This protocol follows the guidelines of institutional human research ethics committee.
1. Pre-insertion preparation
NOTE: The IABP is preferably inserted in the cardiac catheterization lab under fluoroscopic guidance. Bedside placement can be considered in very critical clinical situations.
<ol>
	<li>Begin by preparing the catheterization laboratory for the procedure. Prepare sterile drapes and chlorhexidine or povidone iodine, IABP control unit, IABP catheter, ultr...

<ol>
	<li>Hochman, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+revascularization+in+acute+myocardial+infarction+complicated+by+cardiogenic+shock.+SHOCK+Investigators.+Should+We+Emergently+Revascularize+Occluded+Coronaries+for+Cardiogenic+Shock.">Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (9), 625-634 (1999).</li><li>Thiele, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraaortic+Balloon+Support+for+Myocardial+Infarction+with+Cardiogenic+Shock.">Intraaortic Balloon Support for Myocardial Infarction with Cardiogenic Shock.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (14), 1287-1296 (2012).</li><li>Berg, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+Shock+in+Contemporary+Cardiac+Intensive+Care+Units.">Epidemiology of Shock in Contemporary Cardiac Intensive Care Units.</a> Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 12 (3), 005618 (2019).</li><li>Jeger, R. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ten-year+trends+in+the+incidence+and+treatment+of+cardiogenic+shock.">Ten-year trends in the incidence and treatment of cardiogenic shock.</a> Annals of Internal Medicine. 149 (9), 618-626 (2008).</li><li>Harken, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+surgical+treatment+of+acquired+valvular+disease.">The surgical treatment of acquired valvular disease.</a> Circulation. 18 (1), 1-6 (1958).</li><li>Moulopoulos, S. D., Topaz, S. R., Kolff, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracorporeal+assistance+to+the+circulation+and+intraaortic+balloon+pumping.">Extracorporeal assistance to the circulation and intraaortic balloon pumping.</a> Transactions of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs. 8, 85-89 (1962).</li><li>Kantrowitz, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initial+clinical+experience+with+intraaortic+balloon+pumping+in+cardiogenic+shock.">Initial clinical experience with intraaortic balloon pumping in cardiogenic shock.</a> JAMA. 203 (2), 113-118 (1968).</li><li>Krishna, M., Zacharowski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+intra-aortic+balloon+pump+counterpulsation.">Principles of intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation.</a> Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care &amp; Pain. 9 (1), 24-28 (2009).</li><li>Mueller, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+intra-aortic+counterpulsation+on+cardiac+performance+and+metabolism+in+shock+associated+with+acute+myocardial+infarction.">The effects of intra-aortic counterpulsation on cardiac performance and metabolism in shock associated with acute myocardial infarction.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 50 (9), 1885-1900 (1971).</li><li>Kern, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+coronary+blood+flow+velocity+during+intraaortic+balloon+counterpulsation+in+critically+ill+patients.">Enhanced coronary blood flow velocity during intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in critically ill patients.</a> Journal of American College of Cardiology. 21 (2), 359-368 (1993).</li><li>Patterson, T., Perera, D., Redwood, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-aortic+balloon+pump+for+high-risk+percutaneous+coronary+intervention.">Intra-aortic balloon pump for high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention.</a> Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. 7 (5), 712-720 (2014).</li><li>Parissis, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IABP:+history-evolution-pathophysiology-indications:+what+we+need+to+know.">IABP: history-evolution-pathophysiology-indications: what we need to know.</a> Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 11 (1), 122 (2016).</li><li>O'Gara, P. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ACCF/AHA+guideline+for+the+management+of+ST-elevation+myocardial+infarction:+executive+summary:+a+report+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology+Foundation/American+Heart+Association+Task+Force+on+Practice+Guidelines.">ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.</a> Circulation. 127 (4), 529-555 (2013).</li><li>Ibanez, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2017+ESC+Guidelines+for+the+management+of+acute+myocardial+infarction+in+patients+presenting+with+ST-segment+elevation:+The+Task+Force+for+the+management+of+acute+myocardial+infarction+in+patients+presenting+with+ST-segment+elevation+of+the+European+Society+of+Cardiology+(ESC).">2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).</a> European Heart Journal. 39 (2), 119-177 (2018).</li><li>Santa-Cruz, R. A., Cohen, M. G., Ohman, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aortic+counterpulsation:+a+review+of+the+hemodynamic+effects+and+indications+for+use.">Aortic counterpulsation: a review of the hemodynamic effects and indications for use.</a> Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 67 (1), 68-77 (2006).</li><li>Hendrickx, H. H., Berkowitz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+between+intra-aortic+balloon+pumps+and+their+use.">Differences between intra-aortic balloon pumps and their use.</a> Critical Care Medicine. 10 (11), 796-797 (1982).</li><li>Parissis, H., Soo, A., Leotsinidis, M., Dougenis, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+statistical+model+that+predicts+the+length+from+the+left+subclavian+artery+to+the+celiac+axis;+towards+accurate+intra+aortic+balloon+sizing.">A statistical model that predicts the length from the left subclavian artery to the celiac axis; towards accurate intra aortic balloon sizing.</a> Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 6, 95 (2011).</li><li>Seldinger, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catheter+Replacement+of+the+Needle+in+Percutaneous+Arteriography:+A+New+Technique.">Catheter Replacement of the Needle in Percutaneous Arteriography: A New Technique.</a> Circulation. 39 (5), 368-376 (1953).</li><li>Pucher, P. H., Cummings, I. G., Shipolini, A. R., McCormack, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+heparin+needed+for+patients+with+an+intra-aortic+balloon+pump.">Is heparin needed for patients with an intra-aortic balloon pump.</a> Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 15 (1), 136-139 (2012).</li><li>Collet, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2020+ESC+Guidelines+for+the+management+of+acute+coronary+syndromes+in+patients+presenting+without+persistent+ST-segment+elevation:+The+Task+Force+for+the+management+of+acute+coronary+syndromes+in+patients+presenting+without+persistent+ST-segment+elevation+of+the+European+Society+of+Cardiology+(ESC).">2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).</a> European Heart Journal. , (2020).</li><li>Thiele, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraaortic+Balloon+Pump+in+Cardiogenic+Shock+Complicating+Acute+Myocardial+Infarction.">Intraaortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction.</a> Circulation. 139 (3), 395-403 (2019).</li><li>Unverzagt, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-aortic+balloon+pump+counterpulsation+(IABP)+for+myocardial+infarction+complicated+by+cardiogenic+shock.">Intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation (IABP) for myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock.</a> Cochrane Database Systematic Review. (3), 007398 (2015).</li><li>Deppe, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preoperative+intra-aortic+balloon+pump+use+in+high-risk+patients+prior+to+coronary+artery+bypass+graft+surgery+decreases+the+risk+for+morbidity+and+mortality-A+meta-analysis+of+9,212+patients.">Preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump use in high-risk patients prior to coronary artery bypass graft surgery decreases the risk for morbidity and mortality-A meta-analysis of 9,212 patients.</a> Journal of Cardiac Surgery. 32 (3), 177-185 (2017).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+an+intra-aortic+balloon+pump+with+venoarterial+extracorporeal+membrane+oxygenation+on+mortality+of+patients+with+cardiogenic+shock:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Effect of an intra-aortic balloon pump with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on mortality of patients with cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 55 (3), 395-404 (2019).</li><li>Wernly, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+circulatory+support+with+Impella+versus+intra-aortic+balloon+pump+or+medical+treatment+in+cardiogenic+shock-a+critical+appraisal+of+current+data.">Mechanical circulatory support with Impella versus intra-aortic balloon pump or medical treatment in cardiogenic shock-a critical appraisal of current data.</a> Clinical Research Cardiology. 108 (11), 1249-1257 (2019).</li><li>Seto, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+ultrasound+guidance+facilitates+femoral+arterial+access+and+reduces+vascular+complications:+FAUST+(Femoral+Arterial+Access+With+Ultrasound+Trial).">Real-time ultrasound guidance facilitates femoral arterial access and reduces vascular complications: FAUST (Femoral Arterial Access With Ultrasound Trial).</a> JACC Cardiovascular Interventions. 3 (7), 751-758 (2010).</li><li>Erdogan, H. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+which+patients+should+sheathless+IABP+be+used?+An+analysis+of+vascular+complications+in+1211+cases.">In which patients should sheathless IABP be used? An analysis of vascular complications in 1211 cases.</a> Journal of Cardiac Surgery. 21 (4), 342-346 (2006).</li><li>Huckaby, L. V., Seese, L. M., Mathier, M. A., Hickey, G. W., Kilic, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-Aortic+Balloon+Pump+Bridging+to+Heart+Transplantation:+Impact+of+the+2018+Allocation+Change.">Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Bridging to Heart Transplantation: Impact of the 2018 Allocation Change.</a> Circulation : Heart Failure. 13 (8), 006971 (2020).</li><li>Estep, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+placement+of+an+intra-aortic+balloon+pump+in+the+left+axillary/subclavian+position+provides+safe,+ambulatory+long-term+support+as+bridge+to+heart+transplantation.">Percutaneous placement of an intra-aortic balloon pump in the left axillary/subclavian position provides safe, ambulatory long-term support as bridge to heart transplantation.</a> JACC Heart Failure. 1 (5), 382-388 (2013).</li><li>Jeevanandam, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Hemodynamic+Effects+of+Intravascular+Ventricular+Assist+System+(iVAS)+in+Advanced+Heart+Failure+Patients+Awaiting+Heart+Transplant.">The Hemodynamic Effects of Intravascular Ventricular Assist System (iVAS) in Advanced Heart Failure Patients Awaiting Heart Transplant.</a> The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 36 (4), 194 (2017).</li><li>Siriwardena, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complications+of+intra-aortic+balloon+pump+use:+does+the+final+position+of+the+IABP+tip+matter.">Complications of intra-aortic balloon pump use: does the final position of the IABP tip matter.</a> Anesthesia Intensive Care. 43 (1), 66-73 (2015).</li><li>Maccioli, G. A., Lucas, W. J., Norfleet, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+intra-aortic+balloon+pump:+a+review.">The intra-aortic balloon pump: a review.</a> Journal of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia. 2 (3), 365-373 (1988).</li><li>The intra-aortic balloon pump: a review. Citoday Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://citoday.com/device-guide/european/intra-aortic-balloon-pumps-1">https://citoday.com/device-guide/european/intra-aortic-balloon-pumps-1</a> (2020)</li></ol>

Mechanical circulatory support is a rapidly evolving field. Even with the arrival of newer support devices, IABP remains the most widely used and simplest to deploy mechanical circulatory support device available currently25. In this article we describe in detail, the procedure for percutaneous insertion of IABP, the indications, evidence, troubleshooting and complications. Despite conflicting evidence regarding the use of IABP in AMI-related cardiogenic shock, it remains the most widely used form...

Cardiogenic shock is a clinical condition characterized by decreased end organ perfusion due to severe cardiac dysfunction. The most widely accepted definition of cardiogenic shock is based on the Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock trial (SHOCK)1 and Intra-aortic Balloon Support for Myocardial Infarction with Cardiogenic Shock (IABP-SHOCK-II) trial2 and includes the following parameters:
1. Systolic blood pressure &#60;90 mm Hg for &#8805;30 min or vasopressor and/or mechanical support to maintain SBP &#8805;90 mm Hg
2. Evidence of end-organ hypoperfusion (urine output &#60;30 mL/h or cool extremities)
3. Hemodynamic criteria: cardiac index &#8804;2.2 L/min/m2 and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure &#8805;15 mm Hg
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock accounting for approximately 30% of cases3. Despite advances in the treatment of patients with AMI with early invasive revascularization, the mortality of cardiogenic shock remains high4. The mechanism of diastolic augmentation showing improvement in coronary perfusion and decreased left ventricular work was first demonstrated in 19585. Subsequently, in 1962 the first experimental prototype of IABP was developed6. Six years later, Kantrowitz et al.7 presented the first clinical experience of IABP use in four patients with AMI and cardiogenic shock unresponsive to medical therapy.
The IABP&#39;s mechanism of action involves inflation of the balloon during diastole and deflation during systole. This results in two important hemodynamic consequences: When the balloon inflates in diastole, the blood in the aorta is displaced proximally towards the aortic root thereby increasing coronary blood flow. When the balloon deflates in systole, it causes a vacuum or suction effect decreasing afterload and augmenting cardiac output8. The hemodynamic changes caused by IABP are listed below9 (Table 1):
1.Increase in aortic diastolic pressure
2.Decrease in systolic blood pressure
3.Increase in mean arterial pressure
4.Decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
5.Increase in cardiac output by ~20%
6.Increase in coronary blood flow10
The major indications of IABP are cardiogenic shock (due to AMI and other causes like ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis), mechanical complications of AMI like ventricular septal defect or severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical support during high risk percutaneous coronary interventions11, as a bridge to coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with critical CAD, inability to wean off cardiopulmonary bypass and as a bridge to decision or advanced therapies like left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) or cardiac transplantation in end stage heart failure12,13,14,15. Contraindications to use of IABP include moderate or severe aortic regurgitation which can worsen with counterpulsation, severe peripheral vascular disease which would preclude optimal arterial access and placement of the device and aortic pathologies like dissection12,15.
The IABP device consists of a console to control the unit and a vascular catheter with the balloon.
The console includes the following four components:
a) Monitor unit which helps to process and determine a trigger signal for the balloon. The signal can be either electrocardiographic (ECG) triggering or pressure signal triggering;
b) Control unit: Processes the trigger signal and activates the gas valve to help with inflation or deflation;
c) A gas cylinder that contains helium. Carbon dioxide is an alternative but is less preferred than helium. Helium has a lower density and provides better balloon inflation characteristics with more rapid inflation and deflation16;
d) A valve unit which helps with gas delivery.
The IABP (balloon) catheter is a 7-8.5 F vascular catheter with distance markings. The catheter has a polyethylene balloon mounted at the tip. The balloon size can vary from 20-50 mL. The ideal balloon has a length to cover from the left subclavian artery to the celiac artery take off, the inflated diameter measuring 90 to 95% of that of the descending aorta. The most commonly used balloon size in adult patients (height 5&#39;4&#8243;/162 cm to 6&#39;/182 cm) is 40 mL. A 50 mL balloon is used for patients &#62;6&#39;/182 cm and 34 cm balloon for 5&#39;/152 cm to 5&#39;4&#8243;/162 cm tall patients12,17 (Table 2).

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>IABP catheter and console</td>
			<td>Getinge</td>
			<td>Sensation Plus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropuncture Introducer Set</td>
			<td>Cook Medical</td>
			<td>G48006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile drapes</td>
			<td>Haylard</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the intra-aortic balloon pump

Cardiogenic shock remains one of the most challenging clinical syndromes in modern medicine. Mechanical support is being increasingly used in the management of cardiogenic shock. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is one of the earliest and most widely used types of mechanical circulatory support. The device acts by external counterpulsation and uses systolic unloading and diastolic augmentation of aortic pressure to improve hemodynamics. Although IABP provides less hemodynamic support when compared with newer mechanical circulatory support devices, it can still be the mechanical support device of choice in appropriate situations because of its relative simplicity of insertion and removal, need for smaller size vascular access and better safety profile. In this review, we discuss the equipment, procedural and technical aspects, hemodynamic effects, indications, evidence, current status and recent advances in the use of IABP in cardiogenic shock.

Despite being used for many decades now, the evidence on IABP use has been controversial. Routine use of IABP in patients with AMI and cardiogenic shock is not recommended. The previous guidelines of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) strongly recommended the use of the IABP in patients with AMI-associated cardiogenic shock (Class I B and Class I C) on the basis of pathophysiological considerations, non-randomized trials and registry data. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump at JoVE.com

The Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump

We describe the steps for the percutaneous implantation of the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), a mechanical circulatory support device. It acts by counterpulsation, inflating at the onset of diastole, augmenting diastolic aortic pressure and improving coronary blood flow and systemic perfusion, and deflating before systole, reducing left ventricular afterload.

Cardiogenic shock remains one of the most challenging clinical syndromes in modern medicine. Mechanical support is being increasingly used in the ...

The intra-aortic balloon pump is a support device that works on the principle of counterpulsation. It inflates during diastole thereby augmenting diastolic aortic pressure, improving coronary blood flow, and systemic perfusion. And deflates during systole, thereby reducing LV afterload.Demonstrating the insertion of balloon pump today, will be myself and Dr.Ganesh Gajanan, Interventional Cardiology Fellow at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Before performing the procedure, have the patient lay flat in the supine position and prepare and drape the patient in the usual sterile fashion with a plan to access the femoral artery. Next, use a 50 milliliter syringe to apply vacuum to the one-way valve at the catheter hub of the IABP catheter.When the balloon has been completely deflated remove the stylet in the catheter and manually flush the inner lumen with three to five milliliters of saline. For IABP insertion use the Seldinger technique to obtain femoral arterial access. Using ultrasound guided vascular access improves the first pass success and minimizes vascular complications.Insert a micropuncture needle at a 45 degree angle. When blood return is observed insert the introducer wire. Briefly insert the micropuncture sheath before exchanging for a larger IABP sheath.Using short strokes, advance the IABP catheter through the sheath until the tip of the balloon is situated distal to the left subclavian artery takeoff. Using the carina of the trachea as a landmark and ensuring that the proximal end of the catheter is above the renal arteries. Then secure the catheter in place.When the catheter has been secured remove the guide wire. Flush the inner lumen with three to five milliliters of saline, and attach a piece of standard arterial pressure monitoring tubing to the catheter hub. Remove the one way valve from the catheter and use the provided extension catheter to attach the catheter hub to the console.Turn the IABP on and open the gas tank. Connect the ECG cable and the fiber optic or pressure cable to the console. Press the start key on the console to automatically purge, fill, and calibrate the balloon.Select an appropriate ECG lead and trigger and set the inflation and deflation timing. Select an appropriate operation mode according to the clinical scenario and select a trigger source. The IABP uses a trigger to identify the beginning of the next cardiac cycle, and deflates the balloon when it recognizes a trigger event.Set a one to two frequency and observe the pressure changes on the IABP console to confirm that the assisted systolic pressure is lower than the unassisted one, that there is a decrease in the assisted and diastolic pressure, and that the diastolic augmentation is above the systolic pressure. If an optimal IABP support has been obtained set an appropriate IABP frequency and confirm that the IABP timing is appropriate. Then set the catheter to deliver a continuous flush of saline at a rate of three milliliters per hour through the inner lumen.Start the patient on systemic anticoagulation with unfractioned heparin or bivalirudin to reduce the risk of arterial thromboembolism, provided that there are no clinical contraindications to anticoagulation. After checking the distal pulses of the patient check the insertion site for signs of bleeding or hematoma and monitor the urine output. Recheck the balloon position to confirm that the balloon lies above the level of the renal arteries.If there is blood in the IABP tubing, balloon rupture is suspected. Then obtain a chest x-ray to verify optimal positioning of the device and change the sterile dressing to reduce the chances of infection daily. Stop systemic anti-coagulation prior to removing the IABP and set the IABP to one to one.After checking baseline distal perfusion using doppler and the activated clotting time, remove the sutures and press stop on the IABP console. Pull the IABP until resistance is met against the sheath. Hold the sheath in the IABP as a unit and apply manual pressure over the femoral artery for 20 to 30 minutes or until the bleeding stops.Reassess the distal pulses with doppler. In this table, the hemodynamic changes caused by IABP can be observed. As illustrated optimal IABP support can be confirmed by the presence of an assisted systolic pressure that is lower than the unassisted pressure, a decrease in the assisted and diastolic pressure, and a diastolic augmentation that is above the systolic pressure.There are a few important things to remember when inserting a balloon pump. Make sure that the balloon pump is inserted into the sheath as quickly as possible. The balloon tends to expand very rapidly once it's out of the plastic protector wrapping.The balloon pump can be inserted either by back loading with the wire or by wiring into the vasculature first and then advancing the balloon over the wire. Finally, make sure that the tip of the balloon is situated just to the left subclavian artery take off and the the proximal end is above the renal arteries.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.5K 次观看.  University of Nebraska Medical Center. 主动脉内球囊泵是一种支持装置，其工作原理是反搏动。它在舒张期充气，从而增加舒张主动脉压，改善冠状动脉血流量和全身灌注。并在收缩期间放气，从而减少左心室后负荷。今天演示球囊泵的插入，将是我和内布拉斯加大学医学中心介入心脏病学研究员Ganesh Gajanan博士。在进行手术之前，让患者平躺在仰卧位，并以通常的无菌方式准备和悬垂患者，并计划进入股?...