This work is funded by the Swiss National Foundation (31_138429) and Synapsis Foundation for the support of research on Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

所有动物的程序是按照在用于科学目的的动物的保护与欧盟指令六十三分之二千○一十/欧盟和由当地动物保健委员会（广弗里堡，瑞士）的批准。 1.动物的制备<ol><li>实验动物<ol><li>执行对成年雄性野生型和3-5个月的婴儿转基因小鼠（C57BL / 6背景）的实验。三组小鼠的对应的野生型同窝对照组（A组，Jagged1处理FLOX / FLOX 19）和两个条件KO小鼠系（B组，Jagged1ncKO和C，Jagged1gcKO）。 </li><li>家鼠标准实验室条件在通风的房间下，具有12小时控制黑暗/光照周期，并提供食物和水自由采食 。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.实验装置<ol><li>实验舞台<ol><li>对于实验的舞台，用干净的消毒鼠笼（36厘米长×20.5厘米宽×13.5厘米高度）（ 图1A）。 </li><li>将每个鼠标编号的笼子里新鲜的床上用品3厘米高。如果笼重用，如气味敏感试验，采取以下措施，以避免气味和老鼠之间的交叉污染。 <ol><li>马克在水一方。 </li><li>清洁笼子的窄壁，用70％的乙醇，一为每侧的两个薄棉纸。 </li><li>根据小鼠的基因型堆积笼和在层罩暂时储存。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>相机<ol><li>安装一个摄像头定制鼎在58厘米的笼（ 图1A）底部的目标。固定三脚架和笼子的位置，并用标记分隔，以便相机上笼的顶部居中。 </li><li>记录视频在320像素×240像素，每秒15.08帧作为MOV文件。 </li></ol></li><li>气味<ol><li>悬浮风光TS，时所指出的，在溶剂中，它们是可溶的。 </li><li>对于偏好测试使用的花生酱。悬浮在花生油花生酱（10％重量/体积）。 </li><li>为了避免测试使用纯2-甲基（2-MB）酸（98％）。 </li><li>用于敏感性试验中，使用雌性尿液从同一小鼠菌落和背景（C57BL / 6）。 <ol><li>为了方便前1-2天收集尿液嗅觉测试。抑制并按住鼠标与它的肚子笼网格上方的引擎盖下。下的笼格放置一个塑料培养皿收集尿液的下降。 </li><li>从在1.5ml管每个女性收集尿和混合所有尿样正常化动物间变异。储存在-20℃直到使用。 </li><li>在实验的当天，解冻的尿，并执行4稀释在双蒸水以10:1的稀释因子（1:10，1：100; 1：1000 1：10,000）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>3.嗅觉测试注：在这个协议中的气味已经有意选择这被认为是强有力的引诱（花生酱和女性尿液）或强驱蚊（2-MB酸）15。它之前进行的优先级和敏感性测试，以愉快的气味，以避免测试，以消除与嗅觉行为的任何干扰的可能性是非常重要的。然而，为简单起见，在本文中，偏好和回避试验将二者下的感知试验说明。每个行为会话开始于一个习惯阶段。 <ol><li>习惯相<ol><li>将动物在清洁分配笼并让它探索5分钟（ 图1B）。由于实验笼子里的环境是熟悉的家笼，这么短的时间就足以允许习惯。 </li><li>如果灵敏度测试在一天内完成，应用A之前执行习惯只有一次n中的最高稀释气味。如果灵敏度进行试验在不同的日子，在每一天，需要在一个新的干净笼子一个习惯相。 </li></ol></li><li>感知测试<ol><li>习惯后，启动相机，并立即吸取60微升愉快的气味（花生酱）和60微升中性气味（自来水）的上保持器的相对壁以约10厘米的底部（ 图1C）。 </li><li>让鼠标探索气味​​2分钟（ 图1D）。此后，关闭摄像头。 </li><li>此时，继续进行从习惯相下一小鼠开始。通过施加60微升斥气味的（2 MB乙酸）和60微升水恰好执行回避试验中的方法相同。 </li></ol></li><li>药敏试验<ol><li>评估雄性小鼠的吸引力阈增加以下顺序女性尿液浓度：1：10,000; 1：1000; 1：100; 1：10和纯尿。 </li><li>习惯之后，暴露每只小鼠为先前在3.2.1描述的实验者吸管的最高稀释。 </li><li>记录的尿与水的探索行为，在摄像​​机2分钟的时间范围内。之后所有小鼠队列被测试的最高稀释度（1：10,000），暴露于尿液浓度较高时，如上面所指出的。