Diese Arbeit wurde von der NIDDK KO1 DK075386 gewähren und die American Cancer Society RSG-09-075 bis 01-MBC bis Jun Sun unterstützt.

Dieses Protokoll umfasst drei Teile: Bakterienkultur, Maus Magensonde und Nachweis von Salmonellen. 1. Salmonella Wachstum Zustand. <ol><li> Bereiten Sie die Salmonella Luria-Bertani Broth (LB)-Platte, bei 37 ° C über Nacht inkubieren. </li><li> Wählen Sie einen Klon aus der LB-Platte und in 7 ml LB in einer 12 ml-Tube, und schütteln bei 37 ° C für ca. 5 Stunden. </li><li> Inoculate 50 ml LB mit 0,05 ml einer stationären Phase der Kultur und bei 37 ° C ohne Schütteln für etwa 18 Stunden. </li><li> Spin Nacht Bakterienkultur bei Raumtemperatur mit 6000 rpm für 10 Minuten auszusetzen, die Bakterien in HBSS mit Verhältnis 100:3 (LB: HBSS). Zum Beispiel: Jede 50 ml LB-Kultur wird in 1,5 ml HBSS suspendiert werden. </li><li> Für das Tier Magensonde weiter verdünnen, der Bakterienkultur bei 1:10-Verhältnis. Zum Beispiel: Jede 1,5 ml LB-Kultur wird in 15 ml HBSS suspendiert werden. </li></ol> 2. Salmonellen-Infektion Modell *. <ol><li> Bereiten Sie den Streptomycin-Lösung. Jede Maus wird 7,5 mg Streptomycin in 100 ul HBSS gegeben werden. Zum Beispiel, bereiten insgesamt 90 mg Streptomycin in 1,2 ml HBSS für 10 Mäuse. Immer etwas mehr Volumen bei der Vorbereitung des Streptomycin-Lösung. </li><li> Ziehen Sie Wasser und Essen 4 Stunden vor orale Gabe Behandlung. </li><li> Gavage Mäuse mit Streptomycin mit 7,5 mg Streptomycin (100 ul HBSS für Kontroll-Mäuse). Besorgen Sie sich die Haut über der Maus Schulter fest mit dem Daumen und Mittelfinger, strecken den Kopf und Hals mit dem Zeigefinger an der Speiseröhre gerade machen. Richten Sie die Kugel-Spitze der Fütterung Nadel auf dem Dach des Mundes und auf der rechten Seite der Rückseite des Rachens, dann vorsichtig Pass hinunter in die Speiseröhre und injizieren Sie die 100 ul Lösung. Kein Widerstand sollte zu spüren sein. </li><li> Bei 20 Stunden nach der Streptomycin-Behandlung, zurückgezogen Wasser und Nahrung wieder, bevor die Mäuse mit Bakterien infiziert sind. </li><li> Gavage jeder Maus mit 100 ul Suspension in HBSS behandelt oder mit sterilem HBSS (Kontrolle) durch orale Gabe. Die Magensonde Verfahren ist das gleiche wie 2,3) Magensonde Mäuse mit Streptomycin. </li></ol> * Tierversuche wurden unter Verwendung spezifischer-Pathogen-freien weibliche C57BL / 6 Mäuse (Taconic, Hudson, NY), die 6-7 Wochen alt waren wie zuvor 1 beschrieben durchgeführt. Das Protokoll wurde von der University of Rochester University Committee on Animal Resources (UCAR) zugelassen. 