Die Autoren bedanken sich bei Maurice Smith und Marja Talikka für ihre Durchsicht des Manuskripts danken.

<ol>
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E., Shaykhiev, R., Wang, R., Crystal, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+airway+epithelium+air&#8211;liquid+cultures+represent+the+in+vivo+airway+epithelium+transcriptome.">Do airway epithelium air&#8211;liquid cultures represent the in vivo airway epithelium transcriptome.</a> American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biolog. 44, 465 (2011).</li><li>Wiszniewski, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+cultures+of+polarized+airway+epithelial+cells+from+patients+with+cystic+fibrosis.">Long-term cultures of polarized airway epithelial cells from patients with cystic fibrosis.</a> American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biolog. 34, 39-48 (2006).</li><li>Balharry, D., Sexton, K., B&#233;ruB&#233;, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+approach+to+assess+the+toxicity+of+inhaled+tobacco+smoke+components:+nicotine,+cadmium,+formaldehyde+and+urethane.">An in vitro approach to assess the toxicity of inhaled tobacco smoke components: nicotine, cadmium, formaldehyde and urethane.</a> Toxicolog. 244, 66-76 (2008).</li><li>Mathis, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+bronchial+epithelial+cells+exposed+in+vitro+to+cigarette+smoke+at+the+air-liquid+interface+resemble+bronchial+epithelium+from+human+smokers.">Human bronchial epithelial cells exposed in vitro to cigarette smoke at the air-liquid interface resemble bronchial epithelium from human smokers.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physio. 304, L489-L503 (2013).</li><li>Cho, M. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+bioluminescent+cytotoxicity+assay+for+assessment+of+membrane+integrity+using+a+proteolytic+biomarker.">A bioluminescent cytotoxicity assay for assessment of membrane integrity using a proteolytic biomarker.</a> Toxicology in Vitr. 22, 1099-1106 (2008).</li><li>Stewart, C. E., Torr, E. E., Mohd Jamili, N. H., Bosquillon, C., Sayers, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Differentiated+Human+Bronchial+Epithelial+Cell+Culture+Systems+for+Asthma+Research.">Evaluation of Differentiated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Culture Systems for Asthma Research.</a> Journal of Allerg. 2012, 11 (2012).</li><li>Blume, L. F., Denker, M., Gieseler, F., Kunze, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+corrected+transepithelial+electrical+resistance+(TEER)+measurement+to+quantify+rapid+changes+in+paracellular+permeability.">Temperature corrected transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement to quantify rapid changes in paracellular permeability.</a> Pharmazi. , 19-24 (2010).</li><li>Chhin, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+beating+recovery+in+deficient+human+airway+epithelial+cells+after+lentivirus+ex+vivo+gene+therapy.">Ciliary beating recovery in deficient human airway epithelial cells after lentivirus ex vivo gene therapy.</a> PLoS genetic. 5, e1000422 (2009).</li><li>Jiao, J., Meng, N., Wang, H., Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+human+nasal+epithelial+cells+grown+as+explant+outgrowth+cultures+or+dissociated+tissue+cultures+in+vitro.">Comparison of human nasal epithelial cells grown as explant outgrowth cultures or dissociated tissue cultures in vitro.</a> Front Me. 7, 486-491 (2013).</li><li>Talbot, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+assessment+of+reproductive+toxicity+of+tobacco+smoke+and+its+constituents.">In vitro assessment of reproductive toxicity of tobacco smoke and its constituents.</a> Birth defects research. Part C, Embryo today : review. 84, 61-72 (2008).</li><li>Port, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tobacco+smoke+induces+CYP1B1+in+the+aerodigestive+tract.">Tobacco smoke induces CYP1B1 in the aerodigestive tract.</a> Carcinogenesi. 25, 2275-2281 (2004).</li><li>Hoeng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+network-based+approach+to+quantifying+the+impact+of+biologically+active+substances.">A network-based approach to quantifying the impact of biologically active substances.</a> Drug Discov Toda. 17, 413-418 (2012).