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.事后的数据分析注意：所述的所有行为试验在处理事后以下的数据分析的指令。 <ol><li>在ImageJ的打开MOV文件为Windows系统<ol><li>使用自定义设置从http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download安装快速的时间为Java。 </li><li>安装快速的时间插件从ImageJ的网站（http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/plugins/qt-capture.html）。 </li><li>进口QTJava.zip（C： Program Files文件 QuickTime的 QTSystem）到库EXTENSImageJ的离子（.ImageJ JRE lib目录分机）。 </li><li>副本也将在QTJava.zip插件文件夹并将其重命名为QTJava.jar。 </li><li>安装附加的宏文件夹中的六个脚本（ImageJ的插件宏）。 </li><li>打开ImageJ的编译和运行快速时间插件，随后关闭ImageJ的。 </li><li>重新打开ImageJ的使用文件&gt;导入打开文件MOV&gt;使用快速的时间。 </li></ol></li><li>视频调整<ol><li>一旦视频文件中的ImageJ打开，以便获得恒定的2分钟的探索从时间实验者已经吸的气味物质入笼（T0）剪切视频。识别对应于T 0的帧，并删除利用增量为1（ImageJ的图片堆栈 ToolsSlice剂）的先前帧。使用相同的命令删除所有超过2分钟的探索帧。 </li><li>确保笼中心并在必要时使用图像&gt;变换&gt;旋转命令对齐。 </li></ol></li><li>韦迪o处理 注：视频处理是完全计算机辅助并使用附带本文宏命令。 <ol><li>为了在区域限制到一个127像素×218像素大小的笼子里运行插件&gt;宏&gt;运行命令第1步宏。移动固定矩形在笼（ 图2，步骤1）。 </li><li>作物上的感兴趣区（ROI）的区域中的保持器的使用步骤2宏（ 图2，步骤2）的面积。 </li><li>使用步骤3宏通过分配阈值信号，去除斑点和过滤该信号方差来提取从背景的小鼠图像。在Z轴情节的输出值表示的平均灰度值，对应于鼠标阴影的2分钟的探索过程中的“水室”的ROI中移动的强度。将结果复制到根据在一个电子表格文件在ROI（ 图2，步骤3）命名表。 </li><li>使用第4步宏在ROI“气味室”提取鼠标的平均灰度值。将结果复制到根据在ROI中的相同的电子表格文件，如4.3.3（ 图2，步骤4）命名表。 </li><li>为了进一步限制了投资回报率“水周”鼠标移动的分析，使用步骤5宏。结果复制到按投资回报率在同一个电子表格文件中4.3.3（ 图2，第5步）命名工作表。 </li><li>要限制在投资回报率“气味外围”鼠标移动的分析使用步骤6宏。结果复制到根据ROI的电子表格文件，如4.3.3（ 图2，步骤6）命名的工作表。 </li><li>过程中的所有视频和检查一致性每动物的帧数。这里，记录所有动物对于对应于一个2分钟的探索会话1,810帧。 </li><li>对于每一个动物，并为每个投资回报率，平均灰色VA帧排序梅毒大于0除以相应帧由值的数量为1秒，将获得在每个ROI所经过的秒数。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.统计分析<ol><li>对于每个测试使用的http://www.real-statistics.com/one-way-analysis-of-variance-anova/homogeneity-variances/可用公式由巴特利特的试验验证组/基因型内方差齐性。 </li><li>在吸引和回避试验，进行比较之间用水对气味的时间花费在一个组内使用一个非定向学生t检验，假设根据巴特利特的试验的结果相等或不等方差。比较用减去花费与水的基因型之间通过单向ANOVA和Bonferroni的事后检验时的气味所花费的时间。 </li><li>在敏感性试验分析与来自时间中减去所述气味所花费的时间与水：花的比较在尿特定稀释液通过单向ANOVA和Bonferroni的事后测试组间河2路ANOVA和重复使用邦费罗尼的事后检验比较各组之间不断增长的气味浓度的敏感性。 </li><li>基因型和治疗中的吸引和回避试验之间的相互作用是由双因子ANOVA调查和Bonferroni的事后检验。 </li></ol>

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There is no conflict of interest.

