Wir möchten Astha Maltare zur Erzeugung der Larven kriechen Daten danken. Wir möchten Dr. Nicholas Lanson Jr. für das Geben seiner Anmerkungen zum Manuskript danken. Diese Arbeit wurde von der Robert-Packard Zentrum für ALS an der Johns Hopkins (bis UBP) und die Amyotrophe Lateralsklerose Association (UBP) unterstützt; und R01MH083689 von den National Institutes of Mental Health (CDN).

A. Larven Crawling-Test 1. Larven Sammlung <ol><li> Richten Sie eine 8 Unzen Flasche fliegt (10-15 + 10-15 Männchen Weibchen). </li><li> Lassen Fliegen legen ihre Eier für 24 Stunden, dann klare Flasche fliegt. (Übertragen Sie die Erwachsenen in eine neue Flasche und wiederholen wie nötig). </li><li> Inkubieren Flasche für 3-4 Tage, oder bis zum dritten Larvenstadium sichtbar sind. </li><li> In 50 bis 100 ml 20% Saccharose in die Flasche mit Larven und lassen Sie sich für 20 Minuten. Die Larven werden auf der Oberfläche schwimmen. </li><li> Sammle Larven mit einem 25 ml serologische Pipette mit der Spitze abgeschnitten, und in einen Gitterkorb. </li><li> Waschen Sie Larven im Gitterkorb zweimal mit deionisiertem H 2 O. Die Larven sind jetzt bereit für die Experimente. </li></ol> 2. Um Larven mit Medikamenten behandeln <ol><li> Verwenden Sie eine Bürste, um die gewünschte Anzahl der Larven zu einem 5-ml-Becher, die eine Lösung von 5% Saccharose + Droge transportieren. </li><li> Lassen Larven ernähren sich mindestens 15 Minuten.</li><li> Gießen Medikament behandelten Larven in einen Gitterkorb und spülen. Sie sind jetzt einsatzbereit. </li></ol> 3. Bewegungsapparat Assay (Messung insgesamt zurückgelegte Entfernung oder Körperwand Kontraktionen) <ol><li> Mit einer Bürste, einzelne Larve bis ein Transport: <ol><li> 15 cm Petrischale mit 2% Agarose (zuvor gegossen und ausgehärtet) über Millimeterpapier mit einer 0,2 cm 2 Rasters. <ol><li> Count Anzahl der Gitterlinien in 1 Minute überschritten. </li></ol></li><li> Nun von einem Glas Dissektion Schale mit einer verdünnten Lösung Hefepaste. <ol><li> Count Peristaltik Kontraktionen (von vorne nach hinten voller Bewegung = 1 Kontraktion) in einer Minute unter Beobachtung unter einem Dissektionsmikroskop. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Wiederholen, bis die gewünschte Anzahl von Larven gezählt worden. </li></ol> B. Schnelle iterative negativen Geotaxis (RING) Protokoll Dieser Test wurde ursprünglich debeschrieben durch Gargano et al 5. <ol><li> Sammeln frisch geschlüpften erwachsenen männlichen Fliegen unter leichtem CO 2-Betäubung und in einen Standard-Fläschchen mit Nahrungsmitteln (+ Arzneimittel oder Lebensmittel). </li><li> Halten Sie Fliegen bei Raumtemperatur (auf der Tischplatte. ~ 22 ° C) für 2-3 Tage auf die zur Verwertung von CO 2 (und Akkumulation von Steady-State-Plasmaspiegel gegebenenfalls) zu ermöglichen. </li><li> Übertragen Sie etwa 25 Fliegen ohne Betäubung zu Polystyrol vorbereiteten Fläschchen. </li><li> Montieren Fläschchen mit Fliegen in den RING Apparatur (Abbildung 1). </li><li> Erlauben Sie fliegt in die Umwelt, ungestört, für 15-20 Minuten akklimatisieren. </li><li> Während dieser Zeit Platz Digitalkamera ~ 1 m vor dem Gerät (auf einer Plattform, wenn notwendig, das Zentrum der Linse auf halber Höhe des Vials ausrichten), Fokus und Zoom der Kamera auf das Gerät, und einen Timer einstellen, um 3,0 Sekunden. </li><li> Entfernen Sie vorsichtig von der RING-Apparat zu halten mit der linken Hand, um nicht zu disturb die Fliegen, und halten Sie den Timer mit der rechten Hand. </li><li> Scharf tippen Sie auf das Gerät nach unten auf der Oberfläche der Bank dreimal, sicherzustellen, dass das Leitungswasser hart genug, um knock down all die Fliegen auf den Boden der Fläschchen ist. </li><li> Gleichzeitig mit Fertigstellung des dritten Hahn, starten Sie die 3 Sekunden Countdown-Timer. </li><li> Bei 3 Sekunden ein Bild aufnehmen. </li><li> Setzen Sie den Timer für 1 Minute und starten. Während dieser Zeit setzen Sie die Kamera und Fokus auf das Gerät, und stellen Sie einen anderen Kanal des Timers für drei Sekunden. </li><li> Nach 1 Minute, wiederholen Sie die Schritte 1,7-1,10 </li><li> Nach insgesamt 5-6 Versuche, laden Sie Bilder auf einen Computer und nutzen Sie Ihre Lieblings-Bildbetrachter zu öffnen, zu punkten und die durchschnittliche Höhe kletterten für jedes Fläschchen. </li><li> Statistische Analysen auf