</li><li>Iskandar, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systems+approaches+evaluating+the+perturbation+of+xenobiotic+metabolism+in+response+to+cigarette+smoke+exposure+in+nasal+and+bronchial+tissues.">Systems approaches evaluating the perturbation of xenobiotic metabolism in response to cigarette smoke exposure in nasal and bronchial tissues.</a> Biomed Res In. 2013, 512086 (2013).</li><li>Karp, P. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+model+of+differentiated+human+airway+epithelia.+Methods+for+establishing+primary+cultures.">An in vitro model of differentiated human airway epithelia. Methods for establishing primary cultures.</a> Methods in molecular biolog. 188, 115-137 (2002).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> ISO 3402: Tobacco and tobacco products -- Atmosphere for conditioning and testing. , (1999).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. , (2011).</li><li>Gautier, L., Moller, M., Friis-Hansen, L., Knudsen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+mapping+of+probes+to+genes+for+Affymetrix+chips.">Alternative mapping of probes to genes for Affymetrix chips.</a> BMC Bioinformatic. 5, 111 (2004).</li><li>Hermida, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confero:+an+integrated+contrast+data+and+gene+set+platform+for+computational+analysis+and+biological+interpretation+of+omics+data.">Confero: an integrated contrast data and gene set platform for computational analysis and biological interpretation of omics data.</a> BMC genomic. 14, 514 (2013).</li><li>Thomson, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+biological+impact+using+transcriptomic+data+and+mechanistic+network+models.">Quantitative assessment of biological impact using transcriptomic data and mechanistic network models.</a> Toxicology and applied pharmacolog. 272, 863-878 (2013).</li><li>Teff, Z., Priel, Z., Gheber, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+forces+applied+by+cilia+depend+linearly+on+their+frequency+due+to+constant+geometry+of+the+effective+stroke.">The forces applied by cilia depend linearly on their frequency due to constant geometry of the effective stroke.</a> Biophysical journa. 94, 298-305 (2008).</li><li>Hilgendorf, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caco-2+versus+Caco-2/HT29-MTX+co-cultured+cell+lines:+permeabilities+via+diffusion,+inside-+and+outside-directed+carrier-mediated+transport.">Caco-2 versus Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-cultured cell lines: permeabilities via diffusion, inside- and outside-directed carrier-mediated transport.</a> J Pharm Sc. 89, 63-75 (2000).</li><li>Sutto, Z., Conner, G. 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Diese Studie wurde von Philip Morris International finanziert.

Hier haben wir die Anwendbarkeit des menschlichen organotypischen Bronchien und Nasengewebemodelle, die Auswirkungen der wiederholten CS Exposition beurteilen demonstriert. Als eine Alternative zu Tierversuchen, wurde eine Reihe von Belichtungssystemen für toxikologische Beurteilungen der Aerosolexposition in vitro entwickelt (z. B. VITROCELL, Cultex, ALICE, etc.). Diese Expositions Module können auch für eine toxikologische Bewertung von Luftschadstoffen, luftgetragene Partikel, Nanopartikel, etc. In dieser Studie verwendet werden können, haben wir die VITROCELL System, das bis zu 48 verschiedene Proben gleichzeitig aufnehmen kann, so dass für größere Experimente und niedriger Variabilität zwischen Behandlungen. Für jede Aerosolexposition in vitro bleibt die Gefahr von Gewebekultur Kontamination eine große Gefahr, deren Eindämmung erfordert eine sorgfältige Handhabung der Gewebekulturen während der gesamten Experimente. Messung von Partikelabscheidung in Echtzeit auf dem Mikrowaage während der exposure Experiment erlaubt es, zu überwachen, dass die CS-Dosen aus dem Belichtungssystem generiert werden, entsprechend den Erwartungen. Um die Genauigkeit der gemessenen Partikelabscheidung zu gewährleisten, Einrichten der Online-Messung korrekt vor der Belichtung ist critial zB die Einrichtung der Skala auf 0 Darüber hinaus, da der Unterschied zwischen den Bereichen der Mikrowaage (cm 2) und die Gewebekultureinsatz (0,33 cm 2), passten wir die endgültige Berechnung der Fläche des Kultureinsatz: nur noch 33% der Ablagerung auf der Mikrowaage die tatsächliche Ablagerung in der Kultureinsatzes. Messung des TEER zu eng Kontaktbarriere Funktionalität