3. Nachweis von Salmonellen in Darm. <ol><li> Sammeln Sie mit der Maus Kot (ca. 100 mg). </li><li> Transfer Stuhlprobe in ein 1,5 Mikro-Zentrifugenröhrchen mit 1 ml PBS und kräftig vortexen. </li><li> Zentrifuge für 10 min bei 800 Umdrehungen pro Minute. Übertragen Sie den Überstand in ein sauberes Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. </li><li> Zentrifugation bei 6000 rpm für 5min. Überstand wird verworfen und 200 ul PBS ist es, die Pellets zugegeben und gevortext. </li><li> Streak die 200 ul PBS mit einem Einweg-Zell-Streuer auf einer BBL CHROMagar Platte Salmonellen zu erkennen. Salmonellen erscheinen mauve (rosa bis violett, siehe Abb.1). Wenn 200 ul liefert zu viele Kolonien auf der Platte, verwenden Sie 100 ul oder 50 ul für den Streifen. </li></ol> 4. Repräsentative Ergebnisse. Wenn das Protokoll korrekt geschehen ist, kann Salmonella typhimurium Kolonisierung in der Maus Darm mehr als 6 Monaten nachgewiesen werden. Salmonellen könnten durch fäkale Kultur über 6 Monate (Abb. 1) festgestellt werden. Als typisches aus diesem Modell kommen, wiegen Körper Verlust und Tod auftreten innerhalb von 4 Wochen nach der Infektion. Abhängig von der Salmonella-Stämme zur Infektion verwendet, können einige Mäuse nicht mehr als 6 Monate überleben. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1947/1947fig1.jpg" alt="Abbildung 1" /> Abbildung 1. Intestinal Salmonellen in der Salmonella-Spezies erscheinen mauve (rosa bis violett) in Farbe, durch metabolische Unterschiede in der Gegenwart von ausgewählten Chromogene. Andere Bakterien sind entweder gehemmt oder produzieren blau-grüne oder farblose Kolonien. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1947/1947fig2.jpg" alt="Abbildung 2" /> Abbildung 2. Survival-Anteile von Mäusen mit Salmonella Mutante PhoP c, c PhoP infiziert Avra-und PhoP c AvrA-/AvrA +, PhoP c Avra für 4 Wochen (28 Tage). Tabelle 1. Körpergewicht von Mäusen mit Salmonella für 4 Wochen infiziert. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> 0 </td><td> 1 Woche </td><td> 2 Wochen </td><td> 3 Wochen </td><td> 4 Wochen </td></tr><tr><td> Kontrolle </td><td> 16,78 ± 1,05 </td><td> 16,91 ± 1,28 </td><td> 18,26 ± 1,23 </td><td> 19,31 ± 1,26 </td><td> 20,26 ± 1,15 </td></tr><tr><td> PhoP c </td&gt; <td> 16,89 ± 1,03 </td><td> 17,14 ± 1,19 </td><td> 17,43 ± 1,63 * </td><td> 18,68 ± 1,78 </td><td> 20,05 ± 1,11 </td></tr><tr><td> PhoP c Avra- </td><td> 16,91 ± 1,12 </td><td> 16,96 ± 1,39 </td><td> 17,06 ± 2,14 ** </td><td> 18,71 ± 2,18 </td><td> 20,15 ± 1,56 </td></tr><tr><td> PhoP c AvrA-/AvrA + </td><td> 16,94 ± 0,96 </td><td> 17,17 ± 1,02 </td><td> 17,63 ± 1,42 * </td><td> 18,44 ± 2,03 </td><td> 20,09 ± 1,17 </td></tr></tbody></table> * Im Vergleich zu der Kontrollgruppe p &lt;0,05 ** Im Vergleich zu Gruppe p &lt;0,01 Kontrolle Tabelle 2. Salmonella-Stämme in dieser Studie verwendet. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name </td><td> Beschreibung </td><td> Referenz oder Quelle </td></tr><tr><td> Salmonella 14028s </td><td> Wild-Typ S. typhimurium </td><td> ATCC </td></tr><tr><td> PhoP c </td><td> Non-pathogenen Komplexes Regulator-Mutanten </td><td> Miller et al., 1990 </td></tr><tr><td> PhoP c Avra- </td><td> Avra-Mutation </td><td> Collier-Hyams et al., 2002 </td></tr><tr><td> PhoP c AvrA-/AvrA + </td><td> PhoP c Avra-mit ergänzt Plasmid kodiert Avra </td><td> Collier-Hyams et al., 2002 </td></tr></tbody></table>

