We thank Colin Symons and James Wright for technical assistance. This work was supported by seed funding grant (WSU) to Y.B. and the innovation office at Western Sydney University. M.C. is supported by ARC fellowship (DECRA).

下面的协议描述的C57BL / 6和C3H /他（retinally退化）小鼠神经元组织的制备中，但是类似的技术可以应用到其它物种。所有的动物是健康的，并与温度的标准条件，湿度，12小时光照/黑暗周期，自由获得食物和水的处理，并没有任何意图应力刺激。所有实验均获得批准，并按照西悉尼大学的动物护理和伦理委员会，并根据动物的使用和保养指南（动物研究机构＃A9452，＃A10396和＃A8967）进行。 1.脑片制备方法<ol><li>通过异氟烷（5％）的吸入麻醉动物，并使用啮齿类铡斩首。迅速取出大脑，如前所述9，并将其放置到含有（以mM计）的冰冷的生理溶液（ACSF）:125氯化钠，2.5氯化钾，1 MgCl 2的，1.25的NaH 2 PO 4，2的CaCl 2，25的NaHCO 3，25葡萄糖，并用卡波金饱和（95％O 2/5％CO 2的混合物; 310毫渗量; pH 7.4）中。 </li><li>切脑切片，在感兴趣的区域中，300微米厚的用振动切片机。 </li><li>转移切片到定制孵化系统紧密监视和控制pH水平（pH为7.2 - 7.4），卡波金流量和温度如前所述10,11。 </li><li>设定的初始腔室温度至35℃15 - 30分钟，然后慢慢地降低到15 - 如图1C 16℃。直到需要在孵化体系培养，然后切片，无论是电或成像。 注:如果片被用于钙成像，请按照下列步骤操作冷却至低于室温组织之前。 </li></ol> 2.视网膜Wholemount编制和内界膜去除<ol><li>准备在任何正常的视网膜wholemounts实验室照明条件下或昏暗的红/红外光。 </li><li>颈椎脱位，立即去核的眼睛安乐死的动物。使在任一埃姆斯媒体，或脑脊液含有沿锯齿缘一个小切口，和地点（mM计）:125氯化钠，25的NaHCO 3，3的KCl，2的CaCl 2，1 MgCl 2的，10葡萄糖，0.5 L-谷氨酰胺，和与卡波金饱和（95％O 2/5％CO 2的混合物;〜300毫渗量; pH 7.4）中，在RT。 </li><li>立即通过沿与小剪刀锯齿缘切割和除去晶状体和玻璃体用镊子除去角膜，晶状体和玻璃体。将组织在室温孵育体系。 注:视网膜组织可以维持在眼杯，缓慢降低温度至15后 - 16℃下，在孵化系统&gt; 24小时，直到需要。 </li><li>以除去在ILM，包含视网膜眼杯转移到含有30 U / ml的木瓜蛋白酶，1mM的L-胱氨酸，0.5毫摩尔EDTA和0.005％DNA酶在Earl&#39;s-一个小玻璃瓶平衡盐溶液（BSS）在37℃下20分钟。应用95％ 的 O 2/5％CO 2，通过该盖的解决方案，但不起泡。如果使用的是从年轻的动物（&lt;6周）组织，稀释至半强度。 <ol><li>停止酶消化，通过将组织在厄尔氏BSS 10分钟的卵类粘蛋白（10毫克/毫升）与BSA（10毫克/毫升）溶液中。洗净组织温度彻底学联转移到孵化系统之前，减少到15 - 16℃。 </li></ol></li><li>直到需要在眼杯保持视网膜组织。转移到显微镜，隔离从眼杯视网膜和切成4片用剃刀刃。如果需要在整个视网膜上，使在视网膜的周边四个小切口以允许其平放。 注:对于成像实验，以转移到孵化系统之前钙染料负载，见下文。 </li></ol> 3.在孵化器中维持组织<ol><li&gt;在含有用于pH和温度测量（ 图1A，B）的探针主室放置组织。 </li><li>为了辐射细菌漂浮在溶液循环脑脊液通过第二腔室（UVC室，如先前所述12构建）从主室分离并暴露于1.1W¯¯UVC灯（254纳米，5W / 2P杀菌UV灯）（ 图1A）。 30分钟，以避免学联过热 - 通过使用随机的特征，有时15和每15之间的26分钟改变接通可编程定时器控制UVC光的时机。 </li><li>设置在UVC室12毫升/分钟的流速如先前报道12。