在这个协议中提出的测试能够评估天生的嗅觉行为的小鼠不同方面：感知气味，气味与水和对气味敏感的歧视。这个协议可以根据先前显示15的偏爱和避免规模应用于任何气味。由于该协议是基于探索行动的小鼠不显示任何运动障碍或焦虑可能影响其运动并干扰嗅觉勘探是很重要的。所描述的试验是为了对成年雄性小鼠但是它们可以适于还调查嗅觉在成年女性或老年小鼠。 <p class="jove_c...

嗅觉是在哺乳动物中最不发达国家和重要的感觉功能之一。在嗅觉活性的任何损害可能影响食物摄取，社会行为和，在最坏的情况下，甚至存活。在人类中，嗅觉恶化是年龄依赖性1，被认为是神经系统疾病2的强预测- 6。由宾夕法尼亚大学开发的嗅觉鉴定试验目前代表了最常用的，非侵入性，可量化，诊断测试，可以评估早期神经功能缺损7和高概率预测老年痴呆症8,9的进展之一。 嗅觉系统和嗅觉的啮齿动物中突出的可访问性，引发了人们研究的一个强烈的线条解决机制基础嗅觉功能10。我们以前曾表明的信令RECEPT的功能丧失或Notch1的影响嗅觉回避11。在这个协议中，我们使用缺乏信号配体，小鼠Jagged1的，在神经元或神经胶质细胞来研究嗅觉的性能。 先天嗅觉是由三个参数作为感知，气味和嗅觉灵敏度4区分限定。嗅觉测试在啮齿类动物可以以多种方式来完成，一些行为研究利用olfactometers，它提供气味给动物在特定的蒸气浓度和在一精确的时间框架12 - 14。尽管如此，这种仪器是昂贵的，可能只在专门的设施是可用的。在我们的工作中，我们提供了一个简单，快速，可重复的测试嗅觉的协议，这是使用挥发性气味。测试说明措施的看法，以引诱或驱蚊气味和评估的气味和水11,15,16之间的歧视。使用相同的设置，瓦特E也可以测量不同浓度16,17的灵敏度的气味。在事后计算机辅助视频处理，灵感来自页和他的同事18的工作，提供公正的结果，而实验致盲，并允许单人进行整个实验的需要。 该协议的目的是为研究小鼠嗅觉行为提供一个起始点。

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			<td class="xl63">Mouse cage</td>
			<td class="xl64">Italplast (Italy)</td>
			<td class="xl64">1144B</td>
			<td class="xl64">36 cm length x 20.5 cm width x 13.5 cm height</td>
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			<td class="xl63">Chipped wood bedding</td>
			<td class="xl64">Abedd (Austria)</td>
			<td class="xl64">LTE E-001</td>
			<td class="xl64">3 cm high</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Peanut butter</td>
			<td class="xl64">Migros (Swizterland)</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td align="right" class="xl65">1:10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">2-Methylbutyric</td>
			<td class="xl64">Sigma Aldrich (Switzerland)</td>
			<td class="xl64">W269514</td>
			<td class="xl64">Pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Female Urine from fertile females of same mouse strain</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">Dilution series</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Camera</td>
			<td class="xl64">Olympus (US)</td>
			<td class="xl64">Camedia C-8080</td>
			<td class="xl64">MOV files</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Quicktime for Java (Windows)</td>
			<td class="xl64">Apple (USA)</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">video plugin for visualizing MOV files</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Image J for Windows</td>
			<td class="xl64">NIH (USA)</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">Video Processing/Analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simple and computer-assisted olfactory testing for mice