<ol>
	<li>Duan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta-Catenin+activity+negatively+regulates+bacteria-induced+inflammation.">beta-Catenin activity negatively regulates bacteria-induced inflammation.</a> Lab Invest. 87 (6), 613-624 (2007).</li><li>Barthel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretreatment+of+mice+with+streptomycin+provides+a+Salmonella+enterica+serovar+Typhimurium+colitis+model+that+allows+analysis+of+both+pathogen+and+host.">Pretreatment of mice with streptomycin provides a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colitis model that allows analysis of both pathogen and host.</a> Infection and immunity. 71 (5), 2839-2858 (2003).</li><li>Miller, S. I., Mekalanos, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constitutive+expression+of+the+phoP+regulon+attenuates+Salmonella+virulence+and+survival+within+macrophages.">Constitutive expression of the phoP regulon attenuates Salmonella virulence and survival within macrophages.</a> Journal of bacteriology. 172 (5), 2485-2490 (1990).</li><li>Valdez, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nramp1+expression+by+dendritic+cells+modulates+inflammatory+responses+during+Salmonella+Typhimurium+infection.">Nramp1 expression by dendritic cells modulates inflammatory responses during Salmonella Typhimurium infection.</a> Cell Microbiol. 10 (8), 1646-1661 (2008).</li><li>Woo, H., Okamoto, S., Guiney, D., Gunn, J. S., Fierer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+of+Salmonella+colitis+with+features+of+diarrhea+in+SLC11A1+wild-type+mice.">A model of Salmonella colitis with features of diarrhea in SLC11A1 wild-type mice.</a> PLoS ONE. 3 (2), e1603-e1603 (2008).</li><li>Dangl, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+call-and-response:+how+Salmonella+learns+the+gospel+from+its+host.">Molecular call-and-response: how Salmonella learns the gospel from its host.</a> Trends Microbiol. 11 (6), 245-246 (2003).</li><li>Zaharik, M. L., Vallance, B. A., Puente, J. L., Gros, P., Finlay, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host-pathogen+interactions:+Host+resistance+factor+Nramp1+up-regulates+the+expression+of+Salmonella+pathogenicity+island-2+virulence+genes.">Host-pathogen interactions: Host resistance factor Nramp1 up-regulates the expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 virulence genes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99, 15705-15710 (2002).</li><li>Townsend, P., Morton, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+Animal+Care+Policies+and+Regulations:+United+Kingdom.">Laboratory Animal Care Policies and Regulations: United Kingdom.</a> ILAR J. 37 (2), 68-74 (1995).</li><li>Olfert, E. D., Godson, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humane+endpoints+for+infectious+disease+animal+models.">Humane endpoints for infectious disease animal models.</a> ILAR J. 41 (2), 99-104 (2000).</li><li>Ye, Z., Petrof, E. O., Boone, D., Claud, E. C., Sun, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salmonella+effector+AvrA+regulation+of+colonic+epithelial+cell+inflammation+by+deubiquitination.">Salmonella effector AvrA regulation of colonic epithelial cell inflammation by deubiquitination.</a> Am J Pathol. 171 (3), 882-892 (2007).</li><li>Grassl, G. A., Valdez, Y., Bergstrom, K. S., Vallance, B. A., Finlay, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+enteric+salmonella+infection+in+mice+leads+to+severe+and+persiste+nt+intestinal+fibrosis.">Chronic enteric salmonella infection in mice leads to severe and persiste nt intestinal fibrosis.</a> Gastroenterology. 134 (3), 768-780 (2008).</li><li>Sukupolvi, S., Edelstein, A., Rhen, M., Normark, S. J., Pfeifer, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+murine+model+of+chronic+Salmonella+infection.">Development of a murine model of chronic Salmonella infection.</a> Infection and immunity. 65 (2), 838-842 (1997).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL). , (2007).</li><li>Wu, S., Lu, R., Zhang, Y., Sun, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+effects+of+a+Salmonella+type+III+secretion+effector+protein+AvrA+in+vivo.">Chronic effects of a Salmonella type III secretion effector protein AvrA in vivo.</a> PLoS ONE. , (2010).</li></ol>

