Name: task interruption and resumption paradigm for testing the activation and pursuit of an abstract thinking goal
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这项研究由德克萨斯大学奥斯汀机构审查委员会大学（IRB 2011-02-0021）知情同意进行全面豁免批准。 1.开始，引进会议<ol><li>请参与者在网上开始会话。 注意:会话可以发生在实验室或参与者自己在实验室外的计算机（台式机或笔记本电脑）。这项研究需要有一个基于时间的自动程序功能（ 例如 ，Qualtrics）的数字调查平台。 </li><li>请参与者如果适用于读取整个调查过程（ 例如 ，预计期限，要求调查回吐装置，以及响应匿名）和在线同意书的基本描述。请参与者点击"继续"按钮在屏幕的时候准备着手的底部。 </li></ol> 2.铺垫中断，提供任务概述<ol><li>目前部分与屏幕上的"特记事项"消息icipants（ 图1）。使用通知，通知说，在会议期间的某个时刻，他们将短暂，但突然被打断了与会者"天然打字任务"，旨在衡量参与者的自然的打字速度。与会人员通报这一任务将涉及与没有意义（ 例如 ，tregran或MIP）输入49个无意义词汇。 <ol><li>下面的通知，提出一个问题，问参与者是否已经仔细阅读所有关于中断的信息。请参与者选择"是"，然后点击"继续"按钮进入下一个页面。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig1.jpg" /> 图1.关于未来中断告知参与者。参与者被告知，他们会突然被打断SOMET用在会议期间IME"天然打字任务。" <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li>在接下来的页面，呈现的三个任务，与会者将理应做（ 图2）的概述。提供简短说明和每项任务的预期持续时间。请参与者点击阅读概要信息，以进入下一个页面后的"继续"按钮。 注:这是至关重要的预期持续时间的信息是一致的，因为参与者将在稍后完成或者第二个任务或第三个任务之间进行选择。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig2.jpg" /> 图2.任务概述。与会者显示的所有任务的概览，他们将有可能要完成。预期持续时间提供并保持恒定，从而不影响参与者的选择后，当他们有第二和第三任务之间进行选择。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 3.建议认知目标的激活<ol><li>与会人员通报他们现在将启动"关系冲突的任务"，并让他们点击"继续"按钮继续。 注:第一个任务的目的是操纵的认知目标的存在与否。在通过Namkoong和亨德森11的工作中，"关系冲突任务"的目的是要操纵或高或低的因果不确定性，因为有人提出，这将激活或不激活一个目标，更抽象思维。下面的步骤用这种特殊procedu重新作为一个例子。 </li><li>请参与者回忆最近的关系冲突，他们与人，他们接近。使用开放式格式（ 即 "什么是关于冲突？"）。 <ol><li>下面以开放式的问题，请教一下这个事件的问题，比如谁的冲突与和多么激烈的冲突了。然后，要求学员点击"继续"按钮进入下一个页面。 注:之所以询问有关召回事件的问题是要确保参与者拿出一个具体冲突的关系（相对于一般的不满）。 </li></ol></li><li>通过询问与会者阐述一下近期的冲突关系，重点是高或低的因果关系的不确定性，分别为（ 图3）操作高或低的因果关系的不确定性。请参与者输入的文本框里面，完成后，点击"继续"按钮，进入到他们的反应下一页。 </li><li>问操纵检查问题（ 即 ，有经验的因果关系的不确定性）。 <ol><li>具体来说，要求学员使用七点尺度来表示他们多么同意或以下两个语句不同意:"我觉得有这个矛盾，我还是不完全了解很多事情"，"我觉得我有关于为何发生冲突"（反向编码）点击之前的‘继续’按钮，进入下一个页面有很好的理解。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig3.jpg" /> 图3.高与低不确定性因果条件的说明。在高因果不确定性条件下（上），参与者被要求写出他们不理解在它发生的原因方面冲突的事情。在低因果不确定性conditioN（底部），参与者被要求写下他们理解以及对冲突的事情。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 4.