嗅觉是高度保守性和所需的繁殖和生存。 在人类中，嗅觉也是受到影响与老化的感官之一，是神经退行性疾病的一个强有力的预测。因此，嗅觉测试是用来作为一种非创伤性诊断方法用于检测早期神经功能障碍。为了了解底层网络的嗅觉敏感性的机制，嗅觉研究啮齿动物已经获得的势头在过去的十年。 在这里，我们提出了一个非常简单的，时间效率和可重复的测试嗅觉与生俱来的感知气味的敏感性和小鼠的方法没有任何事先的食物或水限制的需要。所述测试是在一熟悉的环境中进行的小鼠，仅需要的气味和臭气物质的暴露2分钟会话。进行分析， 事后 ，使用上的ImageJ计算机辅助命令并且可以是，因此，开展从头至尾由一研究员结束。 该协议不需要任何特殊的硬件或设置并标明为有兴趣测试嗅觉的感知和灵敏度任何实验室。

感知试验测量的吸引力的花生酱和回避到2 MB酸。三组小鼠进行试验，并作为与水相比，在“气味周长”所花费的时间被量化。在偏好的测试，相比于水（T 8 = 2.52，P &lt;0.05）对照组显示显著偏好的气味。另一方面，B组不显示任何显著吸引力的花生酱和花费更多的时间以水（叔6 = 3.22，P &lt;0.05）。因此，它的行为不同于对照组（F = 1,7 26.39，P &lt;0.005）。此外，C组显示无歧?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice at JoVE.com

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

简单和计算机辅助测试嗅觉的小鼠

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

simple-and-computer-assisted-olfactory-testing-for-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.9K 次观看.  University of Fribourg. We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing. 

视频: Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

科研

行为学

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

在小鼠试验的气味辨别和习惯化

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

Morris水迷宫实验：优化小鼠品系和测试环境

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

跑步机疲劳试验：疲劳类似的行为，为鼠标操作简单，高通量检测

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a higher resumption rate after a period of delay or interruption. The task interruption and resumption protocol described in this research is tailored to test the activation of cognitive goals (e.g., a goal to think more abstractly). Cognitive goals may be pursued even during the interruption period; thus, to prevent this, the protocol involves cognitive distraction. The protocol consists of several stages. Specifically, the initial stage includes the goal activation process, where the treatment (versus control) condition receives a manipulation to activate the cognitive goal being tested by the researcher. In the next stage, participants are presented with the introduction of a task that is perceived to either satisfy or not satisfy the cognitive goal of interest. Importantly, this task is interrupted a few seconds after it begins. The task interruption forces a delay period and introduces a cognitive distraction to prevent the automatic pursuit and fulfillment of the cognitive goal. After the interruption period, participants are given a choice between resuming the interrupted task and abandoning the interrupted task to complete an alternative task instead. Among participants whose cognitive goals had been activated at the earlier stage, the task resumption rate should be higher if the task was perceived as an opportunity to satisfy (versus not satisfy) the goal. Such a finding would provide empirical evidence that the cognitive goal has been activated and pursued. In previous research, this protocol has been used to test whether causal uncertainty activates an abstract thinking goal. Adapting the protocol to test the activation of other cognitive goals is also discussed.

This protocol was designed to test the activation and pursuit of cognitive goals (e.g., an abstract thinking goal) using the task interruption and resumption paradigm. The protocol is suitable for cognitive goals that are automatically pursued once activated, as the distraction procedure prevents goal pursuit during the interruption period.

任务中断和抽象思维的目标测试的激活和恢复追求范式

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a ...

A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation in mouse models is a non-invasive and reproducible activity assay that is directly analogous to measures of patient ambulation such as the 6-minute walk test and related mobility scores. Many common methods for testing mouse ambulation speed and distance are based on the open field test, where an animal&#39;s free movement within an arena is measured over time. One major downside to this approach is that commercial software and equipment for high-resolution motion tracking is expensive and may require transferring mice to specialized facilities for testing. Here, we describe a low-cost, video-based system for measuring mouse ambulation that utilizes free and open-source software. Using this protocol, we demonstrate that voluntary ambulation in the dystrophin-null mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is decreased relative to wild-type mouse activity. In mdx mice expressing the utrophin transgene, these activity deficits are not observed and the total distance traveled is indistinguishable from wild-type mice. This method is effective for measuring changes in voluntary ambulation associated with dystrophic pathology, and provides a versatile platform that can be readily adapted to diverse research settings.