覆盖UVC室用铝箔以防止该腔室，它可以破坏神经元组织以外的UVC照射。 注:对于暗适应视网膜组织，应用定制的盖主室要排除光。 </li><li>使用蠕动泵以circula德通过两个腔室的溶液（ACSF）和珀耳帖热电冷板冷却器要么冷却或加热所述主腔中的0的范围内所需的温度 - 50℃。为了获得最佳的组织培养，使用15 - 16℃的长期生存能力。 </li></ol> 4.钙染料荷载<ol><li>选择基于个体研究者的优先钙染料。这里我们使用的Fura-2AM，荧光 - 早上8点或荧光 - 凌晨4点。但是，这种方法可以应用到其它染料，以及:在DMSO溶解钙染料1mM溶液和1％的嵌段共聚物（ 例如 ，聚醚酸-127），以50微升的最终体积，并超声10分钟。 </li><li>添加溶液至脑脊液至10μM，对大脑切片0.01％嵌段共聚物和20微米（视网膜），0.02％的嵌段共聚物用于在视网膜的最终浓度。在37℃（的Fura-2 AM）或在RT（的Fluo-4AM视网膜（木瓜蛋白酶处理的）和脑切片从年轻的动物，负载浴45分钟;˚F罗上午8点）。 <ol><li>对于成年动物，（&gt; 12周）吸取染料（50μl），直接到脑切片，并保持75分钟，以允许染料更好地渗透到深层。 </li><li>为了确保染料孵化过程中被淹没切片充足的氧气，具有封闭盖（直径2.5厘米圆形罐子，3.5厘米高）与钙染料在2.5毫升学联稀释制成玻璃装载室。用95％ 的 O 2/5％CO 2的连续充氧。没有泡沫。 </li></ol></li><li>继染料加载，冲洗组织与学联和转移到孵化体系，温度慢慢降低到15 - 16°C，直到实验使用。 </li></ol> 5.电生理记录和影像<ol><li>放置在显微镜下的浸没式录音室组织，并在4流速含氧脑脊液灌注 - 5毫升/分钟或在RT（〜22℃）或生理温度（〜35℃）。霍尔d。通过使用由&#39;&#39;竖琴&#39;定制，制成拉伸并穿过一个U形件的金或铂丝胶尼龙或金线的就位的组织。 </li><li>对于电: <ol><li>使用微量拉马达到5-6MΩ终阻力1.5毫米（1.19毫米）硼硅玻璃，准备记录吸管​​。 </li><li>填充3吸移管-内部溶液的4微升如前所述13和可视化使用CCD照相机下红外微分干涉对比（IR-DIC）细胞。细胞内溶液应仔细针对每个实验来实现的实验结果。 </li><li>位置移液管，同时保持正压力，通过上吸管保持器的吸入口加，使用一个显微细胞的细胞膜。因为在ILM已从视网膜除去，不需要事先膜刮。一旦吸管是对细胞，应用温和的负压向吸移管以实现千兆欧姆密封。然后用负压的简要量破裂细胞膜。 </li><li>使用标准技术酌情全细胞电流或电压钳记录。 </li></ol></li><li>钙成像: <ol><li>对的Fura-2的比例成像，使用超高速波长切换以提供340纳米和380纳米的激发波长。通过510±20nm的发射滤波器通过从各个细胞发出的光，并具有高灵敏度，高速数字相机捕捉。 </li><li>对的Fluo-4，通过一个460过滤激发光的单个激发波长 - 通过一个515 490纳米的带通滤波器和发射的光 - 550 nm的带通滤波器。为了最快，最灵敏的记录使用高速数码相机等。按要求采集图像。 </li><li>测量荧光变化作为时间的函数要么在单个波长（的Fluo-4）或使用波长比方法（的Fura-2），如先前所描述8,14。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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Yossi Buskila and Paul Breen declare that they are co-owners of PAYO Scientific Pty Ltd, a company specialized in building incubation systems for acute neural tissue. All other authors report no financial interests or potential conflicts of interest related to the current study.

本文介绍了培养法延长急性神经组织的可行性进行成像和电生理实验，从而缩短完成实验目标所需的动物数量。两个主要过程支配神经元组织的劣化随时间:ⅰ）增加细菌水平，并在细菌内毒素伴随增加释放，和ii）随后的创伤切片过程10兴奋性中毒。为急性神经组织是环保手无寸铁，通过pH，温度和细菌水平密切监测，组织环境的紧缩调控对维持细胞活性以及网络的完整性至关重...

电生理和功能成像（钙，电压敏感性染料）是两个在神经科学中最常用的实验技术。脑切片制剂和视网膜wholemount，这将在这里检查，提供检查电生理特性和突触连接不脱离麻醉剂或肌肉松弛剂的污染的装置。脑切片和视网膜wholemount保持其结构的完整性，不同文化或细胞匀浆，允许特定电路和大脑网络1的研究。从孤立的组织录制有超过体内录音与心跳和呼吸相关的运动优势被淘汰。此外，直接可视化使细胞的特定的类来进行有针对性的，和药理学工具2，3本地应用程序。 膜片钳和钙鎓染料加载视网膜wholemount由内的界膜（ILM），它涵盖了视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）层，并防止对细胞的直接访问的存在复杂。通常情况下，该膜被刮掉用玻璃吸管，以允许在单个小区中的千兆欧姆密封件的膜片吸管和形成的直接应用。此外，浴施加钙染料不交叉在ILM和必须或者该膜4下方喷射，逆向转移注射后在视神经5或穿过组织6电穿孔。此外，利用视网膜色素变性的啮齿动物模型时，RD / RD鼠标，ILM是更厚，更令人费解。在这里，我们使用的技术与酶消化7删除ILM，同时允许普遍存在钙染料加载，并直接进入视网膜神经节细胞的膜片钳recordiNGS 8。 无论从大脑切片或视网膜wholemount成功的记录取决于解剖和可行的神经组织的培养。通常情况下，组织被提取的实验的早晨，直到它被用于记录在人工脑脊液（ACSF）温育。通常，组织保持生存能力6 - 8小时，用这个时间窗口以下显著降解。但是，这两个脑切片和wholemount视网膜制剂通常产生比可以从该短的时间内被记录更多的组织。因此，组织通常被丢弃在一天结束和解剖再次完成在随后的几天。这意味着其他动物被利用，并建立和解剖/染色反复〜2小时。以下方案描述了一种用于延长神经元组织的寿命为24小时以上，这意味着较少的动物被利用，以及更多的实验时间是可用的。组织活力W¯¯通过录音电生理特性和钙的动态评估，这些特性均&lt;4小时和&gt; 24小时postdissection之间没有什么区别。 这些结果表明，不仅是单细胞特性完整且功能性延长温育后，但网络活动，通过钙成像和电生理记录的评估，是不变的&gt; 24小时postdissection。此外，我们表明，钙染料可以保留在细胞长时间，而不会造成任何有害的影响。演示此协议的应用程序，它在急性神经组织神经元的功能活性可保持长时间，一旦外部环境是高度调节。另外，作为组织的生存力，由于不同的孵育协议实验室之间变化很大，这种方法建立了应该应用，以减少在急性神经健康变性提供了理想的参数的黄金标准Ronal公司薄纸。

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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:315px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich VETEC</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">V800372</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P9333</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:315px;">N-Methyl-D-glucamine</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">M2004&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">D-glucose</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">G5767</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">S6014</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">S2554</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;width:315px;">Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">M9272&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;width:315px;">Calcium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">223506</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Papain Dissociation System</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Worthington&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">LK003150</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">276855</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:315px;">Pluronic F-127 Low UV absorbance*</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P-6867</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">20% solution in DMSO&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:315px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Fura-2 AM&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Anaspec</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">84017</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Fluo-4 AM&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">F23917</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Fluo-8 AM</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Ab142773</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:315px;">Vibrating blade microtome&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Leica Biosystem</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">VT1200 S</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Equiped with Leica&#8217;s Vibrocheck&#8482; measurement device&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:315px;">Antivibration table</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Kinetic Systems Vibraplane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Vibraplane 9100/9200&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Fixed Stage Upright Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BX51WI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:315px;">Microscope Objective</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">XLUMPlanFLN 20x/1.00w</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">20X&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:315px;">Microscope Objective</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">LUMPlanFLN 60x/1.00w</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">60X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">CCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Andor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Ixon +</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">High speed wavelength switcher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sutter instrument</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Lambda DG-4&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Patch clamp amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MultiClamp 700B</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Data acquisition system</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Axon Digidata&#174; System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sutter Instrument Co</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BF150-86-10</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:315px;">Microelectrode puller</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sutter Instrument Co</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P-97</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Flaming/Brown type micropipette puller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:315px;">Recording/perfusion chamber</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">RC-40LP</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Low Profile Open Bath Chambers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">pClamp 10.2</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Andor iQ Live Cell Imaging Software</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Andor</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Andor iQ3</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:315px;">Braincubator</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Payo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">BR26021976</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">www.braincubator.com.au</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Peltier-Thermoelectric Cold Plate Cooler</td>
			<td>TE Technology</td>
			<td>CP-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Temperature Controller</td>
			<td>TE Technology</td>
			<td>TC-36-25 RS232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

prolonged incubation of acute neuronal tissue for electrophysiology and calcium-imaging

急性神经组织准备，脑切片和视网膜wholemount，通常只能维持6 - 解剖之后8小时。这限制了实验时间，并且增加被每研究利用的动物数量。这种限制影响特别协议，如要求延长预孵育浴用的染料钙成像。 3内指数细菌的生长 - 切片后4小时，紧密与组织健康的减少有关。该研究描述了用于限制细菌的增殖急性制剂维持而不需要抗生素，无菌程序，或组织培养基含有生长因子的长时间（&gt; 24小时）的活的神经元组织的方法。通过循环外液通过紫外线照射，并在15保持组织中一个自定义的保持室 - 16℃下，将组织表示在电生理特性，或钙SI没有差别通过细胞内钙染料在&gt; 24小时postdissection gnaling。这些方法不仅会延长实验时间，使用急性神经元组织的那些，但会减少完成实验目标所需动物的数量，并且将设置为急性神经元组织培养的金标准。

孵化过程中学联的细菌负载和温度的严格监管是必要的，保持神经组织活力。 16℃下（ 图1） -这可以通过与UVC光照射和维持脑脊液的温度在15进行优化。此外，脑脊液参数戳（APS; 图1C）提供实验者使用的环境条件下（pH和温度）的记录，从而培养神经元组织，其中，如果随后将减少之间变异性时，为参数的金标准实验。 <img al...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Prolonged Incubation of Acute Neuronal Tissue for Electrophysiology and Calcium-imaging at JoVE.com

Prolonged Incubation of Acute Neuronal Tissue for Electrophysiology and Calcium-imaging

一旦从主体去除，神经元组织大大受环境条件的影响，从而导致组织的最终降解后6 - 8小时。采用了独特的培养方法，该方法密切监测和调节组织的胞外环境中，组织的生存力可以显著延长&gt; 24小时。

对于电生理和钙成像急性神经组织的长时间培养

Acute neuronal tissue preparations, brain slices and retinal wholemount, can usually only be maintained for 6 - 8 h following dissection. This limits the ...

prolonged-incubation-acute-neuronal-tissue-for-electrophysiology

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

11.9K 次观看.  Western Sydney University. 一旦从主体去除，神经元组织大大受环境条件的影响，从而导致组织的最终降解后6 - 8小时。采用了独特的培养方法，该方法密切监测和调节组织的胞外环境中，组织的生存力可以显著延长> 24小时。 

视频: Prolonged Incubation of Acute Neuronal Tissue for Electrophysiology and Calcium-imaging

Cryopreservation of Cortical Tissue Blocks for the Generation of Highly Enriched Neuronal Cultures

In this study, we outline a standardized protocol for the successful cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly enriched neuronal cultures. For this protocol the freezing medium used is 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) diluted in Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS). Blocks of cortical tissue are transferred to cryovials containing the freezing medium and slowly frozen at -1&deg;C/min in a rate-controlled freezing container. Post-thaw processing and dissociation of frozen tissue blocks consistently produced neuronal-enriched cultures which exhibited rapid neuritic growth during the first 5 days in culture and significant expansion of the neuronal network within 10 days. Immunocytochemical staining with the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the neuronal marker beta-tubulin class III, revealed high numbers of neurons and astrocytes in the cultures. Generation of neural precursor cell cultures after tissue block dissociation resulted in rapidly expanding neurospheres, which produced large numbers of neurons and astrocytes under differentiating conditions. This simple cryopreservation protocol allows for the rapid, efficient, and inexpensive preservation of cortical brain tissue blocks, which grants increased flexibility for later generation of neuronal, astrocyte, and neuronal precursor cell cultures.

Here, we describe a method for efficient cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly enriched neuronal cultures. This simple protocol provides flexibility for later generation of neuronal, astrocyte, and neuronal precursor cell cultures.

生成高度丰富的神经文化皮层组织块冷冻保存

In this study, we outline a standardized protocol for the successful cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly ...

科研

神经科学

Preparation of Acute Subventricular Zone Slices for Calcium Imaging

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural progenitor cells with astrocytic features (called SVZ astrocytes), neuroblasts, and intermediate progenitor cells. Neuroblasts born in the SVZ tangentially migrate a great distance to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Intercellular signaling through adhesion molecules and diffusible signals play important roles in controlling neurogenesis. Many of these signals trigger intercellular calcium activity that transmits information inside and between cells. Calcium activity is thus reflective of the activity of extracellular signals and is an optimal way to understand functional intercellular signaling among SVZ cells.
Calcium activity has been studied in many other regions and cell types, including mature astrocytes and neurons. However, the traditional method to load cells with calcium indicator dye (i.e. bath loading) was not efficient at loading all SVZ cell types. Indeed, the cellular density in the SVZ precludes dye diffusion inside the tissue. In addition, preparing sagittal slices will better preserve the three-dimensional arrangement of SVZ cells, particularly the stream of neuroblast migration on the rostral-caudal axis.
Here, we describe methods to prepare sagittal sections containing the SVZ, the loading of SVZ cells with calcium indicator dye, and the acquisition of calcium activity with time-lapse movies. We used Fluo-4 AM dye for loading SVZ astrocytes using pressure application inside the tissue. Calcium activity was recorded using a scanning confocal microscope allowing a precise resolution for distinguishing individual cells. Our approach is applicable to other neurogenic zones including the adult hippocampal subgranular zone and embryonic neurogenic zones. In addition, other types of dyes can be applied using the described method.

A method to load subventricular zone (SVZ) cells with calcium indicator dyes for recording calcium activity is described. The postnatal SVZ contains tightly packed cells including neural progenitor cells and neuroblasts. Rather than using bath loading we injected the dye by pressure inside the tissue allowing better dye diffusion.

钙成像的急性下区片的制备

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural ...

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs through activation of their ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, and process information in part through activity-dependent release of gliotransmitters. Furthermore, astrocytes constitute the main uptake system for glutamate, contribute to potassium spatial buffering, as well as to GABA clearance. These cells therefore constantly monitor synaptic activity, and are thereby sensitive indicators for alterations in synaptically-released glutamate, GABA and extracellular potassium levels. Additionally, alterations in astroglial uptake activity or buffering capacity can have severe effects on neuronal functions, and might be overlooked when characterizing physiopathological situations or knockout mice. Dual recording of neuronal and astroglial activities is therefore an important method to study alterations in synaptic strength associated to concomitant changes in astroglial uptake and buffering capacities. Here we describe how to prepare hippocampal slices, how to identify stratum radiatum astrocytes, and how to record simultaneously neuronal and astroglial electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, we describe how to isolate pharmacologically the synaptically-evoked astroglial currents.

The preparation of acute brain slices from isolated hippocampi, as well as the simultaneous electrophysiological recordings of astrocytes and neurons in stratum radiatum during stimulation of schaffer collaterals is described. The pharmacological isolation of astroglial potassium and glutamate transporter currents is demonstrated.

双突触诱发的星形胶质细胞和神经元的反应，在急性海马脑片电生理记录

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

C.在体内神经元钙成像技术线虫

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Calcium Imaging of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in regulating the intracellular calcium concentration. Changing environmental conditions, such as the light-dark cycle, can modify neuronal and neural network activity and the expression of a family of circadian clock genes within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the location of the master circadian clock in the mammalian brain. Excitatory synaptic transmission leads to an increase in the postsynaptic Ca2+ concentration that is believed to activate the signaling pathways that shifts the rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes. Hypothalamic slices containing the SCN were patch clamped using microelectrodes filled with an internal solution containing the calcium indicator bis-fura-2. After a seal was formed between the microelectrode and the SCN neuronal membrane, the membrane was ruptured using gentle suction and the calcium probe diffused into the neuron filling both the soma and dendrites. Quantitative ratiometric measurements of the intracellular calcium concentration were recorded simultaneously with membrane potential or current. Using these methods it is possible to study the role of changes of the intracellular calcium concentration produced by synaptic activity and action potential firing of individual neurons. In this presentation we demonstrate the methods to simultaneously record electrophysiological activity along with intracellular calcium from individual SCN neurons maintained in brain slices.

Procedures are described to perform simultaneous recordings of membrane potential or current and changes of intracellular calcium concentration. Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are filled with the calcium indicator bis-fura-2 using a patch clamp electrode in the whole cell patch clamp configuration.

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in ...

Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond

Experimental neuroscience is witnessing an increased interest in the development and application of novel and often complex, closed-loop protocols, where the stimulus applied depends in real-time on the response of the system. Recent applications range from the implementation of virtual reality systems for studying motor responses both in mice1 and in zebrafish2, to control of seizures following cortical stroke using optogenetics3. A key advantage of closed-loop techniques resides in the capability of probing higher dimensional properties that are not directly accessible or that depend on multiple variables, such as neuronal excitability4 and reliability, while at the same time maximizing the experimental throughput. In this contribution and in the context of cellular electrophysiology, we describe how to apply a variety of closed-loop protocols to the study of the response properties of pyramidal cortical neurons, recorded intracellularly with the patch clamp technique in acute brain slices from the somatosensory cortex of juvenile rats. As no commercially available or open source software provides all the features required for efficiently performing the experiments described here, a new software toolbox called LCG5 was developed, whose modular structure maximizes reuse of computer code and facilitates the implementation of novel experimental paradigms. Stimulation waveforms are specified using a compact meta-description and full experimental protocols are described in text-based configuration files. Additionally, LCG has a command-line interface that is suited for repetition of trials and automation of experimental protocols.

Closed-loop protocols are becoming increasingly widespread in modern day electrophysiology. We present a simple, versatile and inexpensive way to perform complex electrophysiological protocols in cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro, using a desktop computer and a digital acquisition board.

实时电:采用闭环协议来探测神经动力学和超越

Experimental neuroscience is witnessing an increased interest in the development and application of novel and often complex, closed-loop protocols, where ...

Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Neuronal Dendrites in Brain Slices

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ fluctuations can occur through a variety of membrane and intracellular mechanisms and play a crucial role in the induction of synaptic plasticity and regulation of dendritic excitability. Hence, the ability to record different types of Ca2+ signals in dendritic branches is valuable for groups studying how dendrites integrate information. The advent of two-photon microscopy has made such studies significantly easier by solving the problems inherent to imaging in live tissue, such as light scattering and photodamage. Moreover, through combination of conventional electrophysiological techniques with two-photon Ca2+ imaging, it is possible to investigate local Ca2+ fluctuations in neuronal dendrites in parallel with recordings of synaptic activity in soma. Here, we describe how to use this method to study the dynamics of local Ca2+ transients (CaTs) in dendrites of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. The method can be also applied to studying dendritic Ca2+ signaling in different neuronal types in acute brain slices.

We present a method combining whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and two-photon imaging to record Ca2+ transients in neuronal dendrites in acute brain slices.

脑切片神经元树突的双光子钙成像

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging is a powerful tool to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ signals in neuronal dendrites. Ca2+ ...

Ablation of a Neuronal Population Using a Two-photon Laser and Its Assessment Using Calcium Imaging and Behavioral Recording in Zebrafish Larvae

To identify the role of a subpopulation of neurons in behavior, it is essential to test the consequences of blocking its activity in living animals. Laser ablation of neurons is an effective method for this purpose when neurons are selectively labeled with fluorescent probes. In the present study, protocols for laser ablating a subpopulation of neurons using a two-photon microscope and testing of its functional and behavioral consequences are described. In this study, prey capture behavior in zebrafish larvae is used as a study model. The pretecto-hypothalamic circuit is known to underlie this visually-driven prey catching behavior. Zebrafish pretectum were laser-ablated, and neuronal activity in the inferior lobe of the hypothalamus (ILH; the target of the pretectal projection) was examined. Prey capture behavior after pretectal ablation was also tested.

