This work is funded by the Swiss National Foundation (31_138429) and Synapsis Foundation for the support of research on Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

すべての動物の手順は、科学的な目的のために使用される動物の保護に関するEU指令63分の2010 / EUに従っていると地元の動物管理委員会（フリブール、スイスのカントン）によって承認されています。 1.動物の準備<ol><li>実験動物<ol><li>生後3-5カ月のオスの成体野生型およびトランスジェニックマウス（C57BL / 6バックグラウンド）で実験を行います。マウスの三つのグループは、野生型同腹子対照（グループA、Jagged1 FLOX / FLOX 19）と2つの条件付きのKOマウス系統（グループB、Jagged1ncKOおよびC、Jagged1gcKO）に対応しています。 </li><li> 12時間制御明/暗サイクルで換気のよい場所で、標準的な実験室条件下ハウスマウス、食物および水を自由に提供します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.実験セットアップ<ol><li>実験アリーナ<ol><li>実験の舞台のために、きれいな滅菌マウスケージを使用する（35センチ長さ×20.5センチメートル幅X 13.5センチメートル高さ）（ 図1A）。 </li><li> 3センチメートル高い新鮮な寝具、番号付きケージに各マウスを割り当てます。ケージを再利用している場合は、臭気感度試験と同様に、臭気及びマウスの間の交差汚染を避けるために、以下の措置をとります。 <ol><li>水側をマーク。 </li><li> 70％エタノール、各側に1つずつを噴霧2ティ​​ッシュペーパーでケージの狭い壁を清掃してください。 </li><li>マウスの遺伝子型に応じてケージを積み重ね、層ボンネットの下に一時的に保管してください。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>カメラ<ol><li>ケージ（ 図1A）の底部から58センチメートルでの目的でカスタマイズされた三脚にカメラをマウントします。三脚とケージの位置を固定し、カメラはケージの上部を中心にすることを可能にするためにマークを区切ります。 </li><li> ×240ピクセル320ピクセルでの動画撮影、MOVファイルなどの毎秒15.08フレーム。 </li></ol></li><li>臭い<ol><li> SCENを再懸濁しこれらが可溶性である溶媒中のTS、示されます。 </li><li>嗜好テスト用ピーナッツバターのため。ピーナッツ油（w / vの10％）にピーナッツバターを再懸濁します。 </li><li>回避試験のための純粋な2-メチル（2-MB）酸（98％）を使用します。 </li><li>感受性試験のために、同じマウスのコロニーと背景（C57BL / 6）の女性の尿を使用しています。 <ol><li>便宜上、嗅覚検査に1〜2日前に尿を収集します。ケージグリッド上記の腹とボンネットの下にマウスを拘束して保持します。ケージグリッドの下に尿の滴を収集するためにプラスチック製のペトリ皿を置きます。 </li><li> 1.5mlチューブにそれぞれの女性からの尿を収集し、動物間の変動を標準化するために、すべての尿サンプルを混ぜます。使用するまで-20℃で保管してください。 </li><li>実験の日に、尿を解凍し、10（1:10、1：100; 1：1,000; 1：10,000）の希釈率で再蒸留水で4希釈を行います。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>3.嗅覚テスト注：このプロトコルでは悪臭が意図的に強く誘引（ピーナッツバターと女性の尿）や強い撥（2-MB酸）として認識されている選択されている15。これは、嗅覚動作との干渉の可能性を排除するために回避試験の前に心地よい匂いに対する嗜好および感度試験を行うことが重要です。それにもかかわらず、簡略化のために、本論文では、嗜好および回避テストは、両方の知覚テストで説明されます。各行動セッションは馴化段階で始まります。 <ol><li>馴化フェーズ<ol><li>クリーン割り当てケージに動物を置き、5分（ 図1B）のために見ていきましょう。実験ケージの環境はホームケージによく知られているので、この短い時間は慣れのために可能にするのに十分です。 </li><li>感受性試験が1日で完了した場合、アプリケーションシートの前に一度だけ馴化を行います最高希釈した臭気のN。感受性試験は、異なる日に行われた場合、それぞれの日に新たなクリーンケージに馴化段階が必要です。 </li></ol></li><li>知覚テスト<ol><li>馴化後、カメラをアクティブにし、すぐに底部（ 図1C）から約10cmで、ケージの反対側の壁に心地よい香り（ピーナッツバター）60μlのニュートラルな香り（水道水）の60μLをピペット。 </li><li>マウスが2分（ 図1D）のための臭いを調べてみましょう。その後、カメラをオフにします。 </li><li>この時点で、次のマウスは馴化相から開始に進みます。撥臭（2-MB酸）および水60μlの60μlのを適用することによって、まったく同じ方法で回避テストを実行します。 </li></ol></li><li>感受性試験<ol><li> 1：次の順序で女性の尿の濃度を増加する雄マウスの吸引しきい値を評価万。 1：1,000; 1：100。 1：10純粋な尿。 </li><li>馴化後、以前に3.2.1で説明したように実験者がピペットで移し最高希釈に各マウスを公開します。 </li><li>ビデオカメラの2分の時間枠内で、水に対する尿の探索行動を記録します。全てのマウスのコホートには最高希釈（1：10,000）について試験した後に上記のように、尿中のより高い濃度にさらします。