操纵期望满足认知目标<ol><li>通知与会者，他们现在就开始"图片印象任务"，并让他们点击"继续"按钮继续。 注意:为了测试显示参与者涉及任一抽象思维的的抽象思维目标，"图片展示任务"和描述激活（ 即 ，相似性聚焦;预期满足认知目标）或具体思维（ 即 ，difference-重点;预计基于以前的工作25,26和试点研究结果11不满足认知目标）。 </li><li> ðescribe参与者什么"图片印象任务"需要。在相似性聚焦（差聚焦）的条件下，通知参与者，他们将看到5双图片的和，对于每对，它们必须识别一个东西，它使类似（从不同）彼此的照片（ 图4） 。请参与者点击"继续"按钮进入下一个页面读取的描述后。 </li><li>如同第一对"图片展示任务"的照片的被加载，而不显示画面的（ 图5）的任何部件显示参与者不完整的图像，使屏幕显示。经过2 - 3秒，具备屏幕自动进入不同的页面，启动任务中断程序。 </li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig4.jpg" /> 图4."图片印象任务"在structions在Similarity- 对战差异对焦条件。在相似聚焦状态下的（上图），参与者被告知，他们将寻找图片之间的相似性;在差异聚焦状态（底部），参与者被告知，他们将寻找图片之间的差异。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig5.jpg" /> 图5.加载图像。与会者看到一个画面，显然是加载第一对图片。该图中属于相似对焦状态。需要注意的是，图片的任何部位出现之前，参与者被中断，并在网络显示其屏幕切换到"自然打字任务"屏幕是非常重要的<html>古尔6。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 5.任务中断<ol><li>指导参与者通过点击"开始"按钮，输入显示在屏幕上的49个无意义词汇，并单击"继续"按钮完成（ 图6），当完成了"自然打字任务"。 注:研究人员应记录中断的持续时间（ 即 ，多少时间参加中断页面键入屏幕上的字就如何花），以检查它是否改变的任何操作的结果。停电持续时间也应被视为主要的控制变量分析中，因为它可能会影响任务恢复率27。 </li></ol>/55650fig6.jpg" /&gt; 图6.任务中断。参与者被打断的"自然打字任务。"在这里，他们被要求输入49无意义词汇，因此研究人员可以测量其自然的打字速度。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 6.任务恢复作为一个因变量<ol><li>告知参与者，而不是完成所有任务，按照原计划，他们必须在第二个任务和第三个任务之间进行选择。具体而言，指示参与者恢复中断"图片展示任务"（这意味着放弃"幽默评估任务"）或在完成"幽默评估任务"（这意味着放弃"图片展示任务"）之间进行选择。 注:所观察到的因变量是任务恢复的速度。该premi<html>本身就是参与者将更有可能，如果被中断的任务被看作是一个机会，以满足积极的认知目标，更愉快的替代从事的成本以恢复被中断的任务。 <ol><li>在同一屏幕上，显示任务描述（ 图7）。提醒参与者，这两个任务将在2分钟，将包含五个试验（5对图片或五个幽默故事，根据不同的条件），以防止他们选择简单地似乎更容易或更快速地完成任务。 注:应进行试验性测试，以验证第三项任务是通过参与者预计会比在没有认知目标11第二个任务更加愉快。这也将有助于避免天花板效应，这是一个潜在的问题，因为任务的恢复动机普遍较高，即使没有特定的认知目标的激活，由蔡加尼克作为证明外部参照"&gt; 28。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig7.jpg" /> 图7.记录任务恢复。参与者被告知，他们现在只能做剩余的两个任务之一。他们可以恢复"图片印象任务"（而不是"幽默评价任务"），或跳转到"幽默评价任务"（和放弃"图片印象任务"）。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55650/55650fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 7.结束会议<ol><li>通过允许参与者来完成他们所选择的任务，并通过询问感兴趣的人口统计问题，总结了会议。汇报的参与者。 注:因变量的数据收集在前一阶段，所以实际的任务活性状况联系（参与者如何回答"图片印象任务"或"幽默评价工作"的问题）不再从实证的角度有关，只要任务显示现实的参与者。 </li></ol>

