作者要感谢切斯特菲尔德的艾略特·阿巴特奥提供猪眼。玻璃戒指是谢菲尔德大学化学系的玻璃鼓风机丹·杰克逊根据我们的设计制作的。作者要感谢医学研究理事会（MR/S004688/1）的资助。作者还要感谢沙纳利·迪克韦拉夫人在角膜制备方面的技术帮助。作者要感谢乔纳森·埃默里先生在图片格式化方面所起的帮助。

白化病实验室的兔子被牺牲在实验室里，根据内政部批准的协议进行其他计划中的实验工作。这些研究不需要眼睛进行实验性使用，因此它们用于此协议。
1. 绝育
<ol><li>关键步骤:在蒸馏水中浸泡 1 小时（v/v/v） Distel 溶液，用刷子清洁，用自来水冲洗，并在 185 °C 的烤箱中消毒，至少 2 小时，对所有钳子和剪刀进行消毒。</li>
	<li>通过在 121 °C 下自动拍击 15 分钟或根据制造商的指示准备试剂，对所有其他玻璃器皿和试剂进行消毒。在 II 类微生物安全柜中执行以下程序。</li>
</ol>2. 样本收集
<ol><li>猪眼的集合<ol>
<li>大型白色陆地赛母猪，一个十字架与汉普郡野猪被使用。动物们被电流惊呆了，眼睛在2小时后在屠宰场被细胞核化了。</li>
		<li>关键步骤:一旦电子核化，将眼睛转移到实验室在无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）溶液，以防止他们干涸，并在抵达后立即处理他们。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>兔子眼的集合<ol>
<li>将角膜消费税化，然后用无菌PBS送到实验室。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 角膜硬膜按钮的准备
<ol><li>使用无菌钳子握住眼球周围的组织，并将其转移到培养皿中。使用 15 号手术刀刀片和钳子取出培养皿上的眼球周围的结膜和肌肉组织。</li>
	<li>轻轻抬起眼球，同时用钳子握住视神经，转移到一个装满无菌PBS的0.5L罐子里。</li>
	<li>一旦所有的眼睛都清除了周围的组织，用无菌钳子将它们转移到另一个0.5升罐中，里面装满了PBS中3%（v/v）的多维酮碘，然后离开1分钟。</li>
	<li>将眼球转移到另一个带有无菌 PBS 的 0.5 L 罐子上。</li>
	<li>使用钳子将眼睛静止在培养皿上，并用没有 10A 的手术刀刀片在角膜附近切开。</li>
	<li>关键步骤:抓住切口的边缘，用剪刀切除角膜，在角膜周围留下大约3毫米的硬膜。确保剪刀的锐端不会刺穿虹膜或胆囊组织，并处于超胆囊空间。</li>
	<li>用钳子按住角膜硬化按钮，然后使用另一对尖端钳子轻轻地分离子宫组织。</li>
	<li>将角膜硬化按钮从剩余的球体中提起，并在 12 个井板中的 PBS 中短暂冲洗 1.5% （v/v） povidone 碘溶液。</li>
	<li>将角膜硬盘按钮放入另一个充满无菌 PBS 的 12 个井板中。</li>
	<li>处理完所有眼睛（建议一批最多40只眼睛），将每个角膜硬化按钮放在单个培养皿（直径34毫米）上部，倒入3mL的培养介质预热至37°C。 注:培养介质的组成如下:杜尔贝科的改良鹰的介质（DMEM）:哈姆的[1:1]辅以5微克∙mL-1胰岛素和10∙mL-1表皮生长因子（EGF），1 10% （v/v） 胎儿小腿血清 （FCS）， 100 U∙mL-1青霉素， 100 U∙mL- 1链霉素和 2.5 μg∙mL- 1安非他明 B.作为可选步骤，可补充50克∙L-1德克斯特兰，以防止在进一步的孵化步骤中切除角膜肿胀。</li>
	<li>在加湿组织培养孵化器中以37°C孵化。</li>
</ol>4. 角膜硬性按钮的维护
<ol><li>24小时后，使用无菌技术去除介质，代之以含有抗生素的3mL新鲜预热培养物。用抗生素将角膜硬性按钮放在介质中48小时，对角膜进行消毒。在加湿组织培养孵化器中以37°C孵化。</li>
	<li>关键步骤: 48 小时后， 取出介质， 用 2 ml 的 Pbs 冲洗角膜。然后在无抗生素介质中将角膜硬化按钮保存至少两天或理想情况下，在实验感染前三天，从组织中取出残留的抗生素。</li>
	<li>在加湿组织培养孵化器中以37°C孵化。在这三天内至少再更换一次媒体。如果无抗生素介质中出现任何浊度，请丢弃角膜。</li>
</ol>5. 准备接种
<ol><li>用泡沫塞将 10 毫升 LB 汤倒入 50 毫升圆锥形烧瓶中。</li>
	<li>将一群 P.阿鲁吉诺萨 菌株PAO1或菌株PA14从新鲜的醋板中转移，在37°C下孵育3-4小时，直到细菌处于中日志阶段。</li>
	<li>将细菌培养转移到 50 mL 管和离心机中，3，000 x g，5 分钟。取出超常剂并重新悬浮 PBS 中的细胞颗粒。</li>
	<li>重复步骤 5.3 两次来清洗细胞。重新悬挂PBS中的细胞颗粒，并将光学密度调整为600nm至0.6左右，使用无菌PBS作为空白。</li>
</ol>6. 感染角膜硬膜按钮
<ol><li>从培养皿中取出介质，用 1 mL 无菌 PBS 冲洗角膜两次。</li>
	<li>轻轻挤压钳子，同时夹住中间的角膜。使用 10A 手术刀在角膜硬化按钮的中心部分（通过上皮层到底层频闪）进行四次切割（两次垂直，两次水平）。</li>
	<li>将无菌玻璃模具放在一个6井板中，宽部分向上，并将角膜放在玻璃模具中间，上皮侧朝下。在玻璃模具底部的中心进行切割。</li>
	<li>关键步骤: 倒 1 毫升 1% （w/v） 低熔点琼脂溶解在 DMEM 中， 以完全填充玻璃模具角膜。</li>
	<li>让琼脂设置，然后倒置玻璃模具，使角膜上皮朝上。</li>
	<li>带 OD600nm = 0.6 的细菌培养物的移液器 15 μL（对于 P. aeruginosa 来说，这相当于大约 1 x 107 菌落形成单位 （CFU） 在 15 μL 中直接进入切割区域，然后将 85 μL 的 PBS 添加到顶部以保持角膜上皮湿润。稀释阿加上剩余的细菌培养和板，以计数菌落形成单位的培养。</li>
	<li>加入1毫升的DMEM没有抗生素到每个井的底部与玻璃模具。在 37 °C 的加湿孵化器中用受感染的角膜硬化按钮孵化 6 井板，5% CO2 可长达 24 小时。</li>
	<li>在每个实验旁边设置未受感染的对照角膜。要建立未受感染的控制，在步骤 6.6 中用无菌 PBS 替换 15 μL 的细菌培养。</li>
</ol>7. 角膜的同质化以收获细菌
<ol><li>从 6 井板底部丢弃 DMEM 介质，并添加 1 mL 的无菌 PBS 冲洗井底。</li>
	<li>通过管道轻轻取出 PBS，而无需触摸角膜硬性按钮的中心部分。使用无菌钳子取出玻璃环，并将其放置在 5% Distel 中。</li>
	<li>用 1 mL 的 PBS 轻轻冲洗角膜硬化按钮的顶部两次 [可选] 。</li>
	<li>用细尖钳按住角膜硬化按钮的边缘，并将其从下面的琼脂中分离。</li>
	<li>将角膜转移到一个50 mL管充满了冰冷1-2 mL的PBS。</li>
	<li>使用精细的尖端同质化剂来纯粹的受感染角膜的顶部。组织不必完全液化。同质化剂有助于将细菌从角膜上皮和切口区域分离。</li>
	<li>在PBS中将角膜漩涡几秒钟以混合内容。</li>
	<li>将 20μL 的同质物添加到 180μL 的 PBS 中，并在 96 井板中执行串行稀释。</li>
	<li>连续稀释悬架至10-4 和10-5 稀释和移液器10μL的稀释同质细菌到血糖板。孵化板8小时，并计算CFU的数量。在测试抗菌素的效果时，必须通过实验得出适当的稀释因子。</li>
</ol>

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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multidrug-Resistant+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+Keratitis+Risk+Factors,+Clinical+Characteristics,+and+Outcomes.">Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes.</a> Ophthalmology. 122 (10), 2110-2114 (2015).</li><li>Sharma, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keratitis.">Keratitis.</a> Bioscience Reports. 21 (4), 419-444 (2001).</li><li>Sharma, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm:+Potential+therapeutic+targets.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm: Potential therapeutic targets.</a> Biologicals. 42 (1), 1-7 (2014).</li><li>Ersoy, S. 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作者没有什么可透露的。

使用外体猪角膜开发这种角膜模型的主要驱动力是为开发新型抗菌素的研究人员提供具有代表性的体外模型，以更准确地确定前脑阶段的抗菌功效。这将为参与开发新的抗菌药物的研究人员提供在临床前阶段对药物设计和配方的更大控制，提高临床试验的成功率，通过有针对性的研究减少动物的使用，并加快将新的抗菌素转化为临床。
多项研究已调查了感染各种动物的外生?...

角膜感染是致盲的重要原因，在低收入和中等收入国家流行。这种疾病的病因因地区而异，但细菌占这些病例的绝大多数。伪多莫纳斯阿鲁吉诺萨是导致一种快速进步的疾病的重要病原体。在许多情况下，患者留下频闪疤痕，不规则的散光，需要移植或在最坏的情况下，失去一只眼睛1，2。
由 P.aeruginosa 引起的细菌性角膜炎是一种难以治疗的眼睛感染，特别是由于抗微生物药物耐药菌 株的日益出现。在过去十年中，很明显，测试和开发新的治疗角膜感染的方法，一般来说，特别是那些由 伪多莫纳斯 sp.引起的，对于对抗抗生素耐药性3的当前趋势至关重要。
为了测试角膜感染新疗法的疗效，传统的体外微生物方法是一种糟糕的替代方法，因为在实验室培养期间和在体内感染期间细菌生理学的差异，以及由于缺乏宿主接口4，5。然而，体内动物模型昂贵、耗时，只能提供少量的复制品，并引起人们对动物福利的担忧。
在本文中，我们展示了一个简单和可重复的角膜炎体外猪模型，可用于测试急性和慢性感染的各种治疗方法。我们已经使用 P.aeruginosa 进行这个实验，但模型也与其他细菌，以及生物体，如真菌和酵母，导致角膜炎运作良好。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Falcon tube</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellstar 12 well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>665180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>31425-100mg-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distel</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12899357</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM + glutamax</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>D0819</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual Oven Incubator</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>OVe1020</td>
			<td>Sterilising oven</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>E5036-200UG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F12 HAM</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N4888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal calf serum</td>
			<td>Labtech International</td>
			<td>CA-115/500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15307805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Handheld homogeniser 220</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15575809</td>
			<td>Homogeniser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heracell VIOS 160i</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>15373212</td>
			<td>Tissue culture incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heraeus Megafuge 16R</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>521-2242</td>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin, recombinant Human</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>91077C-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB agar</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2897</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multitron</td>
			<td>Infors</td>
			<td>Not appplicable</td>
			<td>Bacterial incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>P0781</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12664785</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish 35x10mm CytoOne</td>
			<td>Starlab</td>
			<td>CC7672-3340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone iodine</td>
			<td>Weldricks pharmacy</td>
			<td>2122828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safe 2020</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1284804</td>
			<td>Class II microbiology safety cabinet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade number 15</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>O305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Swann Morton</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11849002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishing a porcine ex vivo cornea model for studying drug treatments against bacterial keratitis

在开发新型抗菌药物时，动物试验的成功取决于从体外试验到体内动物感染的抗菌效果的准确推断。现有的体外测试通常高估了抗菌效能，因为主机组织作为扩散屏障的存在没有被考虑在内。为了克服这一瓶颈，我们开发了一种细菌性角膜炎的前活体猪角膜模型，使用 伪多莫纳斯阿鲁吉诺萨 作为原型生物体。本文描述了猪角膜的准备和建立感染的协议。定制玻璃模具可直接设置角膜用于感染研究。该模型模拟体内感染，因为细菌增殖取决于细菌损害角膜组织的能力。感染的建立被证实为通过可行的板数评估的殖民地形成单位数量的增加。结果表明，使用此处描述的方法，可以在前体角膜中以高度可重复的方式建立感染。该模型可以在未来扩展，以模拟角膜炎引起的微生物以外的 P.阿鲁吉诺萨。该模型的最终目标是研究抗菌化疗对细菌感染进展的影响，在更能代表体内感染的情况下。通过这样做，这里描述的模型将减少动物用于测试，提高临床试验的成功率，并最终使新型抗菌素快速翻译到诊所。

玻璃模具的设计是一个创新和原创的想法，其使用使我们能够建立模型在一致的方式与最小的/没有污染的问题。这些模具是由谢菲尔德大学的玻璃鼓风机根据设计（图1A）制备的。实验设置保持角膜的凸形，并将细菌保存在发生感染的上皮上部（图1B）上。
猪角膜通常在中等的几天后膨胀。这是正常的，我们发现角膜之间没有显著...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis at JoVE.com

Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis

本文描述了建立细菌性角膜炎前活体猪模型的分步协议。 伪多莫纳斯阿鲁吉诺萨 被用作原型生物体。这种创新模式模仿体内感染，因为细菌的增殖取决于细菌破坏角膜组织的能力。

建立猪外维沃角膜模型研究药物治疗细菌性角膜炎

When developing novel antimicrobials, the success of animal trials is dependent on accurate extrapolation of antimicrobial efficacy from in vitro tests to ...

establishing-porcine-ex-vivo-cornea-model-for-studying-drug

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

5.1K 次观看.  University of Sheffield. 本文描述了建立细菌性角膜炎前活体猪模型的分步协议。 伪多莫纳斯阿鲁吉诺萨 被用作原型生物体。这种创新模式模仿体内感染，因为细菌的增殖取决于细菌破坏角膜组织的能力。

视频: Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis

Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice, a Model for Studying Human HSK

Herpetic eye disease, termed herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), is a potentially blinding infection of the cornea that results in over 300,000 clinical visits each year for treatment. Between 1 and 2 percent of those patients with clinical disease will experience loss of vision of the infected cornea. The vast majority of these cases are the result of reactivation of a latent infection by herpes simplex type I virus and not due to acute disease. Interestingly, the acute infection is the model most often used to study this disease. However, it was felt that a recurrent model of HSK would be more reflective of what occurs during clinical disease. The recurrent animal models for HSK have employed both rabbits and mice. The advantage of rabbits is that they experience reactivation from latency absent any known stimulus. That said, it is difficult to explore the role that many immunological factors play in recurrent HSK because the rabbit model does not have the immunological and genetic resources that the mouse has. We chose to use the mouse model for recurrent HSK because it has the advantage of there being many resources available and also we know when reactivation will occur because reactivation is induced by exposure to UV-B light. Thus far, this model has allowed those laboratories using it to define several immunological factors that are important to this disease. It has also allowed us to test both therapeutic and vaccine efficacy.

Most studies of herpetic corneal disease use a primary infection model. However, primary infection with HSV-1 does not typically lead to human disease. Here we describe a recurrent model of herpetic corneal disease, which more closely mimics human disease.

复发性单纯疱疹性角膜基质性角膜炎小鼠模型研究人类HSK

Herpetic eye disease, termed herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), is a potentially blinding infection of the cornea that results in over 300,000 clinical ...

科研

免疫与感染

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of bacteria in gene and cell therapy for cancer. Bacteria present an attractive class of vector for cancer therapy, possessing a natural ability to grow preferentially within tumors following systemic administration. Bacteria engineered to express the lux gene cassette permit BLI detection of the bacteria and concurrently tumor sites. The location and levels of bacteria within tumors over time can be readily examined, visualized in two or three dimensions. The method is applicable to a wide range of bacterial species and tumor xenograft types. This article describes the protocol for analysis of bioluminescent bacteria within subcutaneous tumor bearing mice. Visualization of commensal bacteria in the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by BLI is also described. This powerful, and cheap, real-time imaging strategy represents an ideal method for the study of bacteria in vivo in the context of cancer research, in particular gene therapy, and infectious disease. This video outlines the procedure for studying lux-tagged E. coli in live mice, demonstrating the spatial and temporal readout achievable utilizing BLI with the IVIS system.

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

This article describes the administration of lux-tagged bacteria to mice and subsequent in vivo analysis using IVIS bioluminescence imaging.

生物发光细菌成像<em在体内</em

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of ...

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

To identify potential antivirals against BTV, we have developed, optimized and validated three assays presented here. The CPE-based assay was the first assay developed to evaluate whether a compound showed any antiviral efficacy and have been used to screen large compound library. Meanwhile, cytotoxicity of antivirals could also be evaluated using the CPE-based assay. The dose-response assay was designed to determine the range of efficacy for the selected antiviral, i.e. 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) or effective concentration (EC50), as well as its range of cytotoxicity (CC50). The ToA assay was employed for the initial MoA study to determine the underlying mechanism of the novel antivirals during BTV viral lifecycle or the possible effect on host cellular machinery. These assays are vital for the evaluation of antiviral efficacy in cell culture system, and have been used for our recent researches leading to the identification of a number of novel antivirals against BTV.

Three assays, including the cytopathic effect (CPE)-based assay, dose-response assay and Time-of-Addition (ToA) assay have been developed, optimized, validated and utilized to identify novel antivirals against Bluetongue virus (BTV), as well as to determine the possible Mechanism-of-Action (MoA) for newly identified antivirals.

为检验新型抗病毒药物的鉴定对蓝舌病病毒

To identify potential antivirals against BTV, we have  developed, optimized and validated three assays presented here. The CPE-based  assay was the first ...

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter lesions in inflammatory demyelinating disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). In these disorders, mainly CD8+ T-cells of putative specificity for myelin- and oligodendrocyte-related antigens are found, so that neuronal apoptosis in grey matter lesions may be a collateral effect of these cells. Different types of animal models are established to study the underlying mechanisms of the mentioned pathophysiological processes. However, although they mimic some aspects of MS, it is impossible to dissect the exact mechanism and time course of &#8216;&#8216;collateral&#8217;&#8217; neuronal cell death. To address this course, here we show a protocol to study the mechanisms and time response of neuronal damage following an oligodendrocyte-directed CD8+ T cell attack. To target only the myelin sheath and the oligodendrocytes, in vitro activated oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells are transferred into acutely isolated brain slices. After a defined incubation period, myelin and neuronal damage can be analysed in different regions of interest. Potential applications and limitations of this model will be discussed.

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

To address mechanisms of demyelination and neuronal apoptosis in cortical lesions of inflammatory demyelinating disorders, different animal models are used. We here describe an ex vivo approach by using oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells on brain slices, resulting in oligodendroglial and neuronal death. Potential applications and limitations of the model are discussed.

一个<em&gt;体外</em&gt;急性脑片的少突胶质细胞定向T细胞攻击模式

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter ...

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

Described in this report is a qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of seventeen human IFN subtypes in a 384-well plate format that incorporates highly specific locked nucleic acid (LNA) and molecular beacon (MB) probes, transcript standards, automated multichannel pipetting, and plate drying. Determining expression among the type I interferons (IFN), especially the twelve IFN-&#945; subtypes, is limited by their shared sequence identity; likewise, the sequences of the type III IFN, especially IFN-&#955;2 and -&#955;3, are highly similar. This assay provides a reliable, reproducible, and relatively inexpensive means to analyze the expression of the seventeen interferon subtype transcripts.

This protocol describes a high-throughput qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of type I and III IFN expression signatures. The assay discriminates single base pair differences between the highly similar transcripts of these genes. Through batch assembly and robotic pipetting, the assays are consistent and reproducible.

高通量实时定量RT-PCR检测方法的确定I型和III型干扰素亚型的表达谱

Described in this report is a qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of seventeen human IFN subtypes in a 384-well plate format that incorporates highly specific ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the shear stress of flowing blood.
To identify the bacterial and host factors that contribute to vascular adhesion of microorganisms, appropriate models that study these interactions under physiological shear conditions are needed. Here, we describe an in vitro flow chamber model that allows to investigate bacterial adhesion to different components of the extracellular matrix or to endothelial cells, and an intravital microscopy model that was developed to directly visualize the initial adhesion of bacteria to the splanchnic circulation in vivo. These methods can be used to identify the bacterial and host factors required for the adhesion of bacteria under flow. We illustrate the relevance of shear stress and the role of von Willebrand factor for the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus using both the in vitro and in vivo model.

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

To study the interaction of bacteria with the blood vessels under shear stress, a flow chamber and an in vivo mesenteric intravital microscopy model are described that allow to dissect the bacterial and host factors contributing to vascular adhesion.

在体外和体内模型来研究细菌粘附于血管壁下流动条件

In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the ...

Methodologies for Studying B. subtilis Biofilms as a Model for Characterizing Small Molecule Biofilm Inhibitors

This work assesses different methodologies to study the impact of small molecule biofilm inhibitors, such as D-amino acids, on the development and resilience of Bacillus subtilis biofilms. First, methods are presented that select for small molecule inhibitors with biofilm-specific targets in order to separate the effect of the small molecule inhibitors on planktonic growth from their effect on biofilm formation. Next, we focus on how inoculation conditions affect the sensitivity of multicellular, floating B. subtilis cultures to small molecule inhibitors. The results suggest that discrepancies in the reported effects of such inhibitors such as D-amino acids are due to inconsistent pre-culture conditions. Furthermore, a recently developed protocol is described for evaluating the contribution of small molecule treatments towards biofilm resistance to antibacterial substances. Lastly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques are presented to analyze the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix in a B. subtilis biofilm. SEM facilitates insight into the three-dimensional biofilm architecture and the matrix texture. A combination of the methods described here can greatly assist the study of biofilm development in the presence and absence of biofilm inhibitors, and shed light on the mechanism of action of these inhibitors.

Methodologies for Studying B. subtilis Biofilms as a Model for Characterizing Small Molecule Biofilm Inhibitors

This study presents the development of reproducible methodologies to study biofilm inhibitors and their effects on Bacillus subtilis multicellularity.

方法学研究<em&gt;乙。枯草</em&gt;生物膜作为模型的表征小分子抑制剂生物膜

This work assesses different methodologies to study the impact of small molecule biofilm inhibitors, such as D-amino acids, on the development and ...

Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay to Assess Immunological Responses Against Bacterial Pathogens

A key aspect of the immune response to bacterial colonization of the host is phagocytosis. An opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) is an experimental procedure in which phagocytic cells are co-cultured with bacterial units. The immune cells will phagocytose and kill the bacterial cultures in a complement-dependent manner. The efficiency of the immune-mediated cell killing is dependent on a number of factors and can be used to determine how different bacterial cultures compare with regard to resistance to cell death. In this way, the efficacy of potential immune-based therapeutics can be assessed against specific bacterial strains and/or serotypes. In this protocol, we describe a simplified OPKA that utilizes basic culture conditions and cell counting to determine bacterial cell viability after co-culture with treatment conditions and HL-60 immune cells. This method has been successfully utilized with a number of different pneumococcal serotypes, capsular and acapsular strains, and other bacterial species. The advantages of this OPKA protocol are its simplicity, versatility (as this assay is not limited to antibody treatments as opsonins), and minimization of time and reagents to assess basic experimental groups.

This opsonophagocytic killing assay is used to compare the ability of phagocytic immune cells to respond to and kill bacteria based on different treatments and/or conditions. Classically, this assay serves as the gold&#160;standard for assessing effector functions of antibodies raised against a bacterium as opsonin.

评估细菌病原体免疫反应的声吞噬杀灭试验

A key aspect of the immune response to bacterial colonization of the host is phagocytosis. An opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) is an experimental ...

Assessment of Lymphocyte Migration in an Ex Vivo Transmigration System

Herein, we present an efficient method that can be executed with basic laboratory skills and materials to assess lymphocyte chemokinetic movement in an ex vivo transmigration system. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and CD4+ T helper cells were isolated from spleens and lungs of chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged BALB/c mice. We confirmed the expression of CCR4 on both CD4+ T cells and ILC2, comparatively. CCL17 and CCL22 are the known ligands for CCR4; therefore, using this ex vivo transmigration method we examined CCL17- and CCL22-induced movement of CCR4+ lymphocytes. To establish chemokine gradients, CCL17 and CCL22 were placed in the bottom chamber of the transmigration system. Isolated lymphocytes were then added to top chambers and over a 48 h period the lymphocytes actively migrated through 3 &#181;m pores towards the chemokine in the bottom chamber. This is an effective system for determining the chemokinetics of lymphocytes, but, understandably, does not mimic the complexities found in the in vivo organ microenvironments. This is one limitation of the method that can be overcome by the addition of in situ imaging of the organ and lymphocytes under study. In contrast, the advantage of this method is that is can be performed by an entry-level technician at a much more cost-effective rate than live imaging. As therapeutic compounds become available to enhance migration, as in the case of tumor infiltrating cytotoxic immune cells, or to inhibit migration, perhaps in the case of autoimmune diseases where immunopathology is of concern, this method can be used as a screening tool. In general, the method is effective if the chemokine of interest is consistently generating chemokinetics at a statistically higher level than the media control. In such cases, the degree of inhibition/enhancement by a given compound can be determined as well.

In this protocol, lymphocytes are placed in the top chamber of a transmigration system, separated from the bottom chamber by a porous membrane. Chemokine is added to the bottom chamber, which induces active migration along a chemokine gradient. After 48 h, lymphocytes are counted in both chambers to quantitate transmigration.

外迁移系统中淋巴细胞迁移的评估

Herein, we present an efficient method that can be executed with basic laboratory skills and materials to assess lymphocyte chemokinetic movement in an ex ...

Multi-scale Analysis of Bacterial Growth Under Stress Treatments

Analysis of the bacterial ability to grow and survive under stress conditions is essential for a wide range of microbiology studies. It is relevant to characterize the response of bacterial cells to stress-inducing treatments such as exposure to antibiotics or other antimicrobial compounds, irradiation, non-physiological pH, temperature, or salt concentration. Different stress treatments might disturb different cellular processes, including cell division, DNA replication, protein synthesis, membrane integrity, or cell cycle regulation. These effects are usually associated with specific phenotypes at the cellular scale. Therefore, understanding the extent and causality of stress-induced growth or viability deficiencies requires a careful analysis of several parameters, both at the single-cell and at the population levels. The experimental strategy presented here combines traditional optical density monitoring and plating assays with single-cell analysis techniques such as flow cytometry and real time microscopy imaging in live cells. This multiscale framework allows a time-resolved description of the impact of stress conditions on the fate of a bacterial population.

This protocol allows a time-resolved description of bacterial growth under stress conditions at the single-cell and the cell population levels.

压力处理下细菌生长的多尺度分析

Analysis of the bacterial ability to grow and survive under stress conditions is essential for a wide range of microbiology studies. It is relevant to ...