Ihrer verschiedenen Gruppen einen Vergleich der mittleren Höhe geklettert. </li></ol> C. Balz und Paarung Assay <ol><li> Als erstes am Morgen, klar, gut-produzierenden Flaschen FLIes verwendet werden soll. </li><li> Im Laufe des Tages (alle 3-4 Stunden), sammeln neu entstandenen sexuell naive Männchen und Weibchen: <ol><li> Platzieren Sie Männchen einzeln in Fläschchen oder Röhrchen mit Medium. </li><li> Platzieren Sie 5-6 Weibchen zusammen pro Fläschchen / Tube. </li><li> Isolieren Sie gesammelt Fliegen bei 25 ° C unter 12 Stunden Licht / Dunkel für 5 Tage. </li><li> Übertragen Sie eine Frau in die Kammer eines Gegenrad. </li><li> Übertragen Sie ein Männchen in die Kammer eines Gegenrad. </li><li> Beachten Paar unter einem Dissektionsmikroskop für die folgenden Verhaltensweisen: <ol><li> Orientierung (die männlichen orientiert sich an den weiblichen) </li><li> Tapping (klopft das Männchen das Weibchen) </li><li> Flügel Lied (das männliche erstreckt und schwingt einen Flügel) </li><li> Lecken (die männlichen leckt die weiblichen Genitalien) </li><li> Curling (das Männchen seinen Bauch rollt unter sich) </li><li> Kopulation Versuch (Curling Tätigkeit beim Versuch, den weiblichen montieren) </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Beachten Sie für 10 Minuten oder bis zum erfolgreichen Kopulation, in Anbetracht der Zeit, zu der jedes Verhalten auftritt (Latenzzeit), (die gesamte Zeit in Balzverhalten bis Kopulation (die Brautwerbung Index zu berechnen), sowie die Anzahl der Paare, die erfolgreich ein bestimmtes Verhalten auszuführen engagiert Frequenz). 100% der Wildtyp-Paare werden in der Regel innerhalb von 5 Minuten zu paaren. </li><li> Berechnen Balz ein Index (CI) durch Division der Zeitaufwand bei der Balz durch die gesamte Zeit bis Kopulation unterteilt. Für Wildtyp-Paaren dies in der Regel im Bereich zwischen 0,6 bis 0,8. </li></ol> D. Repräsentative Ergebnisse Crawling-Assay Normale Wildtyp-Larve wird wandern ~ 3 cm / min und Ausstellungsflächen ~ 40-50 Körperwand Kontraktionen in einer Minute. Wir haben kürzlich eine Drosophila-Modell FUS / TLS-bezogenen amyotrophe Lateralsklerose, die Larven kriechen Defekt, verminderte Lebensdauer und Erwachsenen klettern Beeinträchtigung 6 zeigt entwickelt. Wir gezielte Expression of Wildtyp und mutierte Formen von FUS / TLS zu den Motoneuronen (OK-371-GAL4-Treiber) und führte eine Larven-Crawling-Assay. Wie unten dargestellt, Wildtyp-Larven bis zu 12 cm zu kriechen, während die Expression von Wildtyp-FUS verringerte die Larven kriechen Fähigkeit, etwa 6 cm. Tiere Ausdruck des ALS-Mutation R521C in FUS / TLS zeigen eine sehr starke Beeinträchtigung in ihrem kriechenden Bewegung (Abbildung 1), Crawling nur etwa 1 cm / min. Negativ Geotaxis RING-Assay Junge Wildtyp-erwachsenen Fliegen sollten einen mittleren Steighöhe von ~ 4-5 cm in einem 3-Sekunden-Zeit (die Zeit zwischen 3 Sekunden und kann eingestellt werden, um verschiedene Stämme oder Aktivität aufnehmen, um eine gegebene durchschnittliche Höhe für eine gegebene Definition Dehnung / Behandlung). Fliegen, die am Boden bleiben, wird ein Wert von 0 zugewiesen. Es ist nicht ratsam, mehr als 25 Fliegen pro Fläschchen zu verwenden, da wird es dann schwierig, die Lage jeder einzelnen Fliege an Höhe messen zu bestimmen. No Desensibilisierung hat bei eingerichtet, um die 6 aufeinander folgenden Versuchen Abstand von 1 Minute auseinander, dass wir beschäftigt beobachtet. Es ist wichtig, nicht die Prüfung Polystyrol Fläschchen in diesem Assay nach den ersten Sätzen von Daten verwertet werden gesammelt, weil neue Fliegen in Glasfläschchen verwendet nicht im gleichen Maße steigt, wie in frische Röhrchen. <img alt="1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3795/3795fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1. Setup für das RING-Assay. Die Digitalkamera wird ca. 1 m vor dem Gerät mit Fliegen in den Polystyrol-Röhrchen platziert; konzentrieren und zoomen Sie die Kamera auf das Gerät, und einen Timer einstellen, um 3,0 Sekunden. <img alt="2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3795/3795fig2.jpg" /> 2. Repräsentative Daten aus der Larven Crawling-Assay unter Verwendung Fliegen ektopisch UAS-FUS WT und UAS-FUS R521C unter der Kontrolle einer motoneuronalen Treiber (OK371-Gal4). <pclass = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;