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.事後データ分析注：記載されている全ての行動試験は、データ分析の指示に従って、 事後処理されます。 <ol><li> WindowsシステムのためのImageJでMOVファイルを開きます<ol><li> http://www.apple.com/quicktime/downloadからカスタマイズされた設定を使用して、Javaのクイックタイムをインストールします。 </li><li> ImageJのウェブサイト（http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/plugins/qt-capture.html）からクイックタイムプラグインをインストールしてください。 </li><li>ライブラリextensへ：QTJava.zip（プログラムファイルのQuickTime QTSystem C）をインポートImageJのイオン（.ImageJ JRE libに extに）。 </li><li>プラグインフォルダにもコピーQTJava.zipとはQTJava.jarように名前を変更します。 </li><li>マクロフォルダ（ImageJのプラグインマクロ）に結合した6スクリプトをインストールします。 </li><li>オープンImageJのクイックタイムプラグイン、その後近くのImageJをコンパイルして実行します。 </li><li>クイックタイムを使用して&gt; ImageJのを再度開き、[ファイル]&gt; [インポートを使用してMOVファイルを開きます。 </li></ol></li><li>映像調整<ol><li>ビデオファイルは、ImageJの中で開かれると、実験者は、ケージ（T0）に臭気物質をピペットで入れた時から定数2分探査を得るためにビデオをカット。 （スタック ToolsSliceリムーバー ImageJのイメージ）1の増分を用いて前のフレームをT0に対応するフレームを特定し、削除します。 2分探査を超えてすべてのフレームを削除するには、同じコマンドを使用します。 </li><li>ケージが中心とされていることを確認し、必要な使用は、画像&gt;変換場合&gt; [回転]コマンドは、それを配置します。 </li></ol></li><li>見よO処理 注：ビデオ処理は、完全にコンピュータ支援であり、この紙に伴うマクロコマンドを使用しています。 <ol><li> 127ピクセル×218ピクセルの大きさのケージの上の領域を制限するために、プラグイン&gt;マクロ&gt;実行コマンドからのステップ1マクロを実行します。ケージ（ 図2、ステップ1）の上に固定された四角形を移動します。 </li><li>ステップ2マクロ（ 図2、ステップ2）を用いて、関心領域（ROI）にケージの領域をトリミング。 </li><li>信号分散を斑点除去し、フィルタリング、閾値信号を割り当てることにより、背景からマウスの画像を抽出するために、ステップ3のマクロを使用してください。 Z軸プロットで出力値は2分探索時の「水室」のROI内の移動、マウスの影の強度に対応する、平均グレー値を示します。スプレッドシートファイル内のROI（ 図2、ステップ3）に従って命名ワークシートに結果をコピーします。 </li><li>ステップ4マクロを使用しますROI「臭気室」でのマウスの平均グレイ値を抽出します。 4.3.3と同じスプレッドシートファイル内のROI（ 図2、ステップ4）に従って命名ワークシートに結果をコピーします。 </li><li>さらにROI「水境界」でのマウスの動きの分析を制限するために、ステップ5のマクロを使用しています。 4.3.3と同じスプレッドシートファイル内のROI（ 図2、ステップ5）に従って命名ワークシートに結果をコピーします。 </li><li> ROI内のマウスの動きの分析を制限するには、「臭気周囲は「ステップ6マクロを使用しています。 4.3.3（ 図2、ステップ6）のようにROIのスプレッドシートファイルに従って名前が付けられ、ワークシートに結果をコピーします。 </li><li>すべてのビデオを処理して、動物あたりのフレーム数の整合性をチェックします。ここでは、2分探査セッションに対応する1,810フレームのすべての動物を記録します。 </li><li>各動物について、各ROIのソートフレーム平均グレイVAとフレームの数は、1秒に対応する値で0除算より大きく梅毒および各ROIで過ごした秒を取得します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.統計分析<ol><li>各試験のためにhttp://www.real-statistics.com/one-way-analysis-of-variance-anova/homogeneity-variances/上で利用可能な式を使用してバートレットの検定により群/遺伝子型内での分散の均一性を確認します。 </li><li>時間がバートレットのテストの結果に応じて、同じまたは不等分散を仮定して無指向スチューデントt検定を使用して1つのグループ内の臭気に対する水で過ごした間に引力および回避試験では、比較を行います。ボンフェローニのポストホック検定で一方向ANOVAによって遺伝子型との間に水と一緒に過ごした時間を差し引いた臭いと一緒に過ごした時間を比較します。 </li><li>感度テストではウォートと一緒に過ごした時間から減算臭いと一緒に過ごした時間の比較を分析しますボンフェローニの事後テストで一方向ANOVAによる尿の特定の希釈でグループ間のR。ボンフェローニの事後テストと繰り返しで2ウェイANOVAによって成長して臭気濃度にグループ間の感度を比較します。 </li><li>アトラクションと回避試験における遺伝子型と処置との間の相互作用は、ボンフェローニのポストホック検定を用いて2方向ANOVAによって調査されています。 </li></ol>