This protocol describes a flexible, low-cost system for measuring mouse ambulation in an open field activity assay. We show that a 6-minute ambulation assay based on this system detects a decrease in voluntary movement in mdx mice, and accurately distinguishes improvement in a muscle-specific rescue of these animals.

一种简便、低成本的肌营养不良小鼠步行模型的测定方法

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation ...

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are needed for clinical diagnosis of impairment, and to measure outcomes of proprioceptive training. The purpose of this simple, non-invasive method is to temporarily knockdown upper limb proprioception in healthy adults, to an extent that would be useful in the development and testing of upper limb proprioception measures. Knockdown models have two main advantages over studying humans with impaired proprioception: participant availability and the ability to control the extent of impairment across participants. Current published methods of temporary proprioception knockdown of the upper limb, such as ischemic nerve blocks and cryotherapy, are invasive, impractical, or uncomfortable for the participant. Here, vibration over the ulnar groove was used to reduce upper limb proprioception. High frequency vibration may reduce proprioceptive acuity by inhibiting pacinian corpuscle-induced input. The effect of vibration used in this protocol was confirmed using two quantitative measures. This method was simple to administer, comfortable for participants, and practical.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate a practical method to temporarily interfere with proprioception in the upper limb of healthy humans.

一种简单无创的上肢本体临时击倒方法

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

小鼠主动和被动驯服的测定

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the upper and lower extremities, postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency. CAT, a modern measurement method, aims to provide a reliable estimate of the examinee's level of function rapidly. CAT administers only a few items whose item difficulties match an examinee's level of function and, thus, the administered items of CAT can provide sufficient information to reliably estimate the examinee's level of function in a short time. The CAT-FAS was developed through four steps: (1) determining the item bank, (2) determining the stopping rules, (3) validating the CAT-FAS, and (4) establishing a platform of online administration. The results of this study indicate that the CAT-FAS has sufficient administrative efficiency (average number of items = 8.5) and reliability (group-level Rasch reliability: 0.88 - 0.93; individual-level Rasch reliability: &#8805;70% of patients had Rasch reliability score &#8805;0.90) to simultaneously assess four functions in patients with stroke. In addition, because the CAT-FAS is a computer-based test, the CAT-FAS has three additional advantages: the automatic calculation of scores, the immediate storage of data, and the easy exporting of data. These advantages of the CAT-FAS will be beneficial to data management for clinicians and researchers.

Here, we present a protocol to develop the computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS). The CAT-FAS can simultaneously assess four functions (two motor functions [upper and lower extremities], postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency.

脑卒中功能评估的计算机自适应测试系统

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the ...

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed context dependent memory (CDM). One category of cues that have been shown to effectively produce CDM effects are odors. However, it is unclear what the boundary conditions of these CDM effects are. In particular, given that olfaction has been called an implicit sense, it is possible that odors are only effective mnemonic cues when they are presented in the background. This assertion seems even more likely given that previous research has shown odors to be poor cues during paired associate memory tests, where odors are in the focus of attention as mnemonic cues for other information. In order to determine whether odors are only effective contextual mnemonic cues when presented outside the central focus of an observer, an olfactory CDM experiment was performed in which odorants were presented directly, rather than ambiently. Direct presentation was accomplished with the aid of an olfactometer. The olfactometer not only allows for direct presentation of odorants, but provides other methodological benefits, including the allowance of trial by trial manipulations of odorant presentations and, relatedly, time-specific releases of odorants. The presence of the same odor during both encoding and retrieval enhanced memory performance, regardless of whether the odor was presented ambiently or directly. This finding can serve as a basis for future olfactory CDM research which can utilize the benefits of direct presentation.

The use of an olfactometer for directly presenting odorants opens exciting opportunities for researchers of olfactory memory. The current paper discusses issues related to this methodology as related to a previously published experiment on olfactory context dependent memory.

嗅觉语境依赖性记忆: 气味的直接表现

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed ...