Wir danken Nadine Wambsganss für hervorragende technische Assistenz. Diese Arbeit wurde durch ein Stipendium der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (GL599/1-1) und zum Teil durch einen Zuschuss von der Innovation Fund GRENZE (Universität Heidelberg) zu CAG unterstützt

1. Protokoll <ol><li> Planen Sie Puffer wie folgt: <ol><li> Planen Sie Puffer für PBMC Trennung: &quot;Waschpuffer&quot; = 0,02% EDTA in PBS (0,5 M EDTA Nutzung). </li><li> Planen Sie Puffer für Monozyten Trennung: &quot;MACS Spülpuffer&quot; = 0,5% BSA (250 mg) + 2 mM EDTA (200 ul) + PBS (50 ml). Degas der Puffer. </li><li> Planen Sie Puffer für FACS-Färbung und Lagerung der Zellen: &quot;FACS-Puffer&quot; = 10% FCS in PBS und &quot;Fixierung Puffer&quot; = 1% PFA in PBS. </li></ol></li><li> Unentschieden 30 ml Vollblut von einem Unterarm Vene. Verwenden EDTA als Antikoagulans. </li><li> Isolieren PBMC (Histopaque) wie folgt: <ol><li> Bereiten Sie zwei sterile 50 ml Röhrchen (kein Poly-Styrol). </li><li> Verdünnen das Blut aus Schritt 2 mit PBS 1:1 beträgt. </li><li> 25 ml + 25 ml Histopaque Vollblut / PBS pro Röhrchen. Stellen Sie sicher, dass Histopaque und Blut nicht mischen. </li><li> Zentrifuge bei 400 xg für 30 min bei RT, keine Bremse. </li><li> Saugen Plasma und entsorgen. </li><li> Saugen undurchsichtig Schnittstelle und Pipette in sauberen 50 ml Wannee. </li><li> 20 ml 0,02% EDTA in PBS. </li><li> Zentrifuge bei 250 xg für 5 min bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Überstand verwerfen. </li><li> 10 ml 0,02% EDTA in PBS. </li></ol></li><li> Zählen von Zellen wie folgt: <ol><li> Gut mischen durch Vortexen für 10 sec. </li><li> Nehmen Sie 200 ul Zellsuspension + 300 ul 0,02% EDTA in PBS + 500 ul Trypanblau (200-500 Zellen/10 Quadrate, sonst ändern Verdünnungsfaktor). </li></ol></li><li> Führen negativen Isolierung von Monozyten wie folgt: <ol><li> Zentrifuge Zellen in Schritt 3,10 für 10 min, 120 x g erhalten. Überstand verwerfen. </li><li> Waschen Zellpellet 2x durch Zugabe von 10 ml PBS + 0,02% EDTA und Zentrifuge für 10 min, 120 x g. </li><li> In 9 ml sterilem Wasser für 3 Sekunden, 1 ml 10X PBS. </li><li> Waschen Sie noch einmal mit PBS + 0,02% EDTA und Zentrifuge 10 min, 120 x g. </li><li> Zählen Sie während der Zentrifugation. </li><li> Verdünnen Sie in EasySep Puffer bei 5 x 10 7 / ml. </li><li> In 50 ul / ml Monozyten Bereicherung SchwanzSchwanz. </li><li> Inkubieren für 10 min bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Vortex Perlen für 30 sek. </li><li> In 50 ul / ml Perlen. </li><li> Inkubieren für 5 min bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Füllen Sie EasySep Puffer Volumen von 2,5 ml abzuschließen. Die Lösung scheint nun bräunlich. </li><li> Setzen Sie in Magneten. </li><li> Warten 2.5 min bei RT. Während dieser Zeit nicht Monozyten, gebunden an die magnetischen Kügelchen werden mit der Rohrwand bewegen und bleiben dort haften. </li><li> Gießen Puffer mit unverbindlichen Monozyten in frischen sterilen Röhrchen. Diese Lösung sieht weißlich. </li><li> Waschen einmal mit PBS + 0,02% EDTA und zentrifugieren für 10 min, 120 x g. </li></ol></li><li> Platte Zellen in einer Kunststoffschale oder mehrwandigen Platte mit einer Dichte von 0,5 x 10 6 / cm 2. 1 ml der Kultur media / 1 x 10 6 Zellen. </li><li> Kultur Zellen unter Bedingungen von Interesse für 6-14 Tage. </li><li> Ändern Medien nach 3 Tagen durch Austausch 50% der Medien mit frischem Medium (siehe Tabelle 1 für weitere Details). </li><li>Nach sechs Tagen Ernte Zellen zur mRNA-Isolierung, Durchflusszytometrie, Western Blot, etc. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gordon, S., Taylor, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocyte+and+macrophage+heterogeneity.">Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5, 953-964 (2005).</li><li>Gordon, S., Mantovani, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+and+plasticity+of+mononuclear+phagocytes.">Diversity and plasticity of mononuclear phagocytes.</a> European Journal of Immunology. 41, 2470-2472 (2011).</li><li>Martinez, F. O., Sica, A., Mantovani, A., Locati, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+activation+and+polarization.">Macrophage activation and polarization.</a> Front. Biosci. 13, 453-461 (2008).</li><li>Ingersoll, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+gene+expression+profiles+between+human+and+mouse+monocyte+subsets.">Comparison of gene expression profiles between human and mouse monocyte subsets.</a> Blood. 115, 10-19 (2010).</li><li>Gleissner, C. A., Sanders, J. M., Nadler, J., Ley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upregulation+of+aldose+reductase+during+foam+cell+formation+as+possible+link+among+diabetes,+hyperlipidemia,+and+atherosclerosis.">Upregulation of aldose reductase during foam cell formation as possible link among diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 1137-1143 (2008).</li><li>Gleissner, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CXCL4+downregulates+the+atheroprotective+hemoglobin+receptor+CD163+in+human+macrophages.">CXCL4 downregulates the atheroprotective hemoglobin receptor CD163 in human macrophages.</a> Circ. Res. , (2009).</li><li>Gleissner, C. A., Shaked, I., Little, K. M., Ley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CXC+chemokine+ligand+4+induces+a+unique+transcriptome+in+monocyte-derived+macrophages.">CXC chemokine ligand 4 induces a unique transcriptome in monocyte-derived macrophages.</a> J. Immunol. 184, 4810-4818 (2010).</li><li>Martinez, F. O., Gordon, S., Locati, M., Mantovani, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+profiling+of+the+human+monocyte-to-macrophage+differentiation+and+polarization:+New+molecules+and+patterns+of+gene+expression.">Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: New molecules and patterns of gene expression.</a> J. Immunol. 177, 7303-7311 (2006).</li><li>Verreck, F. A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+il-23-producing+type+1+macrophages+promote+but+il-10-producing+type+2+macrophages+subvert+immunity+to+(myco)bacteria.">Human il-23-producing type 1 macrophages promote but il-10-producing type 2 macrophages subvert immunity to (myco)bacteria.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101, 4560-4565 (2004).</li><li>Rey-Giraud, F., Hafner, M., Ries, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+generation+of+monocyte-derived+macrophages+under+serum-free+conditions+improves+their+tumor+promoting+functions.">In vitro generation of monocyte-derived macrophages under serum-free conditions improves their tumor promoting functions.</a> PLoS One. 7, e42656 (2012).</li><li>Boyle, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronary+intraplaque+hemorrhage+evokes+a+novel+atheroprotective+macrophage+phenotype.">Coronary intraplaque hemorrhage evokes a novel atheroprotective macrophage phenotype.</a> American Journal of Pathology. 174, 1097-1108 (2009).</li><li>Cho, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+dendritic+cell-like+phenotype+in+macrophages+during+foam+cell+formation.">Induction of dendritic cell-like phenotype in macrophages during foam cell formation.</a> Physiol Genomics. 29, 149-160 (2007).</li><li>Vogt, G., Nathan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+differentiation+of+human+macrophages+with+enhanced+antimycobacterial+activity.">In vitro differentiation of human macrophages with enhanced antimycobacterial activity.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 121, 3889-3901 (2011).</li><li>Mikita, T., Porter, G., Lawn, R. M., Shiffman, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidized+low+density+lipoprotein+exposure+alters+the+transcriptional+response+of+macrophages+to+inflammatory+stimulus.">Oxidized low density lipoprotein exposure alters the transcriptional response of macrophages to inflammatory stimulus.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276, 45729-45739 (2001).</li><li>Qin, Z. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+THP-1+cells+as+a+model+for+mimicking+the+function+and+regulation+of+monocytes+and+macrophages+in+the+vasculature.">The use of THP-1 cells as a model for mimicking the function and regulation of monocytes and macrophages in the vasculature.</a> Atherosclerosis. 221, 2-11 (2012).</li><li>Daigneault, M., Preston, J. A., Marriott, H. M., Whyte, M. K. B., Dockrell, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+identification+of+markers+of+macrophage+differentiation+in+pma-stimulated+THP-1+cells+and+monocyte-derived+macrophages.">The identification of markers of macrophage differentiation in pma-stimulated THP-1 cells and monocyte-derived macrophages.</a> PLoS One. 5, e8668 (2010).</li><li>Wahl, L. M., Wahl, S. M., Smythies, L. E., Smith, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+human+monocyte+populations.">Isolation of human monocyte populations.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2001).</li><li>Waldo, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+of+human+macrophages+in+culture+and+in+atherosclerotic+plaques.">Heterogeneity of human macrophages in culture and in atherosclerotic plaques.</a> Am. J. Pathol. 172, 1112-1126 (2008).</li><li>Mart&#237;n-Fuentes, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+variation+of+scavenger+receptor+expression+in+human+macrophages+with+oxidized+low-density+lipoprotein+is+associated+with+a+differential+inflammatory+response.">Individual variation of scavenger receptor expression in human macrophages with oxidized low-density lipoprotein is associated with a differential inflammatory response.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 179, 3242-3248 (2007).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nicht zu einem Interessenkonflikt offen zu legen.

Monozyten abgeleiteten Makrophagen sind der Schlüssel Zelltyp des angeborenen Immunsystems. Sie spielen eine wichtige Rolle in vielen entzündlichen Erkrankungen einschließlich Arteriosklerose oder Krebs 2. So studieren Makrophagen Biologie ist für die Erhöhung unserer Kenntnisse über die Pathophysiologie vieler Krankheiten wesentliche und für die Entwicklung neuer Therapien zu ermöglichen. Viele Studien gelten von Mausmodellen Überexpression oder fehlen bestimmte Gene von...

Monozyten abgeleiteten Makrophagen eine wichtige zelluläre Komponente der angeborenen Immunsystems und zur viele akute oder chronische entzündliche Prozesse 1. Makrophagen spielen eine wichtige Rolle in vielen entzündlichen Erkrankungen wie Arteriosklerose oder Krebs 2. Makrophagen zeigen einen hohen Grad an Plastizität und sind in der Lage, verschiedene Phänotypen in Abhängigkeit von der lokalen Mikromilieus 3 übernehmen. So studieren Makrophagen Differenzierung und Heterogenität ist für die Erhöhung unserer Kenntnis der Pathophysiologie vieler Krankheiten unerlässlich und Identifizierung neuer therapeutischer Targets und Entwicklung neuartiger Therapien zu ermöglichen. In vielen Fällen sind murine Modelle verwendet werden, um die Pathophysiologie von bestimmten Krankheiten zu untersuchen. Allerdings ist das Studium der Biologie mit Makrophagen Mausmodelle durch mehrere Unzulänglichkeiten begleitet: (1) Der Anteil der Leukozyten Teilmenge Zahlen (dh Monozyten und Granulozyten) in peripHeral Blut von Mäusen oder Menschen unterscheidet sich deutlich darauf hindeutet, verschiedene Rollen von Monozyten in murinen und humanen Pathophysiologie. (2) Es gibt erhebliche Unterschiede in der Genexpression zwischen Maus und Mensch Monozyten im peripheren Blut hindeutet erhebliche Unterschiede in ihrer Funktion während Gesundheit und Krankheit 4. (3) Eine Reihe von Markern, die verwendet werden, um murine Monozyten und Makrophagen (F4/80, LyC, etc.) Identifizieren nicht in menschlichen myeloischen Zellen existieren, so dass die Übertragung von Erkenntnissen in Maus-Modellen der menschlichen Situation ziemlich schwierig werden. So, um unser Verständnis der Makrophagen-Differenzierung und Heterogenität in der menschlichen Krankheit zu erhöhen, müssen wir die Verwendung von Modellen der Arbeit mit humanen Makrophagen zu machen. Daher beschreiben wir hier ein Modell der humanen primären Makrophagen Generation, die einfach zu bedienen ist und ermöglicht Untersuchung der menschlichen Monozyten-Makrophagen in vitro unter verschiedenen Bedingungen, die sich in verschiedenen Makrophagen poPolarisation Typen. In mehreren Studien haben wir die in-vitro-Modell von Monozyten abgeleiteten primären humanen Makrophagen verwendet, um Makrophagen Biologie und ihre mögliche Bedeutung für die menschliche Arteriosklerose 5-7 zu analysieren. Obwohl nicht vollständig ersetzen Experimente mit Tieren oder menschlichen Geweben erhalten post mortem, ermöglicht die hier beschriebene Modell Identifizierung und Validierung von Krankheitsmechanismen und therapeutische Ziele, die von großer Bedeutung für verschiedene menschliche Krankheiten können.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml centrifuge tube (sterile)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>055398</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-PBS (1X), liquid (no calcium or magnesium)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14190-250</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9285</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A-8806</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FCS</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Human Monocyte Enrichment Kit</td>
			<td>StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td>19059</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Magnet</td>
			<td>StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td>18000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>352008</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrophage-SFM (1X)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12065-074</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-4458</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nutridoma-SP</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11011375001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human M-CSF 10 &mu;g</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>300-25</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Plates 6-well</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>07-200-80</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vitro model to study heterogeneity of human macrophage differentiation and polarization

Monozyten abgeleiteten Makrophagen eine wichtige Zelltyp des angeborenen Immunsystems. Mausmodelle Studium Makrophagen Biologie leiden unter den phänotypische und funktionelle Unterschiede zwischen Maus und Mensch Monozyten-Makrophagen. Daher beschreiben wir hier ein in vitro-Modell zu erzeugen und zu studieren primären humanen Makrophagen. Kurz nach Dichtegradientenzentrifugation von peripheren Blut von einem Unterarm Vene gezogen werden Monozyten aus peripheren mononukleären Zellen mit negativen magnetischen Kügelchen Isolierung isoliert. Diese Monozyten werden dann sechs Tage lang unter speziellen Bedingungen kultiviert werden, um verschiedene Arten von Makrophagen-Differenzierung oder Polarisation zu induzieren. Das Modell ist einfach zu bedienen und umgeht die Probleme von artspezifischen Unterschiede zwischen Maus und Mensch verursacht. Weiterhin ist es näher an der in vivo-Bedingungen als die Verwendung von immortalisierten Zelllinien. Zusammenfassend ist die hier beschriebene Modell geeignet, um zu studieren macrophage Biologie, identifizieren Krankheitsmechanismen und neue therapeutische Targets. Obwohl nicht vollständig ersetzen Experimente mit Tieren oder menschlichen Geweben erhalten post mortem, ermöglicht die hier beschriebene Modell Identifizierung und Validierung von Krankheitsmechanismen und therapeutische Ziele, die von großer Bedeutung für verschiedene menschliche Krankheiten können.

Mit dem oben beschriebenen Protokoll, wir routinemäßig erhalten 25,1 x 10 6 ± 2,2 x 10 6 ml Blut monocytes/100 (Mittelwert ± Standardabweichung aus 26 unabhängigen Experimenten, 1A). Monozyten Reinheit durch durchflusszytometrische Färbung für CD14 bestimmt wird routinemäßig von mehr als 95% (97,1 ± 0,4%, mittlere ± Standardabweichung von 3 unabhängigen Experimenten, 1B). Die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen von frisch isolierten Monozyten durch Trypanblau-F...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization at JoVE.com

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monozyten abgeleiteten Makrophagen sind wichtige Zellen des angeborenen Immunsystems. Hier beschreiben wir eine einfach zu bedienende<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modell, um diese Zellen zu erzeugen. Mit Zentrifugation, negativen Wulst Isolierung und bestimmten Zellkulturbedingungen kann Monozyten abgeleiteten Makrophagen für phänotypischen und funktionellen Studien erzeugt werden.

