Name: indocyanine green-guided intraoperative imaging to facilitate video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement for treating acute necrotizing pancreatitis
Uploaded: 2022-09-08T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Indocyanine Green-Guided Intraoperative Imaging to Facilitate Video-Assisted Retroperitoneal Debridement for Treating Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis at JoVE.c

The authors thank Prof. Yu Guo and Prof. Yunpeng Hua (Department of Liver Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University) for providing advice and careful review. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81201919), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2017A030313495).

Study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and the study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. Written informed consents were obtained from patients.
1. Inclusion-exclusion criteria
<ol>
	<li>Include adult acute pancreatitis patients with evidence of infected necrosis that required an indication for invasive intervention. 
	NOTE: Acute pancreatitis is defined when at least two of th...

<ol>
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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraoperative+angiography+with+indocyanine+green+to+assess+anastomosis+perfusion+in+patients+undergoing+laparoscopic+colorectal+resection:+results+of+a+multicenter+randomized+controlled+trial.">Intraoperative angiography with indocyanine green to assess anastomosis perfusion in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal resection: results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 34 (1), 53-60 (2020).</li><li>Newton, A. 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The present study reveals that ICG-guided real-time intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging may provide benefit to perfusion assessment and visualization of adjacent normal tissues during debridement in VARD.
In the minimally invasive era, the step-up approach consisting of PCD or endoscopic transmural drainage followed by endoscopic necrosectomy or surgical debridement, such as VARD, has been regarded as standard treatment of severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis patients<sup class=...

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common digestive diseases and brings enormous medical and economic burden to patients. About 20% of AP patients develop severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) that gets complicated with infected necrosis or persistent organ dysfunction1. SAP is usually associated with higher morbidity rate and mortality rate (up to 30%)1. In SAP patients with infected necrosis having persistent organ dysfunction or failure to recover after percutaneous drainage (PCD), or suffering from gastrointestinal or biliary obstruction, operative debridement should be considered1,2.
In the minimally invasive era, there are multiple approaches to operative debridement beside open surgery, including endoscopic transluminal necrosectomy, laparoscopic or open transgastric debridement, and video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD), which is the part of the step-up approach1,2. VARD is the preferred approach for patients with left-sided distribution of infected necrosis extended to paracolic gutter or deep to the retroperitoneum2. As there are rarely any visually clear separating surface in white light image under laparoscopy between necrotic debris and adjacent inflammatory normal tissues due to extensive retroperitoneal adhesions, VARD is inevitably accompanied by the risk of vascular injury, external pancreatico-cutaneous, or enterocutaneous fistulae3,4,5.
Real-time intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) has been applied to facilitate perfusion assessment of bowel6,7 and visualization of biliary and vascular anatomy8,9. In view of the above disadvantages of VARD, we apply real-time near-infrared fluorescence imaging with ICG during VARD that enables the visualization of the well-perfused adjacent normal tissues and vascular structure. This modified technique (ICG-guided VARD) can provide a clear separating surface during operative debridement and reduced risk of vascular or enteric injury. ICG-guided VARD may facilitate surgeons to perform safer debridement in treating severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>The 4K Ultra HD Fluorescence Endoscopic Navigation System</td>
			<td>Guangdong OptoMedic Technologies Inc</td>
			<td>OPTO-CAM214K</td>
			<td>fluorescence laparoscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>indocyanine green</td>
			<td>DanDong YiChuang Pharmaceutical CO., LTD</td>
			<td>H20055881</td>
			<td>indocyanine green injection for fluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

indocyanine green-guided intraoperative imaging to facilitate video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement for treating acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD) is a feasible, minimally invasive necrosectomy method for treating severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis, if it does not resolve or is accompanied with infected necrosis in the retroperitoneum. As there are rarely any visually clear separating surface in white light image between necrotic debris and adjacent inflammatory normal tissues due to extensive retroperitoneal adhesions, VARD is accompanied with the risk of vascular injury, external pancreatico-cutaneous or enterocutaneous fistulae. In view of the above disadvantages, we apply real-time intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) during VARD, which enables visualization of the well-perfused adjacent normal tissues. This modified technique (ICG-guided VARD) can provide a clear separating surface during debridement and reduce the risk of vascular or enteric injury. ICG-guided VARD may facilitate surgeons to perform safer debridement in treating severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

ICG-guided VARD had been successfully performed in three severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis patients from June 2021. Characteristics of these patients at baseline and after VARD are included in Table 1. The first patient who received ICG-guided VARD was a male, 41-year-old patient who was admitted on 20th June 2021. He suffered from moderately acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Abdominal contrast enhanced CT scan revealed (as shown in Figure 1 and Table 1) t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Indocyanine Green-Guided Intraoperative Imaging to Facilitate Video-Assisted Retroperitoneal Debridement for Treating Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis at JoVE.c

Indocyanine Green-Guided Intraoperative Imaging to Facilitate Video-Assisted Retroperitoneal Debridement for Treating Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis

This protocol presents Indocyanine Green-guided video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (ICG-guided VARD) for treating severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

Video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD) is a feasible, minimally invasive necrosectomy method for treating severe acute necrotizing ...

This protocol presents indocyanine green-guided video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement for treating severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis. The ICG-guided VARD is an easy and feasible approach to visualize the well perfused adjacent normal tissues and vascular structure of mesenteric vessels. Begin by inserting a 12 millimeter laparoscopic trocar along the dilated tract to the retroperitoneal necrotic collections.Apply carbon dioxide pneumoretroperitoneum if a wider debridement space is needed by insufflating carbon dioxide through the 12 millimeter trocar. Then place a near infrared fluorescence laparoscopic via the observing trocar and make an additional 10 millimeter incision subcostal in the left or right flank at the mid-axillary line as described in the text manuscript. Insert the 10 millimeter operative trocar and switch the display mode of the laparoscopic to multi-display mode Before separating necrotic debris from adjacent normal tissue.Inject the first bolus of indocyanine green or ICG intravenously in a peripheral vein, then flush with 10 milliliters of saline. After 10 to 20 seconds, visualize peak perfusion of adjacent normal tissues or vessels in the fluorescence field. A more distinct separating surface will be distinguishable from the debris.Remove the poorly perfused and loosely adherent necrotic debris using laparoscopic graspers. Avoid tearing the underlying bowel or vessel. Inject another bolus of ICG intravenously if ICG fluorescence decay.After removing the bulk of necrotic debris, irrigate the cavity of the retroperitoneum with saline and aspirate with a laparoscopic aspirator until the lavage fluid becomes clear. Place at least one pair of drainage tubes in the deepest region of the cavity after debridement before proceeding with the fascia and skin suturing. The 41-year-old male patient suffered from moderately acute necrotizing pancreatitis and received the ICG-guided VARD.Abdominal contrast enhanced CT scan revealed that the necrotic collections consist of the lesser arc peripancreatic space and extended to the bilateral retroperitoneum. Infected necrosis in the right retroperitoneum was persistent after initial percutaneous drainage and the first VARD was performed about four weeks after the onset of pancreatitis. The ICG perfusion of adjacent normal tissues or vessels was visualized in the fluorescence field and a clearer separating surface was distinguished from the debris.Infected necrosis was resolved and drainage tubes were removed seven days after ICG-guided VARD. ICG-guided VARD warrants further randomized clinical trials to confirm its practicability and safely treating acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

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