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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=There+are+many+ways+to+see+the+forest+for+the+trees:+A+tour+guide+for+abstraction.">There are many ways to see the forest for the trees: A tour guide for abstraction.</a> Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 8 (5), 501-520 (2013).</li><li>Altmann, E. M., Trafton, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+for+goals:+An+activation-based+model.">Memory for goals: An activation-based model.</a> Cogn. Sci. 26 (1), 39-83 (2002).</li><li>Zeigarnik, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Das+Behalten+erledigter+und+unerledigter+Handlungen.">Das Behalten erledigter und unerledigter Handlungen.</a> Psychologische Forschung. 9, 1-85 (1927).</li><li>Bargh, J. A., , ., , . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+four+horsemen+of+automaticity:+Intention,+awareness,+efficiency,+and+control+in+social+cognition.">The four horsemen of automaticity: Intention, awareness, efficiency, and control in social cognition.</a> Handbook of Social Cognition. 1, 1-40 (1994).</li><li>Webster, D. M., Kruglanski, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+and+social+consequences+of+the+need+for+cognitive+closure.">Cognitive and social consequences of the need for cognitive closure.</a> Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 8 (1), 133-173 (1997).</li><li>Kruglanski, A. W., Webster, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motivated+closing+of+the+mind:+'Seizing'+and+'freezing'.">Motivated closing of the mind: 'Seizing' and 'freezing'.</a> Psychol. Rev. 103 (2), 263-283 (1996).</li><li>Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., Jarvis, W. B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dispositional+differences+in+cognitive+motivation:+The+life+and+times+of+individuals+varying+in+need+for+cognition.">Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.</a> Psychol. Bull. 119 (2), 197-253 (1996).</li><li>Birdi, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No+idea?+Evaluating+the+effectiveness+of+creativity+training.">No idea? Evaluating the effectiveness of creativity training.</a> J. Eur. Ind. Train. 29 (2), 102-111 (2005).</li><li>. Qualtrics Survery Software Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://mccombs.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_dnDvKjR8hO5qP0V">https://mccombs.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_dnDvKjR8hO5qP0V</a> (2017)</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

在本文中详细介绍的方法，使研究人员能够测试的认知目标的激活和追求简单和经济的方式。因为自动目标追求的是更有效的29和打字中断（ 即 "自然打字任务"），可以防止目标从通过无意识的认知过程正在履行它特别适用于自动认知目标。那些参与者的意识之外激活认知目标也要求效应较不敏感。 在一些修改和实施该协议的关键因素涉及到任务选?...

追求目标可以采取多种形式，从教育程度到健康饮食来寻找快乐。在追求目标的许多研究调查的是适度的动机水平或因素目标的承诺1，2，3，4，5，而其他重点考查的积极目标6，7，8，9，10的后果。在目前的论文中描述和讨论的方法，专门开发设计测试的认知目标和相关后果的激活和追求。认知目标（或目标思维）被定义为心11的期望的状态。认知目标可包括特定的思想的结果，如涉及到motivated推理12或证实偏见13，也可能是对实现思想的特定模式，无论是更准确14或觉得更有创意15或更高的水平11。尽管各种认知目标的前因和后果的各种经验设置了检查，这些激励状态的激活经常被暗示而不是直接测试。例如，若干研究已经间接操纵用于通过操纵时间压力认知闭合的需要，但是基于以前的研究16，17，18，19上的动机状态的实际活化暗示。 这种方法的建立是基于追求目标6的原则之一，10，20:即不满意积极的目标造成持续性，所以个人有一个高的恢复，如果他们追求目标时被中断。相反，如果被中断的任务是无关的追求目标，恢复的个体之间的速度会相对较低。为了说明，一个人拍摄篮球要达到一定的成功率很可能被午休被中断后恢复活动，即使有其他可用的活动，可能是更有吸引力的（ 例如 ，玩视频游戏或拍摄小憩）。相反，如果个人仅仅是拍摄箍，因为它在当时是一个方便的活动，有机会较低，这个人会采取午休后继续，特别是在其他有吸引力的活动可供选择。 认知目标，激活时，也将导致更高的resumptio如果个人目标的追求过程中中断氮肥用量。然而，中断行为目标的追求和中断认知目标的追求之间的关键区别。中断的行为追求目标通常意味着中断是成功暂停追求的目标的过程，因为，例如，只是因为它是很难拍出篮球，并在同一时间吃午饭，很有挑战性，为人们在物理上从事两同时独立的任务。这是不是这样的，但是，中断的认知的追求目标的时候。人们可以继续拥有和开发的想法，即使在中断期间，这就是为什么人们常常发现自己琢磨持续未解决的问题，即使被迫一步之遥吃一顿饭或洗澡。事实上，最近的研究表明，人在搞，即使睡着了复杂的认知过程21，22，&lt;/ SUP&gt; 23。在目前的研究中引入的协议旨在解决认知目标追求的这种独特的特点:人们可以继续追求甚至可能在中断时间满足激活认知目标。具体地，该协议包括在中断阶段，以防止自动目标的追求分心参与者的活动。 此协议的要点涉及:（1）操纵的建议的认知目标的激活，（2）呈现参与者预料要么满足或不满足激活的认知目标的一个"无关"认知任务，（3）中断认知任务而造成分心，以及（4）观察参与者的选择，以恢复或放弃被中断的任务。该协议的基本前提是，如果该任务被视为一个opportu参与者会更容易恢复中断的任务无穷大，以满足激活认知目标;因此，在这种情况下更高的恢复速度提供了经验证据，提出的认知目标确实正在积极进行。 在实施该协议，参与者被告知，他们将完成3个理应不相关的任务。在现实中，参与者完成的第一个任务，但随后有仅做第二或第三个任务之间进行选择。此外，任务实际上是相关的，而且每个任务提供了实验的一个重要目的。第一项任务操纵认知目标激活。第二个任务（被打断）操纵该任务是否被预期为满足激活认知目标。第三项任务用作当参与者只完成第二个任务（恢复在一个更愉快的任务的成本被中断的任务），或者只有在完成第三个任务之间以后选择有吸引力的选择（放弃interru一个更愉快的任务PTED任务）。在第二个任务开始引入的中断涉及打字的无意义词汇。虽然参与者警告这个中断在整个会议开始时，他们还被告知，时间将是随机的。这是为了提高破裂性的感觉。 虽然这个协议可以适用于测试各种认知目标的激活，最近的一项研究为例，其测试是否因果关系的不确定性（ 即， 为什么事情发生的不确定性）激活一个目标去思考更抽象11，在这里使用在试图提供更多的细节和在协议上下文背景。被提出的理论，并表现出作为现有工作的延伸示出了抽象思维（考虑跨越事件中心，总体主题和相似性，而不是外围，较低级别的细节和betwee差异n个事件）减少因果的不确定性24。作为个人，反复体验抽象思维的利益，他们发展到激活目标经历因果不确定性时更抽象思维的倾向。这项调查是在网上提供34。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Computer</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>The survey requires a computer and cannot be implemented using a paper-and-pencil format.</td></tr><tr><td>Qualtrics Insight Platform</td><td>Qualtrics</td><td>N/A</td><td>Qualtrics is only one example. Both online and offline survey platforms are appropriate as long as a time-based automatic proceeding feature is available.</td></tr><tr><td>IBM SPSS Statistics</td><td>IBM Corporation</td><td>N/A</td><td>Other statistical software may be used.</td></tr></tbody></table>

task interruption and resumption paradigm for testing the activation and pursuit of an abstract thinking goal

该协议是基于任务的中断和恢复模式，它的前提是积极的目标，导致持续的行为，因此一段时间的延迟或中断后恢复较高速度。在这项研究中所描述的任务中断和恢复的协议是专为测试认知目标的活化（ 例如 ，一个目标去思考更抽象）。认知目标可能即使在中断期间追求的目标;因此，为了防止这种情况，协议涉及认知分心。该协议包括几个阶段。具体而言，初始阶段包括所述目标激活过程，其中，所述处理（相对于对照）的条件下接收的操作，以激活由研究人员正在测试的认知目标。在下一阶段，参与者都带有引入被认为要么满足或不满足的利益认知目标任务的。重要的是，这个任务被中断几秒钟之后结束。任务中断强制延迟时间，并引入认知分心，防止认知目标的自动追求和实现。中断时间后，学员给出恢复被中断的任务，放弃被中断的任务来完成替代工作，而不是之间做出选择。其中的参与者，其认知目标已经在前期被激活，任务恢复率应该更高，如果任务被视为一个机会，以满足（ 对不能满足）的目标。这一发现将提供经验证据表明，认知目标已被激活和追求。在以往的研究，该协议已经被用于测试因果不确定性是否激活一个抽象思维的目标。适配协议来测试的其它认知目标的活化进行了讨论。

上述方法是通过Namkoong和Henderson 11在它们的第一项研究，其中包括的两个数据集实现。合并这两个数据集的分析，因为结果的模式是在两个一致。与会者分别来自两个不同的公立大学297名大学生（女168例;年龄范围17〜48岁，平均（M）年龄=20.43年，标准差（SD）= 3.78Hz岁），他们完成了调查，以换取额外的课程信用。 <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal at JoVE.com

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

该协议的目的是测试的使用任务中断和恢复模式的认知目标（ 例如 ，抽象思维的目标）的激活和追求。该协议是适用于自动实行一次激活，如牵引过程期间中断时间防止目标的追求认知目标。

任务中断和抽象思维的目标测试的激活和恢复追求范式

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a ...

task-interruption-resumption-paradigm-for-testing-activation-pursuit

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.1K 次观看.  University of Nevada. 该协议的目的是测试的使用任务中断和恢复模式的认知目标（ 例如 ，抽象思维的目标）的激活和追求。该协议是适用于自动实行一次激活，如牵引过程期间中断时间防止目标的追求认知目标。 

视频: Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

不相干的刺激和动作控制：通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

科研

行为学

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务：注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

在注意定势转移任务:测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. The protocol identifies two types of distraction within a single task - contingent attentional capture and set-specific capture - that represent different types of limitations of cognitive processing. Participants search for letters in two or more &#34;target&#34; ink colors (e.g., green and orange) within a continuous RSVP stream of heterogeneously colored letters, while ignoring two peripheral RSVPs of letters. Upon detecting a target, participants are to identify the letter. On some trials, target-colored distractors appear in the periphery just prior to the presentation of a target, causing a drop in target identification performance. Contingent attentional capture is observed by examining performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., both orange). Set-specific capture is represented by performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is target-colored (e.g., orange), but not the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., green.) By varying the amount of time (i.e., the number of stimuli appearing) between the presentation of the distractor and the target, researchers can observe how participants recover from these distraction costs over time. As compared to static displays that are often used to measure contingent attentional capture, the dynamic display produces much larger effects, allowing the researcher to identify subtle effects of smaller manipulations. An unusual aspect of our design is that it employs a continuous display; &#34;filler&#34; stimuli connect one trial to the next seamlessly, and participants respond during this interval whenever they detect a target. The continuous display reduces chance performance to near-zero levels (rather than 50%) and provides researchers with a more sensitive measure of performance differences across trial types.

This method uses a dynamic visual display to index costs of distraction during visual search, including both &#34;contingent attentional capture&#34; and &#34;set-specific capture,&#34; which is a cost of distraction that occurs when the participants maintain multiple search goals simultaneously. This method has revealed basic mechanisms and limitations of visual attention.

使用快速串行可视化演示来测量集特定捕获, 这是在多任务时分心的结果。

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant corrective behavior. These measures include muscle responses, limb movements, ground reaction forces, and even direct neurophysiological measures such as electroencephalography. Using this approach, researchers and clinicians can infer some basic principles regarding how the nervous system controls balance to avoid a fall. One limitation with the way in which these assessments are currently used is that they heavily emphasize reflexive actions without any need to revise automatic postural reactions. Such an exclusive focus on these highly stereotypical reactions would fail to adequately address how we can modify these reactions should the need arise (e.g., avoiding an obstacle with a recovery step). This would appear to be a glaring omission when one considers the enormous complexity of the environments we face daily. Overall, the status quo when evaluating the neural control of balance fails to truly expose how higher brain resources contribute to preventing falls in complex settings. The present protocol offers a way to require suppression of automatic, but inappropriate corrective balance reactions, and force a selection among alternative action choices to successfully recover balance following postural perturbation.

Here we offer a protocol that allows the user to selectively change affordances and/or constraints on movements that are relevant for recovering balance after postural perturbation.

改进的精益和释放技术，强调反应抑制和反应平衡中的动作选择

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant ...

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in scholastic, social and familial contexts. One of the most common problems in the identification of this disorder relates to the apparent over diagnosis of the disorder due to the absence of global protocols for assessment. The research group of School Learning, Difficulties and Academic Performance (ADIR) from the University of Oviedo, has developed a complete protocol that suggests the existence of certain patterns of cortical activation and executive control for identifying ADHD more objectively. This protocol takes into consideration some of the hypothetical determinants of ADHD, including the relationship between activation of selected areas of the brain, and differences in performance on various aspects of executive functioning such as omissions, commissions or response times, using innovative tools of Continuous Performance Testing (based on Virtual Reality CPT and Traditional CPT) and brain activation measures (two different tools, based on Hemoencephalography- nirHEG; and Quantified Electroencephalography --Q-EEG, respectively). This model of assessment aims to provide an effective assessment of ADHD symptomatology in order to design an accurate intervention and make appropriate recommendations for parents and teachers.

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

This work presents a new protocol for the assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by providing a more objective diagnostic procedure for this developmental disorder based on the use of innovative tools. It also analyzes the relationship between activation measures and executive function measures.

使用脑激活 (近红外 HEG/Q 脑电图) 和执行措施 (CPTs) 的 ADHD 评估协议

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in ...

神经科学

A Visuospatial Planning Task Coupled with Eye-Tracker and Electroencephalogram Systems

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since planning is compromised in several neuropsychiatric disorders, the implementation of proper clinical and experimental tests to examine planning is critical. Due to the nature of the deployment of planning, in which several cognitive domains participate, the assessment of planning and the design of behavioral paradigms coupled with neuroimaging methods are current challenges in cognitive neuroscience. A planning task was evaluated in combination with an electroencephalogram (EEG) system and eye movement recordings in 27 healthy adult participants. Planning can be separated into two stages: a mental planning stage in which a sequence of steps is internally represented and an execution stage in which motor action is used to achieve a previously planned goal. Our protocol included a planning task and a control task. The planning task involved solving 36 maze trials, each representing a zoo map. The task had four periods: i) planning, where the subjects were instructed to plan a path to visit the locations of four animals according to a set of rules; ii) maintenance, where the subjects had to retain the planned path in their working memory; iii) execution, where the subjects used eye movements to trace the previously planned path as indicated by the eye-tracker system; and iv) response, where the subjects reported the order of the visited animals. The control task had a similar structure, but the cognitive planning component was removed by modifying the task goal. The spatial and temporal patterns of the EEG revealed that planning induces a gradual and lasting rise in frontal-midline theta activity (FM&#952;) over time. The source of this activity was identified within the prefrontal cortex by source analyses. Our results suggested that the experimental paradigm combining EEG and eye-tracker systems was optimal for evaluating cognitive planning.

The study of cognitive planning combining EEG and eye-tracking systems provides a multimodal approach to investigate the neural mechanisms that mediate cognitive control and goal-directed behavior in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of brain oscillations and eye movements in planning performance.

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since ...

Effects of Thinking Abstractly or Concretely on Self-control

Source: Diego Reinero &#38; Jay Van Bavel&#8212;New York University
Whether it's refraining from having a second serving of ice cream, studying instead of attending a fun party, or deciding to put money away in a savings account, sacrificing short-term outcomes in favor of long-term outcomes (i.e., delaying gratification) is a central tenant of self-control. When people apply self control, they engage numerous psychological processes to help them achieve their goal. These self-regulatory processes have been studied by psychologists for decades.
A decision to resist tempting short-term rewards can depend on an individual's mindset and focus. Psychologists have found evidence that how someone construes an event can influence how they make judgments and decisions, a theory called Construal Level Theory (CLT). In particular, CLT asserts that the same object or event can be represented at multiple levels of abstractness or psychological distance, most commonly either a high-(abstract/distant) or low-(concrete/near) level of construal.1 Thinking about a situation with high-level construal entails emphasizing the global, superordinate, central features of an object or event (i.e,, zooming out and looking at the big picture), whereas thinking about a situation with low-level construal entails focusing on its unique and specific features. For example, thinking about children playing catch with high-level construal, one might describe this activity as "children having fun", whereas with a low-level construal, one might focus instead on specific features such as the color of the ball or age of the children.
The following experiment tests whether approaching a decision or situation with high-level construal will lead to greater self-control than low-level construal. This experiment utilizes a common method of priming a participant's level of construal through asking a series of "why" (high-level manipulation) or "how" (low-level manipulation) questions.2

Effect of Construal High/Abstract vs Low/Concrete-Level on Decision and Self-Control

关于自我控制的思考抽象或具体的影响

Source: Diego Reinero &#38; Jay Van Bavel&#8212;New York University
Whether it's refraining from having a second serving of ice cream, studying instead of ...