Ein<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Modell zur Heterogenität des menschlichen Makrophagen Differenzierung und Polarisierung Studieren

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

18.6K Aufrufe.  University of Heidelberg. Monozyten abgeleiteten Makrophagen sind wichtige Zellen des angeborenen Immunsystems. Hier beschreiben wir eine einfach zu bedienende In vitro Modell, um diese Zellen zu erzeugen. Mit Zentrifugation, negativen Wulst Isolierung und bestimmten Zellkulturbedingungen kann Monozyten abgeleiteten Makrophagen für phänotypischen und funktionellen Studien erzeugt werden.

Serie: An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important health problems worldwide, being responsible for a total of 4 million deaths annually1. Due to their extensive overlap in developing regions, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, co-infections with malaria and HIV-1 are common, but the interplay between the two diseases is poorly understood. Epidemiological reports have suggested that malarial infection transiently enhances HIV-1 replication and increases HIV-1 viral load in co-infected individuals2,3. Because this viremia stays high for several weeks after treatment with antimalarials, this phenomenon could have an impact on disease progression and transmission.
The cellular immunological mechanisms behind these observations have been studied only scarcely. The few in vitro studies investigating the impact of malaria on HIV-1 have demonstrated that exposure to soluble malarial antigens can increase HIV-1 infection and reactivation in immune cells. However, these studies used whole cell extracts of P. falciparum schizont stage parasites and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), making it hard to decipher which malarial component(s) was responsible for the observed effects and what the target host cells were4,5. Recent work has demonstrated that exposure of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells to the malarial pigment hemozoin increased their ability to transfer HIV-1 to CD4+ T cells6,7, but that it decreased HIV-1 infection of macrophages8. To shed light on this complex process, a systematic analysis of the interactions between the malaria parasite and HIV-1 in different relevant human primary cell populations is critically needed.
Several techniques for investigating the impact of HIV-1 on the phagocytosis of micro-organisms and the effect of such pathogens on HIV-1 replication have been described. We here present a method to investigate the effects of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes on the replication of HIV-1 in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. The impact of parasite exposure on HIV-1 transcriptional/translational events is monitored by using single cycle pseudotyped viruses in which a luciferase reporter gene has replaced the Env gene while the effect on the quantity of virus released by the infected macrophages is determined by measuring the HIV-1 capsid protein p24 by ELISA in cell supernatants.

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

We have developed an in vitro malaria-HIV-1 co-infection model to study the impact of Plasmodium falciparum on the HIV-1 replicative cycle in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. This versatile system can easily be adapted to other primary cell types susceptible to HIV-1 infection.

Ein<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Co-Infektion Modell zum Studium<em&gt; Plasmodium falciparum</em&gt; HIV-1-Wechselwirkungen in primären menschlichen Monozyten abgeleitete Immunzellen

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

Untersuchung von Makrophagen-Polarisation mit Knochenmark-Makrophagen

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable alternative to animal model systems for the study of a specific step of microbial pathogen infection. A human monocytic cell line THP-1 which, upon phorbol ester treatment, is differentiated into macrophages, has previously been used to study virulence strategies of many intracellular pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we discuss a protocol to enact an in vitro cell culture model system using THP-1 macrophages to delineate the interaction of an opportunistic human yeast pathogen Candida glabrata with host phagocytic cells. This model system is simple, fast, amenable to high-throughput mutant screens, and requires no sophisticated equipment. A typical THP-1 macrophage infection experiment takes approximately 24 hr with an additional 24-48 hr to allow recovered intracellular yeast to grow on rich medium for colony forming unit-based viability analysis. Like other in vitro model systems, a possible limitation of this approach is difficulty in extrapolating the results obtained to a highly complex immune cell circuitry existing in the human host. However, despite this, the current protocol is very useful to elucidate the strategies that a fungal pathogen may employ to evade/counteract antimicrobial response and survive, adapt, and proliferate in the nutrient-poor environment of host immune cells.

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

The current article outlines a protocol to establish an in vitro cell culture model system to study the interaction of a facultative intracellular human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata with human macrophages which will be a useful tool to advance our knowledge of fungal virulence mechanisms.

