这项工作主要由 ARPA-E，美国能源部明尼苏达州环境和天然资源信托基金，部分建议立法公民委员会对明尼苏达州资源和 MNDRIVE 的一项倡议明尼苏达大学。额外支持来自德雷福斯基金会。

1.飞行员厂启动 <ol><li>氮生产系统 <ol><li>转上空气干燥机、 空气压缩机、 氮发生器。验证至少 800 kPa 的空气压缩机储气罐。这不断发送氮到缓冲罐，直至不超过 0.004%(40 ppm) 氧氮。</li>
		<li>开启氮气气体增压器。气体增压器开始填充氮气供应坦克，在压力下高达 17 MPa。</li>
	</ol></li> <li>制氢系统 <ol><li>打开冷水机组、 水去离子装置和电解槽。电解槽将无法运行没有排气系统，因为那里是措施负压通风为了让电解槽启动流量传感器。率为 0.54 公斤/h，产生氢气和排气压力将约 1.5 MPa。</li>
		<li>氢开启气体增压器。冷水机组是业务和冷却液流动通过验证。氢供应坦克将填补达 17 MPa。</li>
	</ol></li> <li>氨防滑启动 <ol><li>使用在控制室的计算机执行以下操作: <ol><li>验证为大厦的紧急出口。</li>
			<li>确保建筑中的氧、 氢和氨的浓度分别是小于 20%，19 ppm 和 35 ppm。</li>
			<li>验证，氢气和氮气供应坦克收取到 17 MPa。</li>
			<li>确保绕过氨采样器和重量罐阀。</li>
			<li>通过设置防滑加压与氮防滑 &#39; s 氮入口调节器到 2.5 MPa。设置为 300 磅/平方英寸的氮压力调节器，然后打开氮旁路阀填补打滑与氮到 300 磅/平方英寸。然后关闭氮气阀，当达到这种压力。设置氢定期为 1,200 psi 和打开氢气阀允许滑到 1,200 psi 填充。然后关闭氢旁路阀。</li>
			<li>氢进水阀打开并设置防滑 &#39; s 氢入口调节器到 10 MPa。</li>
			<li>设置为 1 MPa 的 NH 3 压力调节器。</li>
			<li>使用 GUI 控制软件来关闭/打开多个旁路阀上打滑、 空压机和空气阀。</li>
			<li>使用 GUI 控制软件来打开几个 PID 控制器以确保打滑厌倦 N 2 1:3 比例: H 2.</li>
			<li>从控制室，和使用主 GUI 控制软件，开始打滑。压缩机启动分发的气体在打滑，并注入新鲜饲料。</li>
			<li>在 GUI 控制软件，设置的反应和冷凝温度。电抗器和冷凝器温度 440 ° C 和-25 ° C，分别定。 
			注意: 使用它时反应器到达设定点温度，达到稳态状态达 4 天。</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2。实验装置启动 <ol><li>反应器制备及减少 <ol><li>重量 3 g 的预还原催化剂。催化剂颗粒的粒径减少到小于 1 毫米，用研钵和杵。</li>
		<li>催化剂装入在油管，0.25 和两侧放置石英羊毛。</li>
		<li>使用 PID 控制器，并增加反应器温度对反应温度 (400 ° C) 与适当的坡道，同时通过与 500 标准立方厘米每分钟 (SCCM) 流量反应器流动氢。使用 （表 1 总结） 坡道。 
		注: 温度升高应非常顺利，以获得适当的催化剂活性。</li>
		<li>继续为 24 h.确保没有空气和杂质都要用到的催化剂的还原过程。始终保持在氮毯子下的反应堆。</li>
	</ol></li> <li>吸收剂制备 <ol><li>CaCl 2 吸水 80g 装入减振器列 (ID: 2.3 厘米，长度: 30 厘米)。根据不同的吸水尺寸，不同减振器包装支持将使用减振器，两边都为了固定填料的床。</li>
		<li>要删除任何湿度，增加至 350 ° C 的吸收塔温度而流动氮随流速的 200 SCCM 为 24 h.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>起始反应分离测试 <ol><li>将反应器和吸收塔温度增加到 400 ° C 及 180 ° C，分别. 
		注意: 使用适当的温度坡道来提高反应器的温度。使用变压器使温度控制更顺畅。保存在系统的空闲模式下的氮毯子。在开始之前任何测试、 系统装到 5 MPa 氮几次，然后释放压力。</li>
		<li>使用 GUI 来控制氢和氮的质量流量控制器。</li>
		<li>与氮气和氢气，与 1:3 的比例收取的目标压力装置。</li>
		<li>一旦达到目标压力，关闭进水阀，打开反应器出口阀，并打开，循环泵。由于放热反应和吸收，反应器和吸收塔温度可能需要更精细的控制，在过程的开始。</li>
		<li>继续测试 5 个小时，直到点当吸收塔开始突破。</li>
	</ol></li> <li>的氨解吸 <ol><li>打开入口和出口阀门。</li>
		<li>降低系统 &#39; s 到大气压力的压力和增加吸收器的温度而随流速的 100 SCCM 5 个小时来解吸氨吸收材料的流动氮。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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作者没有透露。

反应吸收实验装置的关键步骤:
确保氮气和氢气系统中没有杂质。吸水材料在每次循环后都会发生变化。在大多数情况下, 在高温和氨的存在下, 吸水材料的保险丝和形成一个大的固体混凝土。根据每个金属卤化物和氨络合物的热力学性质, 应采用适当的吸收和解吸温度。在每次测试之前, 应检查系统的压降 (吸收器、反应器、油管、阀门、管件、等), 以确保回流回路、减震...

氨是一种重要的工业化学品。它是通过哈伯-博世工艺生产的, 它被称为 20th世纪12中最重要的创新之一。氨合成是在一个非均相催化剂的存在下进行的, 在高温 (#62; 375 ° c) 和压力 (和 #62; 100 bar)3。如此高的温度和压力要求使氨合成非常能量-和 capital-intensive。大约1.5亿吨氨每年生产4, 占世界能源消耗的 1-3%, 5% 的天然气消耗量, 以及多达3% 的气候变化气体排放量5,6, 7。
氨有两个主要的潜在用途。首先, 氨是一种合成氮肥1。如果没有这种肥料, 目前人口的一半将无法获得足够的粮食。其次, 氨水可以作为一种能量载体, 或者作为一种碳中性液体燃料或间接氢载体8,9,10,11。典型地, 可再生资源 (例如风) 在稀少农村地区是可利用的, 在那里可以被夺取;这种类型的孤立风和太阳能被称为 "搁浅"。在这种情况下, 可再生能源的电能和热能被转换成能量密集的碳中性液氨。所生产的液氨可以运往城市中心, 在那里可以直接用于氨基燃料电池12和内燃机的13, 也可以分解成氢气, 然后用于氢燃料电池或氢气站因此, 我们可以把美国大草原的风移到美国拥挤的城市地区。
主要是由于化肥的使用, 合成氨生产是一个重要的行业。在室温下, 氨合成反应是放热的, 因此-至少, 在原则上自发的14, 但是, 在环境条件下实现反应非常困难, 因为强氮氮键15. 为了克服这一点, 弗里茨哈伯著名地使用高温来达到快速的动力学, 但这些高温意味着反向反应抑制生产。为了减少这种反向反应的抑制作用, 哈伯使用高压来改善转换。他执行了 large-scale 反应在枪管, 仍然装饰 BASF 植物在路德维希港。
当反应可能在更温和的条件下运行时, 必须同时使用高温和压力, 这使化学家们沮丧了一个世纪2。即使在这个过程被商业化之后, 卡尔. 博世和巴斯夫的一个庞大的队伍在整个周期表中搅动着寻找更好的催化剂。尽管博世没有取得什么成功, 但搜索仍在继续。甚至在去年, 一个新的研究计划, 旨在寻求一个新的催化剂启动16,17。详细的氨合成化学现在已经很好的理解14, 如果寻找新的催化剂是成功的, 它肯定是值得的努力。然而, 我们认为, 过去的失败减少了未来成功的机会。
本文介绍了 small-scale 氨合成工艺, 并对其进行了研究。
小规模的过程:
风力发电氨 我们正在改进哈伯-博世合成氨的工艺, 寻求一个更小, 更简单的过程, 可以在当地运行, 但产生微不足道的二氧化碳量。在一个位于莫里斯, 锰的试验工厂已经证明了当地氨制造的可行性, 并显示在图 118。莫里斯坐在水牛脊, 在明尼苏达州西南角的六十英里的连绵起伏的山丘的形成。山脊有异常稳定, 强风, 横跨草原滚动。因此, 它是风力发电的圣地。
用这种电, 我们已经从风中生产氨, 使用的是比现有的化石燃料商业操作小4万倍的植物。一些风力发电是用来使空气中的氮气通过变压吸附, 一种既定的方法, 空气分离使用, 例如, 对于肺气肿患者需要富氧空气。然而, 更多的电力是用来制造氢气的电解水。在图 2中示意的过程中, 这些气体与常规催化剂结合在一起。反应后, 气体通过冷却分离, 浓缩液氨。未气体, 以及 uncondensed 氨, 被回收。
试验工厂详情 在我们的试验工厂, 明尼苏达大学的可再生氢和氨试验厂, 电力是由一个合用的1.65 兆瓦风力涡轮机提供。该试验工厂使用约10% 的功率产生, 剩余的电力使用的明尼苏达大学, 莫里斯校区。
氢气生产系统使用一个电解槽, 增压压缩机, 和一个热冷水机组。该系统每小时生产0.54 公斤氢气, 储存在 2400 psi, 使用24千瓦时电能。利用反渗透和离子系统纯化 on-site 井的水。然后, 水以高达15升/小时的速度供应给电解槽. 氮气是用氮气发生器、pre-air 压缩机、空气干燥器和增压压缩机产生的。氮气储存在 2400 psi, 使用约6千瓦小时的电力。
合成氨的合成使用定制的刹车。它包括一个压缩机, 一个反应堆, 一个制冷冷却回路, 和一个20千瓦的电加热器。该橇使用约28千瓦小时的电力生产2.7 公斤的氨水, 然后储存在 150 psi。采用集成 PLC 和 HMI 系统控制合成氨生产过程。生产的氢气和氮气储存在现场18氮斯道拉恩索ge 坦克和54储氢罐。氨水也在3100加仑的容器内存放在现场。
风力发电是昂贵的 这一过程的电是由风制成的, 因此制造氨水的燃料是免费的, 不需要使用任何化石燃料。然而, 这一试点工厂的资本成本主要是以氢气生产和合成氨的投资为主导。迄今为止的操作表明, 制造 small-scale 氨的成本大约是传统的基于化石燃料的氨水的两倍。虽然我们继续优化我们的过程, 我们相信, small-scale 风产生的氨将不会在目前的天然气价格竞争力。每块质量氨的资本成本可以通过一个更大的常规过程来减少, 或者通过一个类似于本文接下来所描述的替代过程来降低。
吸收过程:
吸收增强生产 用于合成氨的催化剂在上个世纪19几乎保持不变。因此, 我们在这项研究中采取了不同的方法。我们应用了当前的催化剂和操作温度, 但一旦形成, 就会在适度的压力下吸收氨水。我们回收任何未的氢和氮。该过程类似于图 3中的示意图, 与常规过程相似, 但用填充床吸收器代替了凝汽器。
初始反应动力学不改变 该系统的低转换实验表明, 初始反应速率与本系统早期的许多研究是一致的3,14,15,20,21,22,23, 如图 4所示。左面板显示初始速率, 随温度的变化强烈。虽然这些速率也随压力而变化, 但变化较小, 如右面板所示。在我们的新的过程中, 我们使用相同的催化剂和类似的操作条件, 但寻求方法, 以改善氨生产使用在较低的压力吸收。因此, 我们希望降低氨合成的资本成本。
吸收增强转换 在我们的工作中, 我们用填料床代替了小型的冷凝器, 这是一个充满了吸收剂的小颗粒的圆柱形容器。我们强调了主要由氯化镁和氯化钙制成的吸附剂11,24。这种氨吸收剂有两种作用。首先, 它们将回收气体中的氨浓度降低到接近零。第二, 他们有效地减少了分离的时间到接近零。此策略具有生产性25、26、27。例如, 在图 5中, 我们显示了使氨的速率与系统中总压强的下降成正比, 比没有吸收要大得多。特别是, 红色圆圈显示的 90 bar 上的反应, 比与吸收剂的反应更不完整, 由蓝色三角形27显示。这是真的, 即使没有吸收剂的反应发生的压力几乎是吸收反应的两倍。在早期的实验中 (这里没有显示), 我们还表明, 该过程的最终转换是约20% 没有吸收剂, 但超过95% 的吸收剂。
反应速率随吸收温度的变化而降低。这在图 6中显示, 它再次报告合成氨为总压力vs时间27。改变反应温度60° c 对反应速率影响不大。这与图 4中的初始速率形成了对比, 它显示了几乎是一个数量级的反应速率的变化。图 4和图 6的结果是不同的, 因为反向反应的效果已经降低, 因此化学动力学不再是对总体速率负责的唯一步骤。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="632">
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Experimental Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7786-30-3</td>
			<td>St. Louis, MO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10043-52-4</td>
			<td>St. Louis, MO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ultra Pure Hydrogen</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Matheson</td>
			<td>SG PHYF30050</td>
			<td>New Brighton, MN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ultra Pure Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Matheson</td>
			<td>SG G1881112</td>
			<td>New Brighton, MN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Iron Based Catalyst</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Clariant/Sud Chemie</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Charlotte, NC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Variable Piston Pump</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">PumpWorks Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PW2070N</td>
			<td>Minneapolis, MN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Omega Ceramic Heater</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Omega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CRFC-36/115-A</td>
			<td>Stamford, CT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PID Controller</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Omega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CN96211TR</td>
			<td>Stamford, CT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Signal Conditioner</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Omega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DRG-SC-TC</td>
			<td>Stamford, CT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pressure Transducer</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">WIKA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50426877</td>
			<td>Lawrenceville, Georgia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Mass Flow Controller</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Brooks Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SLA5850</td>
			<td>Hatefield, PA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pilot Plant</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electrolyzer</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Proton OnSite</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H6 Series</td>
			<td>Wallingford, CT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gas Booster</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">PDC Machine</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3 2500&#160;</td>
			<td>Warminster, PA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Wind Turbine</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Vestas</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">V82</td>
			<td>Portland, OR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Chiller</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Thermal Care</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SQ Series</td>
			<td>Niles, IL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Water Purifier</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Elga Pure Lab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nitrogen Generator</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Innovative Gas System</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NS-10</td>
			<td>Huoston, TX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Air Compressor</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Hydrovane</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HV05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ammonia synthesis at low pressure

氨可通过使用氨选择性吸收剂在低气压下合成。这一过程可以用风能驱动, 在需要合成氨的地区, 可在当地获得合成肥料。这样的风能通常被称为 "搁浅", 因为它只能从可以直接使用的人口中心获得。
在所提出的低压过程中, 氮气是由空气中的变压吸附制得的, 而氢是由电解产生的水。当这些气体可能起反应在大约400° c 在被促进的常规催化剂的存在时, 转换由反向反应经常限制, 使这个反应仅可行在高压。这种限制可以通过吸收氨的钙或氯化镁来消除。这种碱性金属卤化物能有效去除氨, 从而抑制反应的平衡约束。在所建议的吸收增强氨合成过程中, 反应速率可以不受化学动力学和吸收率的控制, 而是由未气体的循环速率来调节。这一结果与传统的小型哈伯-博世工艺的氨水相比是有利的。

中的试装置上莫里斯，锰证明为当地氨制造18，风之可行性，如图 1所示。风力发电，用以使氮气和氢气通过的空气压力回转吸收法和电解水，分别。反应器使用常规催化剂组合的氮气和氢气的气体，使氨。氨是用凝汽器然后分离的。
这里介绍的方法包括进程回收任何未反应的氢和氮。?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure at JoVE.com

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

通过使用常规的催化剂和氨选择性吸附剂可以在低压力为原料合成氨气。

低压氨合成

Ammonia can be synthesized at low pressure by the use of an ammonia selective absorbent. The process can be driven with wind energy, available locally in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

26.3K 次观看.  University of Minnesota – Twin Cities. 通过使用常规的催化剂和氨选择性吸附剂可以在低压力为原料合成氨气。

视频: Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Gold Nanostar Synthesis with a Silver Seed Mediated Growth Method

The physical, chemical and optical properties of nano-scale colloids depend on their material composition, size and shape 1-5. There is a great interest in using nano-colloids for photo-thermal ablation, drug delivery and many other biomedical applications 6. Gold is particularly used because of its low toxicity 7-9. A property of metal nano-colloids is that they can have a strong surface plasmon resonance 10. The peak of the surface plasmon resonance mode depends on the structure and composition of the metal nano-colloids. Since the surface plasmon resonance mode is stimulated with light there is a need to have the peak absorbance in the near infrared where biological tissue transmissivity is maximal 11, 12.
We present a method to synthesize star shaped colloidal gold, also known as star shaped nanoparticles 13-15 or nanostars 16. This method is based on a solution containing silver seeds that are used as the nucleating agent for anisotropic growth of gold colloids 17-22. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the resulting gold colloid showed that 70 % of the nanostructures were nanostars. The other 30 % of the particles were amorphous clusters of decahedra and rhomboids. The absorbance peak of the nanostars was detected to be in the near infrared (840 nm). Thus, our method produces gold nanostars suitable for biomedical applications, particularly for photo-thermal ablation.

We synthesized star shaped gold nanostars using a silver seed mediated growth method. The diameter of the nanostars ranges from 200 to 300 nm and the number of tips vary from 7 to 10. The nanoparticles have a broad surface plasmon resonance mode centered in the near infrared.

黄金Nanostar合成银种子介导的生长方法

The physical, chemical and optical properties of nano-scale colloids depend on their material composition, size and shape 1-5. There is a great interest ...

科研

生物工程

Induction of Adhesion-dependent Signals Using Low-intensity Ultrasound

In multicellular organisms, cell behavior is dictated by interactions with the extracellular matrix. Consequences of matrix-engagement range from regulation of cell migration and proliferation, to secretion and even differentiation. The signals underlying each of these complex processes arise from the molecular interactions of extracellular matrix receptors on the surface of the cell. Integrins are the prototypic receptors and provide a mechanical link between extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton, as well as initiating some of the adhesion-dependent signaling cascades. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that additional transmembrane receptors function alongside the integrins to regulate both the integrin itself and signals downstream. The most elegant of these examples is the transmembrane proteoglycan, syndecan-4, which cooperates with &alpha;5&beta;1-integrin during adhesion to fibronectin. In vivo models demonstrate the importance of syndecan-4 signaling, as syndecan-4-knockout mice exhibit healing retardation due to inefficient fibroblast migration1,2. In wild-type animals, migration of fibroblasts toward a wound is triggered by the appearance of fibronectin that leaks from damaged capillaries and is deposited by macrophages in injured tissue. Therefore there is great interest in discovering strategies that enhance fibronectin-dependent signaling and could accelerate repair processes.
The integrin-mediated and syndecan-4-mediated components of fibronectin-dependent signaling can be separated by stimulating cells with recombinant fibronectin fragments. Although integrin engagement is essential for cell adhesion, certain fibronectin-dependent signals are regulated by syndecan-4. Syndecan-4 activates the Rac1 protrusive signal3, causes integrin redistribution1, triggers recruitment of cytoskeletal molecules, such as vinculin, to focal adhesions4, and thereby induces directional migration3. We have looked for alternative strategies for activating such signals and found that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can mimic the effects of syndecan-4 engagement5. In this protocol we describe the method by which 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz ultrasound, pulsed at 1 kHz (Fig. 1) can be applied to fibroblasts in culture (Fig. 2) to induce Rac1 activation and focal adhesion formation. Ultrasound stimulation is applied for a maximum of 20 minutes, as this combination of parameters has been found to be most efficacious for acceleration of clinical fracture repair6. The method uses recombinant fibronectin fragments to engage &alpha;5&beta;1-integrin, without engagement of syndecan-4, and requires inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide to block deposition of additional matrix by the fibroblasts., The positive effect of ultrasound on repair mechanisms is well documented7,8, and by understanding the molecular effect of ultrasound in culture we should be able to refine the therapeutic technique to improve clinical outcomes.

This protocol describes the stimulation of cultured fibroblasts with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, which drives focal adhesion formation and Rac1 activation by mimicking engagement of the transmembrane matrix receptor, syndecan-4. This approach allows investigation of a successful clinical technique at the cellular level, thereby providing opportunities for refinement of the therapy.

诱导粘附依赖使用低强度超声波信号

In multicellular organisms, cell behavior is dictated by interactions with the extracellular matrix. Consequences of matrix-engagement range from ...

High Throughput Microfluidic Rapid and Low Cost Prototyping Packaging Methods

In this work, 3 different packaging and assembly techniques are presented. They can be classified into two categories: one-time use and reusable packaging techniques.
The one-time use packaging technique employs UV-based and temperature curing epoxies to connect microtubes to access holes, wire-bonding for integrated circuit connections, and silver epoxy for electrical connections. This method is based on a robust assembly technique that can support relatively high pressure close to 1 psi and does not need any support to strengthen the microfluidic architecture.
Reusable packaging techniques consist of PDMS-based microtube interconnectors and anisotropic adhesive films for electrical connections. These devices are more sensitive and fragile. Consequently, Plexiglas support is added to the microfluidic structure to improve the electrical contact when anisotropic adhesive films are used, and also to strengthen the microfluidic architecture. In addition, a micromanipulator is needed to maintain tubes while using a thin PDMS layer to connect them to the access holes. Different PDMS layer thicknesses, ranging from 0.45-3 mm, are tested to compare the best adherence versus injection rates. Applied injection rates are varied from 50-300 &#956;l/hr for 0.45-3 mm PDMS layers, respectively. These techniques are mainly applicable for low-pressure applications. However, they can be extended for high-pressure ones through plasma-oxygen process to permanently seal the PDMS to glass substrates. The main advantage of this technique, besides the fact that it is reusable, consists of keeping the device observable when the microchannel length is very short (in the range of 3 mm or lower).

In this article we describe different techniques for microfluidic rapid prototyping platforms. The proposed techniques are based on ultraviolet (UV) sensitive and temperature curing epoxies, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based tubing, wire-bonding, and anisotropic adhesive films. The assembling procedures presented are developed for both one-time use devices as well as reusable microfluidic systems.

In this work, 3 different packaging and assembly techniques are presented. They can be classified into two categories: one-time use and reusable packaging ...

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein block-copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. A highly hydrophilic random coil is inserted into one of the block-copolymers for water retention. Mixing of the two protein block copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit with crosslinkers at either end that rapidly self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is very stable under both acidic and basic conditions, at temperatures up to 50 &#176;C, and in organic solvents. The hydrogel rapidly reforms after shear-induced rupture. Incorporation of a &#34;docking station peptide&#34; into the hydrogel building block enables convenient incorporation of &#34;docking protein&#34;-tagged target proteins. The hydrogel is compatible with tissue culture growth media, supports the diffusion of 20 kDa molecules, and enables the immobilization of bioactive globular proteins. The application of the intein-mediated protein hydrogel as an organic-solvent-compatible biocatalyst was demonstrated by encapsulating the horseradish peroxidase enzyme and corroborating its activity.

We present the synthesis of a split-intein-mediated protein hydrogel. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. Mixing of the two protein copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit that self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is highly pH- and temperature-stable, compatible with organic solvents, and easily incorporates functional globular proteins.

内含肽介导的人工蛋白水凝胶的合成

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of ...

Design and Construction of Artificial Extracellular Matrix (aECM) Proteins from Escherichia coli for Skin Tissue Engineering

Recombinant technology is a versatile platform to create novel artificial proteins with tunable properties. For the last decade, many artificial proteins that have incorporated functional domains derived from nature (or created de novo) have been reported. In particular, artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) proteins have been developed; these aECM proteins consist of biological domains taken from fibronectin, laminins and collagens and are combined with structural domains including elastin-like repeats, silk and collagen repeats. To date, aECM proteins have been widely investigated for applications in tissue engineering and wound repair. Recently, Tjin and coworkers developed integrin-specific aECM proteins designed for promoting human skin keratinocyte attachment and propagation. In their work, the aECM proteins incorporate cell binding domains taken from fibronectin, laminin-5 and collagen IV, as well as flanking elastin-like repeats. They demonstrated that the aECM proteins developed in their work were promising candidates for use as substrates in artificial skin. Here, we outline the design and construction of such aECM proteins as well as their purification process using the thermo-responsive characteristics of elastin.

Design and Construction of Artificial Extracellular Matrix aECM Proteins from Escherichia coli for Skin Tissue Engineering

Recombinant technologies have enabled material designers to create novel artificial proteins with customized functionalities for tissue engineering applications. For example, artificial extracellular matrix proteins can be designed to incorporate structural and biological domains derived from native ECMs. Here, we describe the construction and purification of aECM proteins containing elastin-like repeats.

设计和人工细胞外基质的构建（AECM）蛋白质<em&gt;大肠杆菌</em&gt;对皮肤组织工程

Recombinant technology is a versatile platform to create novel artificial proteins with tunable properties. For the last decade, many artificial proteins ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

基于角蛋白纳米纤维生物医学工程合成

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

Rod-based Fabrication of Customizable Soft Robotic Pneumatic Gripper Devices for Delicate Tissue Manipulation

Soft compliant gripping is essential in delicate surgical manipulation for minimizing the risk of tissue grip damage caused by high stress concentrations at the point of contact. It can be achieved by complementing traditional rigid grippers with soft robotic pneumatic gripper devices. This manuscript describes a rod-based approach that combined both 3D-printing and a modified soft lithography technique to fabricate the soft pneumatic gripper. In brief, the pneumatic featureless mold with chamber component is 3D-printed and the rods were used to create the pneumatic channels that connect to the chamber. This protocol eliminates the risk of channels occluding during the sealing process and the need for external air source or related control circuit. The soft gripper consists of a chamber filled with air, and one or more gripper arms with a pneumatic channel in each arm connected to the chamber. The pneumatic channel is positioned close to the outer wall to create different stiffness in the gripper arm. Upon compression of the chamber which generates pressure on the pneumatic channel, the gripper arm will bend inward to form a close grip posture because the outer wall area is more compliant. The soft gripper can be inserted into a 3D-printed handling tool with two different control modes for chamber compression: manual gripper mode with a movable piston, and robotic gripper mode with a linear actuator. The double-arm gripper with two actuatable arms was able to pick up objects of sizes up to 2 mm and yet generate lower compressive forces as compared to elastomer-coated and non-coated rigid grippers. The feasibility of having other designs, such as single-arm or hook gripper, was also demonstrated, which further highlighted the customizability of the soft gripper device, and it's potential to be used in delicate surgical manipulation to reduce the risk of tissue grip damage.

This protocol describes a rod-based approach, combining 3D-printing and soft lithography techniques for fabricating the soft gripper devices. This approach eliminates the need for an external air source by incorporating a chamber component and reduces the chance of occlusion during the sealing process, particularly for miniaturized pneumatic channels.