<ol>
	<li>Pandey, U. B., Nichols, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+disease+models+in+Drosophila+melanogaster+and+the+role+of+the+fly+in+therapeutic+drug+discovery.">Human disease models in Drosophila melanogaster and the role of the fly in therapeutic drug discovery.</a> Pharmacol. Rev. 63 (2), 411-436 (2011).</li><li>Feany, M. B., Bender, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">A Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Nature Mar. 23 (6776), 394-398 (2000).</li><li>Auluck, P. K., Bonini, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+prevention+of+Parkinson+disease+in+Drosophila.">Pharmacological prevention of Parkinson disease in Drosophila.</a> Nat. Med. 8 (11), 1185-1186 (2000).</li><li>Whitworth, A. J., Theodore, D. A., Greene, J. C., Benes, H., Wes, P. D., Pallanck, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+glutathione+Stransferase+activity+rescues+dopaminergic+neuron+loss+in+a+Drosophila+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Increased glutathione Stransferase activity rescues dopaminergic neuron loss in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (22), 8024-8029 (2005).</li><li>Gargano, J. W., Martin, I., Bhandari, P., Grotewiel, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+iterative+negative+geotaxis+(RING):+a+new+method+for+assessing+age-related+locomotor+decline+in+Drosophila.">Rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING): a new method for assessing age-related locomotor decline in Drosophila.</a> Exp. Gerontol. 40 (5), 386-395 (2005).</li><li>Lanson, N. A., Maltare, A., King, H., Smith, R., Kim, J. H., Taylor, J. P., Lloyd, T. E., Pandey, U. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+FUS-related+neurodegeneration+reveals+genetic+interaction+between+FUS+and+TDP-43.">A Drosophila model of FUS-related neurodegeneration reveals genetic interaction between FUS and TDP-43.</a> Hum. Mol. Genet. 20 (13), 2510-2523 (2011).</li><li>Batlevi, Y., Martin, D. N., Pandey, U. B., Simon, C. R., Powers, C. M., Taylor, J. P., Baehrecke, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynein+light+chain+1+is+required+for+autophagy,+protein+clearance,+and+cell+death+in+Drosophila.">Dynein light chain 1 is required for autophagy, protein clearance, and cell death in Drosophila.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (2), 742-747 (2010).</li><li>Sang, T. K., Chang, H. Y., Lawless, G. M., Ratnaparkhi, A., Mee, L., Ackerson, L. C., Maidment, N. T., Krantz, D. E., Jackson, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+mutant+human+parkin-induced+toxicity+demonstrates+selective+loss+of+dopaminergic+neurons+and+dependence+on+cellular+dopamine.">A Drosophila model of mutant human parkin-induced toxicity demonstrates selective loss of dopaminergic neurons and dependence on cellular dopamine.</a> J. Neurosci. 27 (5), 981-992 (2007).</li><li>Stacey, S. M., Muraro, N. I., Peco, E., Labb&#233;, A., Thomas, G. B., Baines, R. A., van Meyel, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+glial+glutamate+transporter+Eaat1+is+regulated+by+fringe-mediated+notch+signaling+and+is+essential+for+larval+locomotion.">Drosophila glial glutamate transporter Eaat1 is regulated by fringe-mediated notch signaling and is essential for larval locomotion.</a> J. Neurosci. 30 (43), 14446-14457 (2010).</li><li>Repnikova, E., Koles, K., Nakamura, M., Pitts, J., Li, H., Ambavane, A., Zoran, M. J., Panin, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sialyltransferase+regulates+nervous+system+function+in+Drosophila.">Sialyltransferase regulates nervous system function in Drosophila.</a> J. Neurosci. 30 (18), 6466-6476 (2010).</li><li>Repnikova, E., Koles, K., Nakamura, M., Pitts, J., Li, H., Ambavane, A., Zoran, M. J., Panin, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sialyltransferase+regulates+nervous+system+function+in+Drosophila.">Sialyltransferase regulates nervous system function in Drosophila.</a> J. Neurosci. 30 (18), 6466-6476 (2010).</li><li>Nedelsky, N. B., Pennuto, M., Smith, R. B., Palazzolo, I., Moore, J., Nie, Z., Neale, G., Taylor, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Native+functions+of+the+androgen+receptor+are+essential+to+pathogenesis+in+a+Drosophila+model+of+spinobulbar+muscular+atrophy.">Native functions of the androgen receptor are essential to pathogenesis in a Drosophila model of spinobulbar muscular atrophy.</a> Neuron. 67 (6), 936-952 (2010).</li><li>Lorenzo, D. N., Li, M. G., Mische, S. E., Armbrust, K. R., Ranum, L. P., Hays, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectrin+mutations+that+cause+spinocerebellar+ataxia+type+5+impair+axonal+transport+and+induce+neurodegeneration+in+Drosophila.">Spectrin mutations that cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 impair axonal transport and induce neurodegeneration in Drosophila.</a> J. Cell Biol. 189 (1), 143-158 (2010).</li><li>Wang, J. W., Brent, J. R., Tomlinson, A., Shneider, N. A., McCabe, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ALS-associated+proteins+FUS+and+TDP-43+function+together+to+affect+Drosophila+locomotion+and+life+span.">The ALS-associated proteins FUS and TDP-43 function together to affect Drosophila locomotion and life span.</a> J. Clin. Invest. , (2011).</li><li>Choi, J. K., Jeon, Y. C., Lee, D. W., Oh, J. M., Lee, H. P., Jeong, B. H., Carp, R. I., Koh, Y. H., Kim, Y. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+GSS+syndrome+suggests+defects+in+active+zones+are+responsible+for+pathogenesis+of+GSS+syndrome.">A Drosophila model of GSS syndrome suggests defects in active zones are responsible for pathogenesis of GSS syndrome.</a> Hum. Mol. Genet. 19 (22), 4474-4489 (2010).</li><li>Ruan, H., Wu, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+interaction-mediated+lifespan+extension+of+Drosophila+Cu/Zn+superoxide+dismutase+mutants.">Social interaction-mediated lifespan extension of Drosophila Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase mutants.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (21), (2008).</li><li>Slawson, J. B., Kim, E. Z., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+video+tracking+of+locomotion+in+adult+Drosophila+melanogaster.">High-resolution video tracking of locomotion in adult Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (24), (2009).</li><li>Becnel, J., Johnson, O., Luo, J., N&#228;ssel, D. R., Nichols, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+serotonin+5-HT7+Dro+receptor+is+expressed+in+the+brain+of+Drosophila,+and+is+essential+for+normal+courtship+and+mating.">The serotonin 5-HT7 Dro receptor is expressed in the brain of Drosophila, and is essential for normal courtship and mating.</a> PLoS One. 6 (6), e20800 (2011).</li><li>Johnson, O., Becnel, J., Nichols, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serotonin+5-HT(2)+and+5-HT(1A)-like+receptors+differentially+modulate+aggressive+behaviors+in+Drosophila+melanoga-+ster.">Serotonin 5-HT(2) and 5-HT(1A)-like receptors differentially modulate aggressive behaviors in Drosophila melanoga- ster.</a> Neuroscience. 158 (2), 1292-1300 (2009).</li><li>Bastock, M., Manning, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Courtship+of+Drosophila+Melanogaster.">The Courtship of Drosophila Melanogaster.</a> Behaviour. , 85-111 (1955).</li><li>Greenspan, R. J., Ferveur, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Courtship+in+Drosophila.">Courtship in Drosophila.</a> Annu. Rev. Genet. 34, 205-232 (2000).</li><li>Villella, A., Hall, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogenetics+of+courtship+and+mating+in+Drosophila.">Neurogenetics of courtship and mating in Drosophila.</a> Adv. Genet. 62, 67-184 (2008).</li></ol>

Wir haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Drosophila Verhalten wird streng von genetischen und umweltbedingten Faktoren reguliert. Wir und andere haben vorher beschriebenen Assays hier verwendet, um Daten zu sammeln, um Gene in Bezug auf Verhalten und zu menschlichen neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen in Drosophila 19.05 modelliert fliegen zu untersuchen. Für das Crawling-Assay ist eine sorgfältige Auswahl der 3 rd Larven ein entscheidender Schritt. Wenn die Behandlung mit einem Arzneimittel, dauert es 10-15 Minuten (oder ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name des Reagenzes </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog-Nummer </td></tr><tr><td> Saccharose </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> S5-500 </td></tr><tr><td> Agarose </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 16500-500 </td></tr><tr><td> 6 Unzen Drosophila Flasche </td><td> Genesee Scientific </td><td> 32-130 </td></tr><tr><td> Pinsel (# 1) </td><td> Ted Pella, Inc. </td><td> 11859 </td></tr><tr><td> Fly Nahrungsbestandteile </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Maismehl </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> NC9109741 </td></tr><tr><td> Agar </td><td> Genesee Scientific </td><td> 66-104 </td></tr><tr><td> Melasse </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> NC9349176 </td></tr><tr><td> Propionsäure </td><td> Acros </td><td> 14930-0010 </td></tr><tr><td> Tegosept </td><td> Spitze </td><td> 20-258 </td></tr><tr><td> Ethanol </td><td> FischerWissenschaftlich </td><td> BP2818-4 </td></tr><tr><td> Hefe </td><td> Genesee Scientific </td><td> 62-107 </td></tr></tbody></table>

methods to assay drosophila behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, der Fruchtfliege, wurde genutzt, um molekulare Mechanismen von einer breiten Palette von menschlichen Krankheiten wie Krebs, Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen und verschiedenen neurologischen Erkrankungen ein zu studieren. Wir haben einfache und robuste Verhaltensstörungen Assays zur Bestimmung Larven Fortbewegung, erwachsenen Steigfähigkeit (RING-Assay) und Werbeverhalten von Drosophila optimiert. Diese Verhaltens-Assays sind allgemein anwendbar für die Untersuchung der Rolle von genetischen und umweltbedingten Faktoren auf Fly Verhalten. Larven kriechen Fähigkeit zuverlässig für die Bestimmung frühzeitig Veränderungen in den kriechenden Fähigkeiten von Drosophila-Larven und auch für die Prüfung Wirkung von Medikamenten oder Erkrankungen des Menschen Genen (in transgenen Fliegen) auf ihrer Fortbewegung verwendet werden. Die Larven kriechen Assay wird immer anwendbar, wenn die Expression oder Abschaffung eines Gens verursacht Letalität im Puppenstadium oder adulte Stadien, da diese Fliegen nicht bis ins Erwachsenenalter überleben kann, wo sie sonst könnte beurteilt werden. Dieses BASICssay kann auch in Verbindung mit hellem Licht oder Stress zusätzliche Verhaltensreaktionen in Drosophila-Larven untersucht werden. Balzverhalten wurde weithin verwendet, um genetische Basis der sexuellen Verhaltens zu untersuchen, und kann auch verwendet werden, um die Aktivität und die Koordination zu untersuchen, ebenso wie Lernen und Gedächtnis werden. Drosophila Balzverhalten der Austausch von verschiedenen Sinnesreizen einschließlich visueller, auditiver und chemosensorischen Signale zwischen Männern und Frauen, die zu einer komplexen Reihe von gut charakterisierten Motor Verhaltensweisen die ihren Höhepunkt in erfolgreiche Kopulation führen. Traditionelle Erwachsenen klettern Assays (negative Geotaxis) sind langwierig, arbeitsintensiv und zeitaufwendig, mit signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Studien 2-4. Die schnelle iterative negativen Geotaxis (RING)-Assay 5 hat viele Vorteile gegenüber größerem Umfang eingesetzten Protokolle und bietet eine reproduzierbare, sensibel und mit hohem Durchsatz Ansatz zur Erwachsenen-und Bewegungsapparat negativ Geotaxis b quantifizierenehaviors. In der RING-Assay kann mehrere Genotypen oder medikamentöse Behandlungen getestet gleichzeitig unter Verwendung der großen Anzahl von Tieren, mit der High-Throughput-Ansatz macht es zugänglicher für Screening-Experimenten.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior at JoVE.com

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster ist eine genetisch und auf der Verhaltensebene praktische Zwecke geeigneten Modells, das verwendet wurde, um die molekularen und zellulären Grundlagen von vielen wichtigen biologischen Prozessen seit über einem Jahrhundert ein zu verstehen. Drosophila wurde auch genutzt, um Einblicke in die genetischen Grundlagen der Fliege Verhalten zu gewinnen.

Methoden zum Test Drosophila Verhalten

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

42.6K Aufrufe.  Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Drosophila melanogaster ist eine genetisch und auf der Verhaltensebene praktische Zwecke geeigneten Modells, das verwendet wurde, um die molekularen und zellulären Grundlagen von vielen wichtigen biologischen Prozessen seit über einem Jahrhundert ein zu verstehen. Drosophila wurde auch genutzt, um Einblicke in die genetischen Grundlagen der Fliege Verhalten zu gewinnen.

Serie: Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed in sensory hairs called sensilla, which cover the surface of olfactory organs. The surface of each sensillum is covered with tiny pores, through which odorants pass and dissolve in a fluid called sensillum lymph, which bathes the sensory dendrites of the OSNs housed in a given sensillum. The OSN dendrites express odorant receptor (OR) proteins, which in insects function as odor-gated ion channels4, 5. The interaction of odorants with ORs either increases or decreases the basal firing rate of the OSN. This neuronal activity in the form of action potentials embodies the first representation of the quality, intensity, and temporal characteristics of the odorant6, 7.
Given the easy access to these sensory hairs, it is possible to perform extracellular recordings from single OSNs by introducing a recording electrode into the sensillum lymph, while the reference electrode is placed in the lymph of the eye or body of the insect. In Drosophila, sensilla house between one and four OSNs, but each OSN typically displays a characteristic spike amplitude. Spike sorting techniques make it possible to assign spiking responses to individual OSNs. This single sensillum recording (SSR) technique monitors the difference in potential between the sensillum lymph and the reference electrode as electrical spikes that are generated by the receptor activity on OSNs1, 2, 8. Changes in the number of spikes in response to the odorant represent the cellular basis of odor coding in insects. Here, we describe the preparation method currently used in our lab to perform SSR on Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae, and show representative traces induced by the odorants in a sensillum-specific manner.

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Electrophysiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants can be measured in insects using single sensillum recordings. In this video article we will demonstrate how to perform single sensillum recordings in the antennae of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the maxillary palps of the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae).

Einzel Sensillum Recordings in der Insekten Drosophila melanogaster Und Anopheles gambiae</em

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in Drosophila melanogaster1. Chief among these are optogenetic tools, which enable the activation or silencing of specific neurons in the intact and freely moving animal using bright light. Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) is a light-activated cation channel that, when activated by blue light, causes depolarization of neurons that express it. ChR2 has been effective for identifying neurons critical for specific behaviors, such as CO2 avoidance, proboscis extension and giant-fiber mediated startle response2-4. However, as the intense light sources used to stimulate ChR2 also stimulate photoreceptors, these optogenetic techniques have not previously been used in the visual system. Here, we combine an optogenetic approach with a mutation that impairs phototransduction to demonstrate that activation of a cluster of loom-sensitive neurons in the fly's optic lobe, Foma-1 neurons, can drive an escape behavior used to avoid collision. We used a null allele of a critical component of the phototransduction cascade, phospholipase C-&beta;, encoded by the norpA gene, to render the flies blind and also use the Gal4-UAS transcriptional activator system to drive expression of ChR2 in the Foma-1 neurons. Individual flies are placed on a small platform surrounded by blue LEDs. When the LEDs are illuminated, the flies quickly take-off into flight, in a manner similar to visually driven loom-escape behavior. We believe that this technique can be easily adapted to examine other behaviors in freely moving flies.

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetically encoded optogenetic tools enable noninvasive manipulation of specific neurons in the Drosophila brain. Such tools can identify neurons whose activation is sufficient to elicit or suppress particular behaviors. Here we present a method for activating Channelrhodopsin2 that is expressed in targeted neurons in freely walking flies.

Optogenetische Stimulation von Escape Verhalten in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

A  growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive  manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Ein Single-fly-Assay für Sammelverhalten in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat open surfaces is complex,&#160;including: pausing, turning, and meandering. This complexity in the repertoire of movement hinders detailed analysis of the events occurring during a single crawl stride cycle. To overcome this obstacle, linear agarose channels were made that constrain larval behavior to straight, sustained, rhythmic crawling. In principle, because agarose channels and the Drosophila larval body are both optically clear, the movement of larval structures labeled by genetically-encoded fluorescent probes can be monitored in intact, freely-moving larvae. In the past, larvae were placed in linear channels and crawling at the level of whole organism, segment, and muscle were analyzed1. In the future, larvae crawling in channels can be used for calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity. Moreover, these methods can be used with larvae of any genotype and with any researcher-designed channel. Thus the protocol presented below is widely applicable for studies using the Drosophila larva as a model to understand motor control.

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

The Drosophila larva is a powerful model system to study neural control of behavior. This publication describes the use of linear agarose channels to elicit sustained bouts of linear crawling and methods to quantify the dynamics of larval structures during repetitive crawling behavior.

Linear Agarose Kanäle zu studieren<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larval Krabbeln Verhalten

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We demonstrate a simple way to tap into the fly reward system, modify experiences related to natural reward, and use voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states. The approach serves as a relevant tool to study the neurons and genes that play a role in experience-mediated changes of internal state. The protocol is composed of two discrete parts: exposing the flies to rewarding and nonrewarding experiences, and assaying voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure of the motivation to obtain a drug reward. The two parts can be used independently to induce the modulation of experience as an initial step for further downstream assays or as an independent two-choice feeding assay, respectively. The protocol does not require a complicated setup and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for inducing rewarding and nonrewarding experiences in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) using voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states.

Ein einfacher Weg zu messen Veränderungen in Reward-seeking Verhalten verwenden<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

Quantification of Drosophila Grooming Behavior

Drosophila grooming behavior is a complex multi-step locomotor program that requires coordinated movement of both forelegs and hindlegs. Here we present a grooming assay protocol and novel chamber design that is cost-efficient and scalable for either small or large-scale studies of Drosophila grooming. Flies are dusted all over their body with Brilliant Yellow dye and given time to remove the dye from their bodies within the chamber. Flies are then deposited in a set volume of ethanol to solubilize the dye. The relative spectral absorbance of dye-ethanol samples for groomed versus ungroomed animals are measured and recorded. The protocol yields quantitative data of dye accumulation for individual flies, which can be easily averaged and compared across samples. This allows experimental designs to easily evaluate grooming ability for mutant animal studies or circuit manipulations. This efficient procedure is both versatile and scalable. We show work-flow of the protocol and comparative data between WT animals and mutant animals for the Drosophila type I Dopamine Receptor (DopR).

This protocol describes a scalable individual grooming assay technique in Drosophila that yields robust, quantitative data to measure grooming behavior. The method is based on comparing the difference in dye accumulation on the bodies of un-groomed versus groomed animals over a set period of time.

Quantifizierung von Drosophila Grooming Behavior

Drosophila grooming behavior is a complex multi-step locomotor program that requires coordinated movement of both forelegs and hindlegs. Here we present a ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other neurological diseases at an increasing speed. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disorders. The genetic, molecular, and behavioral toolbox of Drosophila melanogaster makes this model organism particularly useful to characterize new disease genes and mechanisms in a high-throughput manner. Nevertheless, high-throughput screens require efficient and reliable assays that, ideally, are cost-effective and allow for the automatized quantification of traits relevant to these disorders. The island assay is a cost-effective and easily set-up method to evaluate Drosophila locomotor behavior. In this assay, flies are thrown onto a platform from a fixed height. This induces an innate motor response that enables the flies to escape from the platform within seconds. At present, quantitative analyses of filmed island assays are done manually, which is a laborious undertaking, particularly when performing large screens.
This manuscript describes the &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; and &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; algorithms for&#160;high-throughput, automated data processing and quantification of island assay data. In the setup, a simple webcam connected to a laptop collects an image series of the platform while the assay is performed. The &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; algorithm developed for the open-source software Fiji processes these image series and quantifies, for each experimental condition, the number of flies on the platform over time. The &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; script, compatible with the free software R, was developed to automatically process the obtained data and to calculate whether treatments/genotypes are statistically different. This greatly improves the efficiency of the island assay and makes it a powerful readout for basic locomotion and flight behavior. It can thus be applied to large screens investigating fly locomotor ability, Drosophila models of movement disorders, and drug efficacy.

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

The island assay is a relatively new, cost-effective assay that can be used to evaluate the basic locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. This manuscript describes algorithms for automatic data processing and objective quantification of island assay data, making this assay a sensitive, high-throughput readout for large genetic or pharmacological screens.

Hochdurchsatz-Analyse des Bewegungsapparates Verhaltens in der Drosophila -Insel-Assay

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other ...

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a considerable amount of information has been generated regarding ORN responses to odorants, the role of specific ORNs in driving behavioral responses remains poorly understood. Complications in behavior analyses arise due to different volatilities of odorants that activate individual ORNs, multiple ORNs activated by single odorants, and the difficulty in replicating naturally observed temporal variations in olfactory stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods in the laboratory. Here, we describe a protocol that analyzes Drosophila larval behavior in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its ORNs. The optogenetic technology used here allows for specificity of ORN activation and precise control of temporal patterns of ORN activation. Corresponding larval movement is tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom written software. By replacing odor stimuli with light stimuli, this method allows for a more precise control of individual ORN activation in order to study its impact on larval behavior. Our method could be further extended to study the impact of second-order projection neurons (PNs) as well as local neurons (LNs) on larval behavior. This method will thus enable a comprehensive dissection of olfactory circuit function and complement studies on how olfactory neuron activities translate in to behavior responses.

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

This protocol analyzes navigational behavior of Drosophila larva in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its olfactory neurons. Light of 630 nm wavelength is used to activate individual olfactory neurons expressing a red-shifted channel rhodopsin. Larval movement is simultaneously tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom-written software.

Tracking von Drosophila Larven Verhalten als Reaktion auf optogenetische Stimulation der olfaktorischen Neuronen

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a ...

In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster

Decades of research in many model organisms have led to the current concept of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory formation. Learning-induced changes in synaptic transmission are often distributed across many neurons and levels of processing in the brain. Therefore, methods to visualize learning-dependent synaptic plasticity across neurons are needed. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster represents a particularly favorable model organism to study neuronal circuits underlying learning. The protocol presented here demonstrates a way in which the processes underlying the formation of associative olfactory memories, i.e., synaptic activity and their changes, can be monitored in vivo. Using the broad array of genetic tools available in Drosophila, it is possible to specifically express genetically encoded calcium indicators in determined cell populations and even single cells. By fixing a fly in place, and opening the head capsule, it is possible to visualize calcium dynamics in these cells whilst delivering olfactory stimuli. Additionally, we demonstrate a set-up in which the fly can be subjected, simultaneously, to electric shocks to the body. This provides a system in which flies can undergo classical olfactory conditioning - whereby a previously na&#239;ve odor is learned to be associated with electric shock punishment - at the same time as the representation of this odor (and other untrained odors) is observed in the brain via two-photon microscopy. Our lab has previously reported the generation of synaptically localized calcium sensors, which enables one to confine the fluorescent calcium signals to pre- or postsynaptic compartments. Two-photon microscopy provides a way to spatially resolve fine structures. We exemplify this by focusing on neurons integrating information from the mushroom body, a higher-order center of the insect brain. Overall, this protocol provides a method to examine the synaptic connections between neurons whose activity is modulated as a result of olfactory learning.

In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster

Here we present a protocol with which pre- and/or postsynaptic calcium can be visualized in the context of Drosophila learning and memory. In vivo calcium imaging using synaptically localized calcium sensors is combined with a classical olfactory conditioning paradigm such that the synaptic plasticity underlying this type of associative learning may be determined.

In Vivo Optische Calcium-Bildgebung der lerninduzierten synaptischen Plastizität bei Drosophila melanogaster

Decades of research in many model organisms have led to the current concept of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory formation. ...

Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice

Pain comprises of both sensory (nociceptive) and affective (unpleasant) dimensions. In preclinical models, pain has traditionally been assessed using reflexive tests that allow inferences regarding pain's nociceptive component but provide little information about the affective or motivational component of pain. Developing tests that capture these components of pain are therefore translationally important. Hence, researchers need to use non-reflexive behavioral assays to study pain perception at that level. Mechanical conflict-avoidance (MCA) is an established voluntary non-reflexive behavior assay, for studying motivational responses to a noxious mechanical stimulus in a 3 chamber paradigm. A change in a mouse's location preference, when faced with competing noxious stimuli, is used to infer the perceived unpleasantness of bright light versus tactile stimulation of the paws. This protocol outlines a modified version of the MCA assay which pain researchers can use to understand affective-motivational responses in a variety of mouse pain models. Though not specifically described here, our example MCA data use the intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), spared nerve injury (SNI), and a fracture/casting model as pain models to illustrate the MCA procedure.

The mechanical conflict-avoidance assay is used as a non-reflexive readout of pain sensitivity in mice which can be used to better understand affective-motivational responses in a variety of mouse pain models.

Mechanischer Konfliktvermeidungstest zur Messung des Schmerzverhaltens bei Mäusen

Pain comprises of both sensory (nociceptive) and affective (unpleasant) dimensions. In preclinical models, pain has traditionally been assessed using ...