zu ermitteln und zu einer Störung der Epithelschicht zu bewerten ist ein relativ einfaches Verfahren zu implementieren, die wir hier berichtet wird. , Da die Bronchien und Nasengewebe Modelle enthalten Schleim-produzierenden Becherzellen durchsetzt, muss jedoch apikal Wasch vor den TEER Messdurchgeführt werdensung. Der apikale Wasch ist kritisch, da die Gegenwart der Schleimschicht und der Variabilität ihrer Dicke vorspannen kann die Messung des TEER, interferring mit den Auswirkungen der CS-Exposition. Dieser Begriff ist in Übereinstimmung mit dem, was wurde von Hilgendorf und Kollegen, in dem die Durchlässigkeit von Caco-2-Zellen wurde durch die Co-Kultivierung mit dem Schleim-produzierenden Becherzelllinie HT29 23 betroffen ausgewiesen. Der Schleim muss weg vor TEER Mess gewaschen werden, da apikal Wasch direkt vor der Exposition kann mit den Gewebereaktionen auf CS stören. Daher wird die Messung drei Tage vor der Belichtung durchgeführt wird, und nicht direkt vor Belichtung. Wir zeigten, dass CYP1A1 / CYP1B1 Aktivität kann sich von den organotypischen Kulturmodellen folgenden CS Exposition gemessen werden, obwohl die Aktivität wurde nur geringfügig durch CS erhöht. Dieses schwache Signal kann durch eine längere Inkubation des CYP1A1 / 1B1 Substrat amplifiziert werden (dh., Luciferin-CEE), beispielsweise für24 h (Daten nicht gezeigt). Eine der Einschränkungen des CYP Aktivitätsmessung in der vorliegenden Arbeit ist das Fehlen Normierung auf die CYP Proteinebene oder auf die Zellzahl, die unter Berücksichtigung der für zukünftige Studien unternommen werden könnten, um sicherzustellen, dass die Änderung auf die Enzymaktivität nicht beeinflusst durch die Änderung entweder der Proteinebene oder der Zellzahl. Wir berichteten, dass CS Exposition hemmte die Zilienschlag sowohl in der nasalen und bronchialen Gewebemodelle. Ähnliche Beobachtungen wurden in verschiedenen Säugetieren und Nichtsäugetiermodelle 12 getan. Für Zilienschlag Messung, so dass das Gewebe behandelt und in ähnlicher Weise behandelt werden, ist kritisch, wenn beispielsweise mittlere Änderung implementiert wird, sollte es für alle Proben angewandt werden. Sutto und Kollegen berichteten, dass pH-Wert beeinflusst die Säugetier ciliary Schlagfrequenz 24. So beim Vergleich Schlagen Frequenzen zwischen Zellen mit verschiedenen Kombinationspräparate / Mischungen, pH behandeltAnpassung sollte in Betracht gezogen, um die Variabilität der Zilienschlag Messung zu minimieren. Darüber hinaus ist die Temperatur, bei der die Messung durchgeführt wird ebenfalls kritisch, da die Frequenz des Zilienschlag sinkt mit abnehmender Temperatur. Die Variabilität aufgrund dieser Änderungen eine Tischinkubation Inkubator mit Temperatur, CO 2, und Feuchtigkeitskontrolle ausgestattet war in dieser Studie verwendet minimieren. Trotzdem wurde beobachtet, dass die Zilienschlag Frequenzen in den Bronchialgewebe nach CS Exposition sehr variabel (dh., Zunahme der Einlage und Abnahme in der anderen Einlage), was darauf hindeutet, dass die Zilienschlag stark gestörten unmittelbar nach Exposition. Im Gegensatz dazu beobachtet man die Abwesenheit von messbaren Zilienschlag Frequenzen im Nasengewebe nach CS Exposition, was darauf hindeutet, daß die Reaktion des Nasengewebe ist empfindlicher und konsistent. Dies ist in Übereinstimmung mit einer früheren Veröffentlichung zeigt, dass das Nasengewebe hat eine geringere Kapazität als entgiftenverglichen mit dem Bronchus 25. Schließlich haben wir gezeigt, dass Genexpressions vom organotypischen Bronchien und Nasengewebe Modelle CS ausgesetzt könnte Auswirkungen von CS auf Fremdstoffmetabolismus zu demonstrieren. Interessanterweise war die beobachtete Veränderung im Fremdstoffmetabolismus im organotypischen bronchiale und nasale in vitro-Modellen zu CS ausgesetzt ähneln, dass die in vivo Situation bei Rauchern, wie detaillierter in einer früheren Veröffentlichung 15 diskutiert. Für Genexpressionsanalysen mit Hilfe der Robotic-Instrument macht ein Hochdurchsatz-Analyse möglich. Außerdem automatischen Roboterhandhabung weiter erhöht die Konsistenz und Genauigkeit der Genexpressionsergebnisse. Dennoch schnelle Sammlung der Gewebeproben war entscheidend für den RNA-Abbau während der RNA-Extraktion vermeiden. Die RNA-Prozessierung und beschriebenen transkriptomischen Ansätze können auch für in vivo Gewebeproben angewandt werden.