娇嫩的组织操纵定制的软机器人气动设备手爪基于杆制造

Soft compliant gripping is essential in delicate surgical manipulation for minimizing the risk of tissue grip damage caused by high stress concentrations ...

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and thus achieving stable water permeability through membranes over time. Here, we report a facile method to prepare hydrogels based on zwitterions for membrane applications. Freestanding films can be prepared from sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) with a crosslinker of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) via photopolymerization. The hydrogels can also be prepared by impregnation into hydrophobic porous supports to enhance the mechanical strength. These films can be characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to determine the degree of conversion of the (meth)acrylate groups, using goniometers for hydrophilicity and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for polymer chain dynamics. We also report protocols to determine the water permeability in dead-end filtration systems and the effect of foulants (bovine serum albumin, BSA) on membrane performance.

This paper reports practical methods to prepare hydrogels in freestanding films and impregnated membranes and to characterize their physical properties, including water transport properties.

水凝胶的合成与防污性能作为膜的净水

Hydrogels have been widely utilized to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of membranes for water purification, increasing the antifouling properties and ...

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM)

Accurately detecting and counting sparse bacterial samples has many applications in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical processing industries, in medical diagnostics, and for life detection by robotic missions to other planets and moons of the solar system. Currently, sparse bacterial samples are counted by culture plating or epifluorescence microscopy. Culture plates require long incubation times (days to weeks), and epifluorescence microscopy requires extensive staining and concentration of the sample. Here, we demonstrate how to use off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM) to enumerate bacteria in very dilute cultures (100-104 cells/mL). First, the construction of the custom DHM is discussed, along with detailed instructions on building a low-cost instrument. The principles of holography are discussed, and a statistical model is used to estimate how long videos should be to detect cells, based on the optical performance characteristics of the instrument and the concentration of the bacterial solution (Table 2). Video detection of cells at 105, 104, 103, and 100 cells/mL is demonstrated in real time using un-reconstructed holograms. Reconstruction of amplitude and phase images is demonstrated using an open-source software package.

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy DHM

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a volumetric technique that allows imaging samples 50-100X thicker than brightfield microscopy at comparable resolution, with focusing performed post-processing. Here DHM is used for identifying, counting, and tracking microorganisms at very low densities and compared with optical density measurements, plate count, and direct count.

用数字全息显微镜 (DHM) 定量化低浓度微生物

Accurately detecting and counting sparse bacterial samples has many applications in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical processing industries, in ...

Mouse Model of Pressure Ulcers After Spinal Cord Injury

Pressure ulcers (PUs) are common debilitating complications of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and tend to occur in soft tissues around bony prominences. There is, however, little known about the impact of SCI on skin wound healing in the context of animal models in controlled experimental settings. In this study, a simple, non-invasive, reproducible and clinically relevant mouse model of PUs in the context of complete SCI is presented. Adult male mice (Balb/c, 10 weeks old) were shaved and depilated. Post-depilation (24 h), mice were subjected to laminectomy followed by complete spinal cord transection (T9-T10 vertebrae). Immediately after, a skin fold on the back of the mice was lifted and sandwiched between two magnetic discs held in place for next 12 h, thus creating an ischemic area that developed into a PU over the following days. The wounded areas demonstrated tissue edema and epidermal disappearance by day 3 post-magnet application. PUs spontaneously developed and healed. Healing was, however, slower in the SCI mice compared to control non-SCI mice when the wound was created below the level of SCI. Conversely, no difference in healing was seen between SCI and control non-SCI mice when the wound was created above the level of SCI. This model is a potentially useful tool to study the dynamics of skin PU development and healing after SCI, as well as to test therapeutic approaches that may help heal such wounds.

Here, we describe a simple method to induce clinically relevant skin pressure ulcers (PUs) in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI). This model can be used in pre-clinical studies to screen for different therapeutics for healing PUs in SCI patients.

低压氨合成

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