Einrichtung einer<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; System zur intrazelluläre Verhalten der Studie<em&gt; Candida glabrata</em&gt; Menschen THP-1-Makrophagen

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable ...

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging from mild infections to life-threatening bronchiolitis. An important part of the pathogenesis of severe disease is an enhanced immune response leading to immunopathology.	Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the immune response of human immune cells to an HRSV infection. First, we describe methods used for culturing, purification and quantification of HRSV. Subsequently, we describe a human in vitro model in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are stimulated with live HRSV. This model system can be used to study multiple parameters that may contribute to disease severity, including the innate and adaptive immune response. These responses can be measured at the transcriptional and translational level. Moreover, viral infection of cells can easily be measured using flow cytometry. Taken together, stimulation of PBMC with live HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to examine mechanisms involved in HRSV-induced disease.

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) can cause severe bronchiolitis in young infants. Part of the pathogenesis of severe HRSV disease is caused by the host immune response. Stimulation of primary human immune cells with HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to study activation of inflammatory pathways and infection.

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the shear stress of flowing blood.
To identify the bacterial and host factors that contribute to vascular adhesion of microorganisms, appropriate models that study these interactions under physiological shear conditions are needed. Here, we describe an in vitro flow chamber model that allows to investigate bacterial adhesion to different components of the extracellular matrix or to endothelial cells, and an intravital microscopy model that was developed to directly visualize the initial adhesion of bacteria to the splanchnic circulation in vivo. These methods can be used to identify the bacterial and host factors required for the adhesion of bacteria under flow. We illustrate the relevance of shear stress and the role of von Willebrand factor for the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus using both the in vitro and in vivo model.

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

To study the interaction of bacteria with the blood vessels under shear stress, a flow chamber and an in vivo mesenteric intravital microscopy model are described that allow to dissect the bacterial and host factors contributing to vascular adhesion.

In-vitro- und In-vivo-Modell, um die bakterielle Adhäsion an der Gefäßwand unter Strömungsbedingungen Studieren

In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the ...

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood. 
We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility. 
All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection.

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.

Ein<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Modell zur Messung der Immunantwort auf Malaria im Kontext der HIV-Koinfektion

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. ...

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte extravasation might result in pathophysiological changes in the CNS. Thus, investigation of lymphocyte migration into the CNS is important to understand inflammatory CNS diseases and to develop new therapy approaches. Here we present an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier to study lymphocyte extravasation. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) are confluently grown on a porous polyethylene terephthalate transwell insert to mimic the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. Barrier function is validated by zonula occludens immunohistochemistry, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements as well as analysis of evans blue permeation. This model allows investigation of the diapedesis of rare lymphocyte subsets such as CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells. Furthermore, the effects of other cells, cytokines and chemokines, disease-related alterations, and distinct treatment regimens on the migratory capacity of lymphocytes can be studied. Finally, the impact of inflammatory stimuli as well as different treatment regimens on the endothelial barrier can be analyzed.

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Here, we describe a human blood-brain barrier model enabling to investigate lymphocyte transmigration into the central nervous system in vitro.

Analyse von Lymphozyten-Extravasation einer Verwendung<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Modell des Barrier Menschliches Blut-Hirn

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte ...

Fabricating Optical-quality Glass Surfaces to Study Macrophage Fusion

Visualizing the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) from living specimens has been challenging due to the fact that most live imaging techniques require propagation of light through glass, but on glass macrophage fusion is a rare event. This protocol presents the fabrication of several optical-quality glass surfaces where adsorption of compounds containing long-chain hydrocarbons transforms glass into a fusogenic surface. First, preparation of clean glass surfaces as starting material for surface modification is described. Second, a method is provided for the adsorption of compounds containing long-chain hydrocarbons to convert non-fusogenic glass into a fusogenic substrate. Third, this protocol describes fabrication of surface micropatterns that promote a high degree of spatiotemporal control over MGC formation. Finally, fabricating glass bottom dishes is described. Examples of use of this in vitro cell system as a model to study macrophage fusion and MGC formation are shown.

This protocol describes the fabrication of optical-quality glass surfaces adsorbed with compounds containing long-chain hydrocarbons that can be used to monitor macrophage fusion of living specimens and enables super-resolution microscopy of fixed specimens.

Herstellung optischer Qualität Glasflächen, Makrophagen Fusion zu studieren

Visualizing the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) from living specimens has been challenging due to the fact that most live imaging ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)-producing T Helper (THGM) Cells

The granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing T helper (THGM) cell is a newly identified T helper cell subset that predominantly secretes GM-CSF without producing interferon (IFN)&#947; or interleukin (IL)-17 and is found to play an essential role in the autoimmune neuroinflammation. A method of isolation of naive CD4+ T cells from a single-cell suspension of splenocytes and THGM cell generation from naive CD4+ T cells would be a useful technique in the study of T cell-mediated immunity and autoimmune diseases. Here we describe a method that differentiates mouse naive CD4+ T cells into THGM cells promoted by IL-7. The outcome of the differentiation was assessed by the analysis of the cytokines expression using different techniques, including intracellular cytokine staining combined with flow cytometry, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Using the THGM differentiation protocol as described here, about 55% of the cells expressed GM-CSF with a minimal expression of IFN&#945; or IL-17. The predominant expression of GM-CSF by THGM cells was further confirmed by the analysis of the expression of GM-CSF, IFN&#945;, and IL-17 at both mRNA and protein levels. Thus, this method can be used to differentiate naive CD4+ T cells to THGM cells in vitro, which will be useful in the study of THGM cell biology.

In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating Factor GM-CSF-producing T Helper THGM Cells

Here, we present a protocol to differentiate murine granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor-producing T helper (THGM) cells from naive CD4+ T cells, including isolation of naive CD4+ T cells, differentiation of THGM, and analysis of differentiated THGM cells. This method can be applied to studies of the regulation and function of THGM cells.

In-vitro- Differenzierung von Granulozyten-Makrophagen-Kolonie-stimulierende Faktor (GM-CSF) Maus-Herstellung von T-Helferzellen (THGM)

The granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing T helper (THGM) cell is a newly identified T helper cell subset that predominantly ...

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of medium-to-large sized arteries that affects older adults. GCA manifests with arthritis and occlusive symptoms of headaches, stroke or vision loss. Macrophages and T-helper lymphocytes infiltrate the vascular wall and produce a pro-inflammatory response that lead to vessel damage and ischemia. To date, there is no GCA biomarker that can monitor disease activity and guide therapeutic response.
Folate receptor beta (FRB) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein that is anchored on cell membranes and normally expressed in the myelomonocytic lineage and in the majority of myeloid leukemia cells as well as in tumor and rheumatoid synovial macrophages, where its expression correlates with disease severity. The ability of FRB to bind folate compounds, folic acid-conjugates and antifolate drugs has made it a druggable target in cancer and inflammatory disease research. This report describes the histopathologic and immunohistochemical methods used to assess expression and distribution of FRB in relation to GCAimmunopathology.
Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded temporal artery biopsies from GCA and normal controls were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin to review tissue histology and identify pathognomonic features.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect FRB, CD68 and CD3 expression. A microscopic analysis was performed to quantify the number of positively stained cells on 10 selected high-power-field sections and their respective locations in the arterial wall.
Lymphohistiocytic (LH) inflammation accompanied by intimal hyperplasia and disrupted elastic lamina was seen in GCA with none found in controls. The LH infiltrate was composed of approximately 60% lymphocytes and 40% macrophages. FRB expression was restricted to macrophages, comprising 31% of the total CD68+ macrophage population and localized to the media and adventitia. No FRB was seen in controls.
This protocol demonstrated a distinct numerical and spatial pattern of the FRB macrophage relative to the vascular immune microenvironment in GCA.

The protocol illustrates the use of histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry to profile the folate receptor beta macrophage and its relationship with the total immune cell infiltrate in temporal artery biopsies in giant cell arteritis.

Eine Immunohistopathologic Untersuchung der Folat-Rezeptor Beta Makrophagen und vaskuläre immun Mikroumgebung in riesige Zelle Arterienentzündung Profil

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of medium-to-large sized arteries that affects older adults. GCA manifests with arthritis ...