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There is no conflict of interest.

匂いの知覚、匂いに対する水と感度対匂いの判別：このプロトコルで提案されたテストは、マウスにおける先天性嗅覚行動のさまざまな側面を評価することを可能にします。このプロトコルは、以前に15を示す嗜好と回避スケールに従って任意の臭いにも適用することができます。プロトコルは探索活動に基づいているので、それはマウスが彼らの動きに影響を与え、嗅覚探査を妨害...

嗅覚は、哺乳動物において最も発達し、重要な感覚機能の一つです。嗅覚活性の減損は、最悪のシナリオでも、生存中で、食物摂取、社会的行動に影響を与えてもよいです。ヒトでは、嗅覚の劣化は、年齢依存1であり、神経疾患2の強力な予測因子であると考えられる- 6。ペンシルバニア大学によって開発された嗅覚同定試験は、現在、早期神経学的欠損7を評価し、高い確率で認知症8,9の進行を予測することができるほとんどの、使用される非侵襲的、定量化、診断テストの1つを表します。 嗅覚系のアクセシビリティとげっ歯類における嗅覚の隆起は、嗅覚機能10のメカニズムに対処する研究の強いラインを巻き起こしました。我々は以前のシグナリングRECEPTの機能の喪失を示しましたまたはNotch1のは、嗅覚回避11に影響を与えます。このプロトコルでは、嗅覚の性能を研究するために、ニューロンやグリアにおけるシグナリングリガンド、Jagged1を欠損したマウスを使用します。 先天性嗅覚は知覚、匂いと嗅覚感度4の間の識別の3つのパラメータによって定義されています。げっ歯類における嗅覚検査は、様々な方法で行うことができ、いくつかの行動研究は、特定の蒸気濃度で、かつ正確な時間枠12に動物の匂いを提供olfactometersの使用にする- 14。それにもかかわらず、この機器は高価であり、唯一の専門の施設で利用可能です。我々の研究では、揮発性の香りを使用して実施される、簡単、迅速かつ再現性の嗅覚試験プロトコルを提供します。テストは、誘引や忌避臭にメジャー知覚を説明し、香りと水11,15,16との区別を評価します。 wは、同じ設定を使用しますeはまた、異なる濃度16,17で臭いに対する感度を測定することができます。ページや同僚18の仕事に触発され、事後コンピュータ支援ビデオ処理は、実験的な盲検化の必要性と実験全体を実行する一人のために可能にすることなく、公平な結果を提供します。 このプロトコルは、マウスにおいて嗅覚挙動を研究するための出発点を提供することを目的とします。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:
 collapse;width:192pt">
	<colgroup>
		<col span="4" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Mouse cage</td>
			<td class="xl64">Italplast (Italy)</td>
			<td class="xl64">1144B</td>
			<td class="xl64">36 cm length x 20.5 cm width x 13.5 cm height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Chipped wood bedding</td>
			<td class="xl64">Abedd (Austria)</td>
			<td class="xl64">LTE E-001</td>
			<td class="xl64">3 cm high</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Peanut butter</td>
			<td class="xl64">Migros (Swizterland)</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td align="right" class="xl65">1:10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">2-Methylbutyric</td>
			<td class="xl64">Sigma Aldrich (Switzerland)</td>
			<td class="xl64">W269514</td>
			<td class="xl64">Pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Female Urine from fertile females of same mouse strain</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">Dilution series</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Camera</td>
			<td class="xl64">Olympus (US)</td>
			<td class="xl64">Camedia C-8080</td>
			<td class="xl64">MOV files</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Quicktime for Java (Windows)</td>
			<td class="xl64">Apple (USA)</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">video plugin for visualizing MOV files</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="xl63">Image J for Windows</td>
			<td class="xl64">NIH (USA)</td>
			<td class="xl64">NA</td>
			<td class="xl64">Video Processing/Analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simple and computer-assisted olfactory testing for mice