Zur Nutzung dieses Systems ist es notwendig, für den Forscher lernen, wie man die Tiere eine Magensonde. Wir Detail eine Methodik für die Vorbereitung Bakterienkultur und Magensonde die Mäuse. Wir zeigen auch, wie die Salmonellen Persistenz im Magen-Darm (GI-Trakt) zu überwachen. Die kritischen Schritte in diesem Protokoll einschließlich: <ol><li> Streptomycin-Vorbehandlung: Streptomycin-Vorbehandlung loswerden könnte einige kommensalen Darmflora und machen die Mäuse anfällig für die Infektion mit ...

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chronic salmonella infected mouse model

Die bakterielle Infektion Mausmodell ist ein leistungsfähiges Modell für die Erforschung von Bereichen wie Infektion, Entzündung, Immunologie, Signaltransduktion und Tumorgenese. Viele Forscher haben den Vorteil der Colitis induziert durch genommen<em&gt; Salmonellen</em&gt; Typhimurium für die Studien über die frühe Phase der Entzündung und Infektion. Allerdings sind nur wenige Berichte über die chronische Infektion<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt;. Mäuse, die mit<em&gt; Salmonellen</em&gt; Persistent Existenz im Magen-Darm-Trakt erlauben uns, die langfristige Wirt-Bakterien-Interaktion, der Signaltransduktion und Tumorgenese zu erkunden. Wir haben eine chronische bakterielle Infektion Mausmodell mit etablierten<em&gt; Salmonellen</em&gt; Typhimurium Kolonisierung in der Maus Darm über 6 Monate. Zur Nutzung dieses Systems ist es notwendig, für den Forscher lernen, wie man die Bakterienkultur vorzubereiten und eine Magensonde den Tieren. Wir Detail eine Methodik für die Vorbereitung Bakterienkultur und eine Magensonde Mäusen. Wir zeigen auch, wie die Erkennung<em&gt; Salmonellen</em&gt; Persistenz im Magen-Darm-Trakt. Insgesamt wird dieses Protokoll Hilfe Forscher mit der bakteriellen Infektion Mausmodell grundlegend wichtig, biologischen und mikrobiologischen Fragen zu beantworten.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model at JoVE.com

Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model

Stellen Sie eine chronische bakterielle Infektion Mausmodell mit persistierenden<em&gt; Salmonellen</em&gt; Typhimurium Kolonisation im Darm für 27 Wochen.

Chronisch Salmonellen Infected Maus-Modell

The bacterial infected mouse model is a powerful model system for studying areas such as infection, inflammation, immunology, signal transduction, and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model

17.2K Aufrufe.  University of Rochester. Stellen Sie eine chronische bakterielle Infektion Mausmodell mit persistierenden Salmonellen Typhimurium Kolonisation im Darm für 27 Wochen.

Serie: Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model

Orthotopic Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer

The traditional subcutaneous tumor model is less than ideal for studying colorectal cancer. Orthotopic mouse models of colorectal cancer, which feature cancer cells growing in their natural location, replicate human disease with high fidelity. Two techniques can be used to establish this model. Both techniques are similar and require mouse anesthesia and laparotomy for exposure of the cecum. One technique involves injection of a colorectal cancer cell suspension into the cecal wall. Cancer cells are first grown in culture, harvested when subconfluent and prepared as a single cell suspension. A small volume of cells is injected slowly to avoid leakage. The other technique involves transplantation of a piece of subcutaneous tumor onto the cecum. A mouse with a previously established subcutaneous colorectal tumor is euthanized and the tumor is removed using sterile technique. The tumor piece is divided into small pieces for transplantation to another mouse. Prior to transplantation, the cecal wall is lightly damaged to facilitate tumor cell infiltration. The time to developing primary tumors and liver metastases will vary depending on the technique, cell line, and mouse species used. This orthotopic mouse model is useful for studying the natural progression of colorectal cancer and testing new therapeutic agents against colorectal cancer.

Two techniques can be used to establish this model: injection of a cancer cell suspension into the cecal wall or transplantation of a piece of subcutaneous tumor onto the cecum. This model is useful for studying the natural progression of colorectal cancer and testing new therapeutic agents against colorectal cancer.

Orthotopen Mausmodell der Darmkrebs-

The traditional subcutaneous tumor model is less than ideal for studying colorectal cancer. Orthotopic mouse models of colorectal cancer, which feature ...

Forschung

Biologie

Laser-Induced Chronic Ocular Hypertension Model on SD Rats

Glaucoma is one of the major causes of blindness in the world. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor. Laser photocoagulation induced ocular hypertension is one of the well established animal models. This video demonstrates how to induce ocular hypertension by Argon laser photocoagulation in rat.

Glaucoma is one of the major causes of blindness in the world. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor. Laser photocoagulation induced ocular hypertension is one of the well established animal models. This video demonstrates how to induce ocular hypertension by Argon laser photocoagulation in rat.

Laser-induzierte chronische Ocular Hypertension Modell auf SD-Ratten

Glaucoma is one of the major causes of blindness in the world. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor. Laser photocoagulation induced ocular ...

Immunohistochemistry on Paraffin Sections of Mouse Epidermis Using Fluorescent Antibodies

In the epidermis, immunohistochemistry is an efficient means of localizing specific proteins to their relative expression compartment; namely the basal, suprabasal, and stratum corneum layers. The precise localization within the epidermis of a particular protein lends clues toward its functional role within the epidermis. In this chapter, we describe a reliable method for immunolocalization within the epidermis modified for both frozen and paraffin sections that we use very routinely in our laboratory. Paraffin sections generally provide much better morphology, hence, superior results and photographs; however, not all antibodies will work with the harsh fixation and treatment involved in their processing. Therefore, the protocol for frozen sectioning is also included. Within paraffin sectioning, two fixation protocols are described (Bouin's and paraformaldehyde); the choice of fixative will be directly related to the antibody specifications and may require another fixing method.

We describe a reliable method for immunolocalization within the epidermis modified for both frozen and paraffin sections that we use very routinely in our laboratory.

Immunhistochemie auf Paraffinschnitten von Mouse Epidermis unter Verwendung von fluoreszierenden Antikörper

In the epidermis, immunohistochemistry is an efficient means of localizing specific proteins to their relative expression compartment; namely the basal, ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In-vivo-Imaging und therapeutische Behandlungen in einem orthotopen Mausmodell des Eierstockkrebs

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Generation der Mäuse aus induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can be released into the field to either reduce population sizes through incompatible matings or to transform populations with mosquitoes that are refractory to virus transmission. For these strategies to succeed, the mosquitoes released into the field from the laboratory must be competitive with native mosquitoes. However, maintaining mosquitoes in the laboratory can result in inbreeding, genetic drift and laboratory adaptation which can reduce their fitness in the field and may confound the results of experiments. To test the suitability of different Wolbachia infections for deployment in the field, it is necessary to maintain mosquitoes in a controlled laboratory environment across multiple generations. We describe a simple protocol for maintaining Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in the laboratory, which is suitable for both Wolbachia-infected and wild-type mosquitoes. The methods minimize laboratory adaptation and implement outcrossing to increase the relevance of experiments to field mosquitoes. Additionally, colonies are maintained under optimal conditions to maximize their fitness for open field releases.

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia are being released into natural populations to suppress the transmission of arboviruses. We describe methods to rear Ae. aegypti with Wolbachia infections in the laboratory for experiments and field release, taking precautions to minimize laboratory adaptation and selection.

Pflege, Aedes Aegypti Moskitos mit Wolbachia infizierte

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, ...