Here, we present a protocol to ablate a genetically labeled subpopulation of neurons by a two-photon laser from Zebrafish larvae.

用双光子激光消融神经种群及其对斑马鱼幼虫钙成像和行为记录的评价

To identify the role of a subpopulation of neurons in behavior, it is essential to test the consequences of blocking its activity in living animals. Laser ...

Microinjectrode System for Combined Drug Infusion and Electrophysiology

This microinjectrode system is designed for drug infusion, electrophysiology, and delivery and retrieval of experimental probes, such as microelectrodes and nanosensors, optimized for repeated use in awake, behaving animals. The microinjectrode system can be configured for multiple purposes: (1) simple arrangement of the cannula for placement of an experimental probe that would otherwise be too fragile to penetrate the dura mater, (2) microfluidic infusion of a drug, either independently or coupled to a cannula containing an experimental probe (i.e., microelectrode, nanosensor). In this protocol we explain the step by step construction of the microinjectrode, its coupling to microfluidic components, and the protocol for use of the system in vivo. The microfluidic components of this system allow for delivery of volumes on the nanoliter scale, with minimal penetration damage. Drug infusion can be performed independently or simultaneously with experimental probes such as microelectrodes or nanosensors in an awake, behaving animal. Applications of this system range from measuring the effects of a drug on cortical electrical activity and behavior, to understanding the function of a specific region of cortex in the context of behavioral performance based on probe or nanosensor measurements. To demonstrate some of the capabilities of this system, we present an example of muscimol infusion for reversible inactivation of the frontal eye field (FEF) in rhesus macaque during a working memory task.

We present a microinjectrode system designed for electrophysiology and assisted delivery of experimental probes (i.e., nanosensors, microelectrodes), with optional drug infusion. Widely available microfluidic components are coupled to a cannula containing the probe. A step-by-step protocol for microinjectrode construction is included, with results during muscimol infusion in macaque cortex.

联合药物输液和电生理学的显微注射系统

This microinjectrode system is designed for drug infusion, electrophysiology, and delivery and retrieval of experimental probes, such as microelectrodes ...

Culture of Brain Capillary Pericytes for Cytosolic Calcium Measurements and Calcium Imaging Studies

Pericytes are associated with endothelial cells and astrocytic endfeet in a structure known as the neurovascular unit (NVU). Brain capillary pericyte function is not fully known. Pericytes have been suggested to be involved in capillary development, regulation of endothelial barrier tightness and trancytosis activity, regulation of capillary tone and to play crucial roles in certain brain pathologies.
Pericytes are challenging to investigate in the intact brain due to the difficulties in visualizing processes in the brain parenchyma, as well as the close proximity to the other cells of the NVU. The present protocol describes a method for isolation and culture of primary bovine brain capillary pericytes and their following usage in calcium imaging studies, where effects of agonists involved in brain signaling and pathologies can be investigated. Cortical capillary fragments are allowed to attach to the bottom of culture flasks and, after 6 days, endothelial cells and pericytes have grown out from the capillary fragments. The endothelial cells are removed by gentle trypsinization and pericytes are cultured for 5 additional days before passaging.
Isolated pericytes are seeded in 96-well culture plates and loaded with the calcium indicator dye (Fura-2 acetoxymethyl (AM)) to allow for measurements of intracellular calcium levels in a plate reader setup. Alternatively, pericytes are seeded on coverslips and mounted in cell chambers. Following loading with the calcium indicator (Cal-520 AM), calcium live-imaging can be performed using confocal microscopy at an excitation wavelength of 488 nm and emission wavelength of 510-520 nm.
The method described here has been used to obtain the first intracellular calcium measurements from primary brain capillary pericytes, demonstrating that pericytes are stimulated via ATP and are able to contract in vitro.

Brain capillary pericytes are essential players in the regulation of blood-brain barrier properties and blood flow. This protocol describes how brain capillary pericytes can be isolated, cultured, characterized with respect to cell type and applied for investigations of intracellular calcium signaling with fluorescent probes.

脑毛细管中培养细胞细胞钙测量和钙成像研究

Pericytes are associated with endothelial cells and astrocytic endfeet in a structure known as the neurovascular unit (NVU). Brain capillary pericyte ...