嗅覚は、種間で高度に保存されており、再生と生存のために必要とされます。 ヒトでは、嗅覚はまた、加齢に伴って影響を受けている感覚の一つであり、神経変性疾患の強力な予測因子です。したがって、嗅覚試験を早期に神経障害を検出するための非侵襲的診断法として使用されています。嗅覚ネットワーク感受性の根底にあるメカニズムを理解するためには、げっ歯類における嗅覚の研究は、過去10年間で勢いを得ています。 ここでは、事前の食料や水の制限を必要とせずに、マウスにおける先天性匂い知覚と感度の非常にシンプルな、時間効率的かつ再現性の嗅覚検査方法を提示します。試験をマウスに慣れた環境で実行され、香りや匂い物質の曝露の2分のセッションのみを必要とします。解析は、ImageJのにコンピュータ支援コマンドを使用して、 事後に実行されるためであることができます一研究者が最初から最後まで行きました。 このプロトコルは、特別なハードウェアや設定を必要とせず、嗅覚と感度のテストに興味の任意の実験室のために示されています。

知覚テストは、2 MBの酸にピーナッツバターと回避に魅力を測定します。マウスを3群に試験され、「臭気境界」に費やされた時間は、水と比較して定量化されます。嗜好試験では、対照群Aは、水（T 8 = 2.52、P &lt;0.05）に比べて臭気への重要な優先度を表示します。一方、グループBは、ピーナッツバターに有意な魅力を示していないと水（T 6 = 3.22、P &lt;0.05）でより多くの時間?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice at JoVE.com

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing.

シンプルでコンピュータ支援嗅覚テストマウス用

Olfaction is highly conserved among species and is required for reproduction and survival.
In humans, olfaction is also one of the senses that is affected ...

simple-and-computer-assisted-olfactory-testing-for-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.9K ビュー.  University of Fribourg. We present a simple and unbiased olfactory test in mice. With this protocol olfactory discrimination, preference, avoidance and sensitivity to a novel odor as compared to water can be assessed in single behavioral sessions. This method is indicated for a single experimenter and analysis is based on computer-assisted video processing. 

ビデオ: Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

小型·大齧歯類モデルとバーンズ迷路テスト戦略

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

行動学

Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the mouse can discriminate between non-social odors and social odors, whether the mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor, and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented with a novel odor. Since many social behavior tests measure the experimental animal&#8217;s response to a familiar or novel mouse, false positives can be avoided by establishing that the animals can detect and discriminate between social odors. There are similar considerations in learning tests such as fear conditioning that use odor to create a novel environment or olfactory cues as an associative stimulus. Deficits in the olfactory system would impair the ability to distinguish between contexts and to form an association with an olfactory cue during fear conditioning. 
In the odor habitation/dishabituation test, the mouse is repeatedly presented with several odors. Each odor is presented three times for two minutes. The investigator records the sniffing time directed towards the odor as the measurement of olfactory responsiveness. A typical mouse shows a decrease in response to the odor over repeated presentations (habituation). The experimenter then presents a novel odor that elicits increased sniffing towards the new odor (dishabituation). After repeated presentation of the novel odor the animal again shows habituation. This protocol involves the presentation of water, two or more non-social odors, and two social odors. In addition to reducing experimental confounds, this test can provide information on the function of the olfactory systems of new knockout, knock-in, and conditional knockout mouse lines.

This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.

マウスにおける臭気差別と馴化のためのテスト

This video demonstrates a technique to establish the presence of a normally functioning olfactory system in a mouse. The test helps determine whether the ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, including neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. However, the background strain of the mouse model used can have a substantial effect on the observed behavioral phenotype, with some strains exhibiting superior learning ability relative to others. To ensure differences between transgene negative and transgene positive mice can be detected, identification of a training procedure sensitive to the background strain is essential. Failure to tailor the MWM protocol to the background strain of the mouse model may lead to under- or over- training, thereby masking group differences in probe trials. Here, a MWM protocol tailored for use with the F1 FVB/N x 129S6 background is described. This is a frequently used background strain to study the age-dependent effects of mutant P301L tau (rTg(TauP301L)4510 mice) on the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Also described is a strategy to re-optimize, as dictated by the particular testing environment utilized.

This manuscript describes a Morris water maze (MWM) protocol tailored for use with a commonly used mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The MWM is widely used in transgenic mouse models. Implementation of a procedure sensitive to the background strain of the mouse model is essential for detecting group differences.

モリス水迷路試験：マウス系統およびテスト環境の最適化

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

トレッドミル疲労試験：マウスの​​疲労のような挙動のシンプルな、ハイスループットアッセイ

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a higher resumption rate after a period of delay or interruption. The task interruption and resumption protocol described in this research is tailored to test the activation of cognitive goals (e.g., a goal to think more abstractly). Cognitive goals may be pursued even during the interruption period; thus, to prevent this, the protocol involves cognitive distraction. The protocol consists of several stages. Specifically, the initial stage includes the goal activation process, where the treatment (versus control) condition receives a manipulation to activate the cognitive goal being tested by the researcher. In the next stage, participants are presented with the introduction of a task that is perceived to either satisfy or not satisfy the cognitive goal of interest. Importantly, this task is interrupted a few seconds after it begins. The task interruption forces a delay period and introduces a cognitive distraction to prevent the automatic pursuit and fulfillment of the cognitive goal. After the interruption period, participants are given a choice between resuming the interrupted task and abandoning the interrupted task to complete an alternative task instead. Among participants whose cognitive goals had been activated at the earlier stage, the task resumption rate should be higher if the task was perceived as an opportunity to satisfy (versus not satisfy) the goal. Such a finding would provide empirical evidence that the cognitive goal has been activated and pursued. In previous research, this protocol has been used to test whether causal uncertainty activates an abstract thinking goal. Adapting the protocol to test the activation of other cognitive goals is also discussed.

This protocol was designed to test the activation and pursuit of cognitive goals (e.g., an abstract thinking goal) using the task interruption and resumption paradigm. The protocol is suitable for cognitive goals that are automatically pursued once activated, as the distraction procedure prevents goal pursuit during the interruption period.

抽象的思考ゴールの活性化と追求をテストするためのタスクの中断と再開のパラダイム

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a ...

A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation in mouse models is a non-invasive and reproducible activity assay that is directly analogous to measures of patient ambulation such as the 6-minute walk test and related mobility scores. Many common methods for testing mouse ambulation speed and distance are based on the open field test, where an animal&#39;s free movement within an arena is measured over time. One major downside to this approach is that commercial software and equipment for high-resolution motion tracking is expensive and may require transferring mice to specialized facilities for testing. Here, we describe a low-cost, video-based system for measuring mouse ambulation that utilizes free and open-source software. Using this protocol, we demonstrate that voluntary ambulation in the dystrophin-null mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is decreased relative to wild-type mouse activity. In mdx mice expressing the utrophin transgene, these activity deficits are not observed and the total distance traveled is indistinguishable from wild-type mice. This method is effective for measuring changes in voluntary ambulation associated with dystrophic pathology, and provides a versatile platform that can be readily adapted to diverse research settings.

This protocol describes a flexible, low-cost system for measuring mouse ambulation in an open field activity assay. We show that a 6-minute ambulation assay based on this system detects a decrease in voluntary movement in mdx mice, and accurately distinguishes improvement in a muscle-specific rescue of these animals.

筋ジストロフィーのマウス ・ モデルで歩行を測定するためのシンプルで低コスト分析

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation ...

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are needed for clinical diagnosis of impairment, and to measure outcomes of proprioceptive training. The purpose of this simple, non-invasive method is to temporarily knockdown upper limb proprioception in healthy adults, to an extent that would be useful in the development and testing of upper limb proprioception measures. Knockdown models have two main advantages over studying humans with impaired proprioception: participant availability and the ability to control the extent of impairment across participants. Current published methods of temporary proprioception knockdown of the upper limb, such as ischemic nerve blocks and cryotherapy, are invasive, impractical, or uncomfortable for the participant. Here, vibration over the ulnar groove was used to reduce upper limb proprioception. High frequency vibration may reduce proprioceptive acuity by inhibiting pacinian corpuscle-induced input. The effect of vibration used in this protocol was confirmed using two quantitative measures. This method was simple to administer, comfortable for participants, and practical.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate a practical method to temporarily interfere with proprioception in the upper limb of healthy humans.

単純な非侵襲的上肢感覚の一時的なノックダウン法

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two behavioral components: a reluctance to avoid humans (passive tameness) and a motivation to approach humans (active tameness). To quantify these components in mice, we previously developed behavioral tests for active tameness, passive tameness, and the willingness to stay on a human hand, each designed to be completed within 3 min. The data obtained were used for selective breeding, with a large number of mice analyzed per generation. The active tameness test measures the movement of the mouse toward a human hand and the contact it engages in. The passive tameness test measures the duration of time that a mouse tolerates human touch. In the stay-on-hand test, a mouse is placed on a human hand and touched slowly using the thumb of that hand; the duration of time that the animal remains on the hand is measured. Here, we describe the test set-up and apparatus, explain the procedures, and discuss the appropriate data analysis. Finally, we explain how to interpret the results.

Tameness in animals includes a reduction of avoidance responses to humans (passive tameness) and an increase in active approaches to humans (active tameness). Here, we describe detailed protocols for three behavioral tests (active tameness, passive tameness, and stay-on-hand tests) to separately measure the active and passive tameness of mice.

マウスで個別にアクティブとパッシブのふがいなさを測定

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Computerized Adaptive Testing System of Functional Assessment of Stroke

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the upper and lower extremities, postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency. CAT, a modern measurement method, aims to provide a reliable estimate of the examinee's level of function rapidly. CAT administers only a few items whose item difficulties match an examinee's level of function and, thus, the administered items of CAT can provide sufficient information to reliably estimate the examinee's level of function in a short time. The CAT-FAS was developed through four steps: (1) determining the item bank, (2) determining the stopping rules, (3) validating the CAT-FAS, and (4) establishing a platform of online administration. The results of this study indicate that the CAT-FAS has sufficient administrative efficiency (average number of items = 8.5) and reliability (group-level Rasch reliability: 0.88 - 0.93; individual-level Rasch reliability: &#8805;70% of patients had Rasch reliability score &#8805;0.90) to simultaneously assess four functions in patients with stroke. In addition, because the CAT-FAS is a computer-based test, the CAT-FAS has three additional advantages: the automatic calculation of scores, the immediate storage of data, and the easy exporting of data. These advantages of the CAT-FAS will be beneficial to data management for clinicians and researchers.

Here, we present a protocol to develop the computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS). The CAT-FAS can simultaneously assess four functions (two motor functions [upper and lower extremities], postural control, and basic activities of daily living) with sufficient reliability and administrative efficiency.

脳卒中の機能評価のコンピューター適応型テスト システム

The computerized adaptive testing system of the functional assessment of stroke (CAT-FAS) can simultaneously assess four functions (motor functions of the ...

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed context dependent memory (CDM). One category of cues that have been shown to effectively produce CDM effects are odors. However, it is unclear what the boundary conditions of these CDM effects are. In particular, given that olfaction has been called an implicit sense, it is possible that odors are only effective mnemonic cues when they are presented in the background. This assertion seems even more likely given that previous research has shown odors to be poor cues during paired associate memory tests, where odors are in the focus of attention as mnemonic cues for other information. In order to determine whether odors are only effective contextual mnemonic cues when presented outside the central focus of an observer, an olfactory CDM experiment was performed in which odorants were presented directly, rather than ambiently. Direct presentation was accomplished with the aid of an olfactometer. The olfactometer not only allows for direct presentation of odorants, but provides other methodological benefits, including the allowance of trial by trial manipulations of odorant presentations and, relatedly, time-specific releases of odorants. The presence of the same odor during both encoding and retrieval enhanced memory performance, regardless of whether the odor was presented ambiently or directly. This finding can serve as a basis for future olfactory CDM research which can utilize the benefits of direct presentation.

The use of an olfactometer for directly presenting odorants opens exciting opportunities for researchers of olfactory memory. The current paper discusses issues related to this methodology as related to a previously published experiment on olfactory context dependent memory.

匂い嗅コンテキスト依存のメモリ: 直接提示

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed ...