>在敏感性试验分析与来自时间中减去所述气味所花费的时间与水:花的比较在尿特定稀释液通过单向ANOVA和Bonferroni的事后测试组间河2路ANOVA和重复使用邦费罗尼的事后检验比较各组之间不断增长的气味浓度的敏感性。 </li><li>基因型和治疗中的吸引和回避试验之间的相互作用是由双因子ANOVA调查和Bonferroni的事后检验。 </li></ol>

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There is no conflict of interest.

在这个协议中提出的测试能够评估天生的嗅觉行为的小鼠不同方面:感知气味，气味与水和对气味敏感的歧视。这个协议可以根据先前显示15的偏爱和避免规模应用于任何气味。由于该协议是基于探索行动的小鼠不显示任何运动障碍或焦虑可能影响其运动并干扰嗅觉勘探是很重要的。所描述的试验是为了对成年雄性小鼠但是它们可以适于还调查嗅觉在成年女性或老年小鼠。 <p class="jove_con...

嗅觉是在哺乳动物中最不发达国家和重要的感觉功能之一。在嗅觉活性的任何损害可能影响食物摄取，社会行为和，在最坏的情况下，甚至存活。在人类中，嗅觉恶化是年龄依赖性1，被认为是神经系统疾病2的强预测- 6。由宾夕法尼亚大学开发的嗅觉鉴定试验目前代表了最常用的，非侵入性，可量化，诊断测试，可以评估早期神经功能缺损7和高概率预测老年痴呆症8,9的进展之一。 嗅觉系统和嗅觉的啮齿动物中突出的可访问性，引发了人们研究的一个强烈的线条解决机制基础嗅觉功能10。我们以前曾表明的信令RECEPT的功能丧失或Notch1的影响嗅觉回避11。在这个协议中，我们使用缺乏信号配体，小鼠Jagged1的，在神经元或神经胶质细胞来研究嗅觉的性能。 先天嗅觉是由三个参数作为感知，气味和嗅觉灵敏度4区分限定。嗅觉测试在啮齿类动物可以以多种方式来完成，一些行为研究利用olfactometers，它提供气味给动物在特定的蒸气浓度和在一精确的时间框架12 - 14。尽管如此，这种仪器是昂贵的，可能只在专门的设施是可用的。在我们的工作中，我们提供了一个简单，快速，可重复的测试嗅觉的协议，这是使用挥发性气味。测试说明措施的看法，以引诱或驱蚊气味和评估的气味和水11,15,16之间的歧视。使用相同的设置，瓦特E也可以测量不同浓度16,17的灵敏度的气味。在事后计算机辅助视频处理，灵感来自页和他的同事18的工作，提供公正的结果，而实验致盲，并允许单人进行整个实验的需要。 该协议的目的是为研究小鼠嗅觉行为提供一个起始点。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mouse cage</td><td>Italplast (Italy)</td><td>1144B</td><td>36 cm length x 20.5 cm width x 13.5 cm height</td></tr><tr><td>Chipped wood bedding</td><td>Abedd (Austria)</td><td>LTE E-001</td><td>3 cm high</td></tr><tr><td>Peanut butter</td><td>Migros (Switzerland)</td><td>NA</td><td>1:10</td></tr><tr><td>2-Methylbutyric</td><td>Sigma Aldrich (Switzerland)</td><td>W269514</td><td>Pure</td></tr><tr><td>Female urine from fertile females of same mouse strain</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Dilution series</td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td>Olympus (US)</td><td>Camedia C-8080</td><td>MOV files</td></tr><tr><td>Quicktime for Java (Windows)</td><td>Apple (USA)</td><td>NA</td><td>video plugin for visualizing MOV files</td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ for Windows</td><td>NIH (USA)</td><td>NA</td><td>Video Processing/Analysis</td></tr></tbody></table>

simple and computer-assisted olfactory testing for mice

嗅觉是高度保守性和所需的繁殖和生存。 在人类中，嗅觉也是受到影响与老化的感官之一，是神经退行性疾病的一个强有力的预测。因此，嗅觉测试是用来作为一种非创伤性诊断方法用于检测早期神经功能障碍。为了了解底层网络的嗅觉敏感性的机制，嗅觉研究啮齿动物已经获得的势头在过去的十年。 在这里，我们提出了一个非常简单的，时间效率和可重复的测试嗅觉与生俱来的感知气味的敏感性和小鼠的方法没有任何事先的食物或水限制的需要。所述测试是在一熟悉的环境中进行的小鼠，仅需要的气味和臭气物质的暴露2分钟会话。进行分析， 事后 ，使用上的ImageJ计算机辅助命令并且可以是，因此，开展从头至尾由一研究员结束。 该协议不需要任何特殊的硬件或设置并标明为有兴趣测试嗅觉的感知和灵敏度任何实验室。

感知试验测量的吸引力的花生酱和回避到2 MB酸。三组小鼠进行试验，并作为与水相比，在"气味周长"所花费的时间被量化。在偏好的测试，相比于水（T 8 = 2.52，P &lt;0.05）对照组显示显著偏好的气味。另一方面，B组不显示任何显著吸引力的花生酱和花费更多的时间以水（叔6 = 3.22，P &lt;0.05）。因此，它的行为不同于对照组（F = 1,7 26.39，P &lt;0.005）。此外，C组显示无歧视，...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice at JoVE.com

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

简单和计算机辅助测试嗅觉的小鼠

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

simple-and-computer-assisted-olfactory-testing-for-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.0K 次观看.  University of Fribourg. We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing. 

视频: Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

科研

行为学

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

在小鼠试验的气味辨别和习惯化

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

Morris水迷宫实验:优化小鼠品系和测试环境

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

在丰富环境的协议房屋小鼠

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

跑步机疲劳试验:疲劳类似的行为，为鼠标操作简单，高通量检测

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Olfactory Behavioral Testing in the Adult Mouse

The rodent olfactory system is of increasing interest to scientists, studied, in part, in systems biology because of its stereotyped, yet accessible circuitry. In addition, this area's unique ability to generate new neurons throughout an organism's lifetime makes it an attractive system for developmental and regenerative biologists alike. Such interest necessitates a means for a quick, yet reliable assessment of olfactory function. Many tests of olfactory ability are complex, variable or not specifically designed for mice. Also, some tests are sensitive to memory deficits as well as defects in olfactory abilities, confounding obtained results.
Here, we describe a simple battery of tests designed to identify defects in olfactory sensitivity and preference. First, an initial general health assessment allows for the identification of animals suitable for further testing. Second, mice are exposed to various dilutions of scents to ascertain whether there is a threshold difference. Third, mice are presented with various scents, both attractive and aversive, that allow for the assessment of olfactory preference. These simple studies should make the initial characterization of olfactory behavior accessible for labs of varied resources and expertise.

Fundamental, yet unique properties of the rodent olfactory system have led to its increasing study among biologists. A relatively simple assessment of its function is then also needed. Here we describe sensitive tests for the characterization of mouse olfactory sensitivity and preference.

在成年小鼠的嗅觉行为测试

The rodent olfactory system is of increasing interest to scientists, studied, in part, in systems biology because of its stereotyped, yet accessible ...

生物学

评估吸入环境污染物导致小鼠嗅觉损害

Studying the Effects of Inhaled Environmental Pollutants on Olfactory Function in Mice

Olfactory impairment is a significant public health problem and independently predicts the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Inhaled environmental pollutants exposure may impair olfaction; thereby, there is an urgent need for methods to evaluate the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfaction. Mice are ideal models for olfactory experiments because of their highly developed olfactory system and behavioral characteristics. To assess the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfactory function in mice, a detailed buried food test and social odor discrimination experiment is provided, including the experiment preparation, the selection and construction of experimental facilities, the testing process, and indexes of time. Meanwhile, timekeeping equipment, operational details, and the experimental environment are discussed to ensure the success of the assay. Zinc sulfate is used as the treatment to demonstrate the feasibility of the experimental approach. The protocol provides a simple and clear operational process for assessing the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants on olfactory function in mice.

作者聚焦：评估空气污染物的嗅觉影响 - 埋藏的食物和社会气味测试

This paper provides a detailed description of the buried food test and social odor discrimination experiment to assess the effects of inhaled environmental pollutants exposure on olfactory function in mice.

研究吸入环境污染物对小鼠嗅觉功能的影响

Olfactory impairment is a significant public health problem and independently predicts the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Inhaled environmental ...

环境科学

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process and may be a useful behavioral marker for early detection. Earlier detection in neurodegenerative disease is a major goal in the field because this is when neuroprotective therapies have the best potential to be effective. Therefore, in preclinical studies testing novel neuroprotective strategies in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease, olfactory assessment could be highly useful in determining therapeutic potential of compounds and translation to the clinic. In the present study we describe a battery of olfactory assays that are useful in measuring olfactory function in mice. The tests presented in this study were chosen because they measure olfaction abilities in mice related to food odors, social odors, and non-social odors. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of Parkinson&#8217;s disease as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

Impairment in olfactory function is a common feature in many neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. In the present article, we describe a set of tests for assessing olfaction discrimination and detection in mice that can be used to measure olfactory abilities in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases.

嗅觉测定的神经退行性疾病的小鼠模型

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process ...

简单和计算机辅助测试嗅觉的小鼠

摘要

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