Lungs are directly and constantly exposed to inhaled air that may contain diverse toxicants such as pollutants and constituents of cigarette smoke (CS). Studying the impact of exposure to those toxicants on respiratory tissues is most informative when done in a manner that resembles in vivo exposure. Compared with the classical 2D immersed cell cultures (e.g., normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE)), 3D organotypic tissue models better recapitulate the morphological, physiological, and molecular aspects of the human airway epithelium in vivo1,2: the 3D tissue models contain the diversity of the cell types observed in vivo, including differentiated epithelial cells, ciliated and non-ciliated cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. They have functional tight junctions and exhibit a mucociliary phenotype 1-3. Moreover, the cultures can be grown on a permeable porous membrane, in an air-liquid interface, allowing a direct exposure to aerosol at the apical side (whereas the basolateral side is immersed in culture medium) 3-5. Dvorak and colleagues reported that gene expression profiles of bronchial tissue models were similar to those obtained from human bronchial brushings 3. In addition, Mathis and colleagues showed that the responses of these tissue models to CS were similar to the differences observed between bronchial epithelial cells obtained from smokers and cells obtained from non-smokers 6. Finally, because the bronchial tissue models could be cultured for up to several months 4,5, they could potentially be used to examine the effects of long-term exposure of test items. 
Cytotoxicity assessments are common parameters measured following chemical insults or to assess the toxicity of specific compounds or mixtures. For instance, membrane integrity can be measured by a luminescent assay and allows the measurement of a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on the cell culture 7. However, to assess pathophysiological effects of compounds at subtoxic concentrations, other parameters should be measured. For example, tissue integrity determined using the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay ensures the functionality of tight junctions and monitors the disruption of the epithelial layer 8,9. Ciliary beating frequency also allows the measurement of CS-related effects on respiratory tissues. A normal beating frequency for the cilia lining bordering the upper and lower respiratory tract is important to protect against airway infections 10. Each of the ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the respiratory epithelium has 200-300 cilia beating at a particular frequency to eliminate infectious agents or inhaled particulate matter trapped in the mucus released by interspersed goblet cells 11. CS contains chemicals that may inhibit ciliary beating 12, leading to a reduced protection of the respiratory tract. This work shows that ciliary beating can be measured in organotypic tissue models. This approach allows assessment of whether epithelial cells exhibit their normal function in the organotypic tissue culture. CS also activates xenobiotic metabolism responses in the respiratory tract to metabolize tobacco smoke constituents 13. The activity of the phase I xenobiotic metabolism enzymes, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, of the tissue models can be measured. Additionally, as previously reported, global gene expression can be measured in the organotypic bronchial tissue models 6,14,15. A transcriptomic data and network-based systems biology approach is leveraged to assess the impact of CS on xenobiotic metabolism 15. 
The methodologies used to expose organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream CS using an in vitro exposure system and to measure the tissue responses to this exposure compared to fresh air exposure (control) are detailed here.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1545">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:356px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:367px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:655px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MucilAir-human fibroblasts-bronchia</td>
			<td>Epithelix S&#225;rl, Geneva, Switzerland</td>
			<td>http://www.epithelix.com/content/view/122/19/lang,en/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MucilAir Culture Medium</td>
			<td>Epithelix S&#225;rl, Geneva, Switzerland</td>
			<td>http://www.epithelix.com/content/view/84/16/lang,en/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VITROCELL</td>
			<td>VITROCELL systems GmbH, Waldkirch, Germany</td>
			<td>http://www.vitrocell.com/index.php?Nav_Nummer=2&#38;R=</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3R4F reference cigarette</td>
			<td>University of Kentucky</td>
			<td>http://www2.ca.uky.edu/refcig/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">30-port carousel smoking machine SM2000</td>
			<td>Philip Morris, Int.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CiliaMetrix camera and software</td>
			<td>La Haute &#201;cole de Gestion (HESGE), Geneva, Switzlerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica DMIL microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica, Heerbrugg, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LED light source</td>