The Murine Choline-Deficient, Ethionine-Supplemented (CDE) Diet Model of Chronic Liver Injury

Chronic liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are characterized by continual inflammation, progressive destruction and regeneration of the hepatic parenchyma, liver progenitor cell proliferation, and fibrosis. The end-stage of every chronic liver disease is cirrhosis, a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. To study processes regulating disease initiation, establishment, and progression, several animal models are used in laboratories. Here we describe a six-week time course of the choline-deficient and ethionine-supplemented (CDE) mouse model, which involves feeding six-week old male C57BL/6J mice with choline-deficient chow and 0.15% DL-ethionine-supplemented drinking water. Monitoring of animal health and a typical body weight loss curve are explained. The protocol demonstrates the gross examination of a CDE-treated liver and blood collection by cardiac puncture for subsequent serum analyses. Next, the liver perfusion technique and collection of different hepatic lobes for standard evaluations are shown, including liver histology assessments by hematoxylin and eosin or Sirius Red stainings, immunofluorescent detection of hepatic cell populations as well as transcriptome profiling of the liver microenvironment. This mouse model is suitable for studying inflammatory, fibrogenic, and liver progenitor cell dynamics induced through chronic liver disease and can be used to test potential therapeutic agents that may modulate these processes.

The Murine Choline-Deficient, Ethionine-Supplemented CDE Diet Model of Chronic Liver Injury

Here we describe a common method to induce chronic liver injury in mice by feeding of a choline-deficient and ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet. We demonstrate health monitoring, liver perfusion, isolation, and preservation. A time course of six weeks can inform about liver injury, pathohistology, fibrosis, inflammatory, and liver progenitor cell responses.

Der murinen Cholin-Mangel, Ethionine ergänzt (CDE) Diät-Modell einer chronischen Leberschädigung

Chronic liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are characterized by continual ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

Trans-innere Zelle Masse Injektion von embryonalen Stammzellen führt zu höheren Chimerism Raten

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, microbiome modification is designed to concentrate genomic DNA of a target foodborne pathogen contaminant to facilitate the detection and subtyping of the pathogen in a single workflow. Here, we explain and demonstrate the sample preparation steps for the quasi-metagenomics analysis of Salmonella enterica from representative food and environmental samples including alfalfa sprouts, ground black pepper, ground beef, chicken breast and environmental swabs. Samples are first subjected to the culture enrichment of Salmonella for a shortened and adjustable duration (4&#8211;24 h). Salmonella cells are then selectively captured from the enrichment culture by immunomagnetic separation (IMS). Finally, multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is performed to amplify DNA from IMS-captured cells. The DNA output of this protocol can be sequenced by high throughput sequencing platforms. An optional quantitative PCR analysis can be performed to replace sequencing for Salmonella detection or assess the concentration of Salmonella DNA before sequencing.

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Here, we present a protocol to prepare DNA samples from food and environmental microbiomes for concerted detection and subtyping of Salmonella through quasimetagenomic sequencing. The combined use of culture enrichment, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and multiple displacement amplification (MDA) allows effective concentration of Salmonella genomic DNA from food and environmental samples.&#160;

Quasi-metagenomischen Analyse Salmonella aus Lebensmitteln und Umweltproben

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer progression. How the chromosomal location and function of a centromere (i.e., centromere identity) are determined and participate in accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental question. CENP-A is proposed to be the non-DNA indicator (epigenetic mark) of centromere identity, and CENP-A ubiquitylation is required for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability.
Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-CENP-A K124R mutant suggesting that ubiquitylation at a different lysine is induced because of the EYFP tagging in the CENP-A K124R mutant protein. Lysine 306 (K306) ubiquitylation in EYFP-CENP-A K124R was successfully identified, which corresponds to lysine 56 (K56) in CENP-A through mass spectrometry analysis. A caveat is discussed in the use of GFP/EYFP or the tagging of high molecular weight protein as a tool to analyze the function of a protein. Current technical limit is also discussed for the detection of ubiquitylated bands, identification of site-specific ubiquitylation(s), and visualization of ubiquitylation in living cells or a specific single cell during the whole cell cycle.
The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

CENP-A ubiquitylation is an important requirement for CENP-A deposition at the centromere, inherited through dimerization between cell division, and indispensable to cell viability. Here we describe mass spectrometry analysis to identify ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A) protein.