			<td>Titan Tool Supplies, Buffalo, NY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Chopstick Electrode STX-2</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>http://www.wpiinc.com/products/physiology/stx2-chopstick-electrode-set-for-evom2/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EVOMXTM Epithelial Voltohmmeter&#160;</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>http://www.wpiinc.com/products/physiology/evom2-evom2-epithelial-voltohmmeter-for-teer/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Luciferin Detection Reagent&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MagNA Lyser Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>http://www.roche.com/products/product-details.htm?region=us&#38;type=product&#38;id=66</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">chloroform&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/288306?lang=en&#38;region=</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QIAcube&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right">9001882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NanoDrop</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>http://www.nanodrop.com/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer&#160;</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>http://www.genomics.agilent.com/en/Bioanalyzer-System/2100-Bioanalyzer-Instruments/?cid=AG-PT-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Affymetrix GeneChip High throughput 3&#8217;IVT Express Kit</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>http://www.affymetrix.com/catalog/prod370001/AFFY/High-Throughput-(HT)-Whole-Transcript-(WT)-Kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scanner 3000 7G&#160;</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>http://www.affymetrix.com/catalog/131503/AFFY/Scanner-3000-7G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

impact assessment of repeated exposure of organotypic 3d bronchial and nasal tissue culture models to whole cigarette smoke

Cigarette smoke (CS) has a major impact on lung biology and may result in the development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or lung cancer. To understand the underlying mechanisms of disease development, it would be important to examine the impact of CS exposure directly on lung tissues. However, this approach is difficult to implement in epidemiological studies because lung tissue sampling is complex and invasive. Alternatively, tissue culture models can facilitate the assessment of exposure impacts on the lung tissue. Submerged 2D cell cultures, such as normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures, have traditionally been used for this purpose. However, they cannot be exposed directly to smoke in a similar manner to the in vivo exposure situation. Recently developed 3D tissue culture models better reflect the in vivo situation because they can be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Their basal sides are immersed in the culture medium; whereas, their apical sides are exposed to air. Moreover, organotypic tissue cultures that contain different type of cells, better represent the physiology of the tissue in vivo. In this work, the utilization of an in vitro exposure system to expose human organotypic bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream CS is demonstrated. Ciliary beating frequency and the activity of cytochrome P450s (CYP) 1A1/1B1 were measured to assess functional impacts of CS on the tissues. Furthermore, to examine CS-induced alterations at the molecular level, gene expression profiles were generated from the tissues following exposure. A slight increase in CYP1A1/1B1 activity was observed in CS-exposed tissues compared with air-exposed tissues. A network-and transcriptomics-based systems biology approach was sufficiently robust to demonstrate CS-induced alterations of xenobiotic metabolism that were similar to those observed in the bronchial and nasal epithelial cells obtained from smokers.

Im unten beschriebenen Ergebnisse waren die organotypischen Gewebe primären humanen epithelialen Zellen von gesunden, Nichtraucher getrennt, Europäischer Spendern und wurden mit Fibroblasten 15 wiederhergestellt. 3D Bronchien und Nasengewebe Modelle In vitro bronchiale und nasale organotypischen Modelle ähneln auf zellulärer Ebene das Epithel menschlichen Atemwege (Abbildung 2). CS Exposition Organotypische Bronchien und Nasengewebe Modelle wiederholt, um Mainstream-CS an der Luft-Flüssigkeit-Grenzfläche ausgesetzt werden. Die Rauchexposition experimentelle Verfahren für die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse verwendet wird, in Figur 1 dargestellt ist. Aufzeichnung von Zilienschlag Cilia Prügel in der Luft ausgesetzten Geweben wie in den Videos dargestellt aufgezeichnet. CS Exposition war mit einer Reduktion des ciliary Schlagfrequenz verbunden: die stärkere Spitze um beobachtet4 Hz in der schein-exponierten und vor der Belichtung wird nicht mehr nach CS Exposition (Abbildung 3) beobachtet. Diese reduzierte Frequenz würde die Zilien machen schlagen weniger effizient Schleim und Infektionserreger 22 zu entfernen. Messung des TEER und CYP1A1 / 1B1 Aktivität TEER wurde 48 Stunden nach der letzten Exposition gemessen, um sicherzustellen, das Gewebe noch funktionsfähig ist. CYP1A1 / 1B1 Aktivität wurde ebenfalls gemessen 48 h nach Beendigung der Exposition wie in Abbildung 1 dargestellt. Die TEER-Werte in den CS-exponierten Geweben waren nicht signifikant unterschiedlich im Vergleich zu den der Luft ausgesetzten Geweben bestätigt, dass es keinen großen zytotoxische Wirkung von Rauch bei dieser Konzentration. An der 48 Stunden nach der Belichtung wurde CYP1A1 / 1B1 Aktivität der Gewebe leicht erhöht, was auf einen leichten Anstieg der Gewebeschutzmechanismus nach der Exposition (Abbildung 4). Genexpressionsprofile und netzwerkbasierten Systeme biology Ansatz, um die Auswirkungen von CS-Exposition auf die Veränderung der Fremdstoffmetabolismus studieren Die Gewebe wurden nach 48 Stunden nach der Exposition Zeitpunkten gesammelt. Anschließend wurden Mikroarray-Analyse durchgeführt, um Genexpressionsprofile der CS- und Luft ausgesetzten Gewebe zu erzeugen. Auswirkungen der CS Exposition auf Fremdstoffmetabolismus wurde mit Hilfe eines Netzwerk-basierten systembiologischen Ansatz aus den Genexpressionsprofilen genutzt und untersucht, wie zuvor 15 ausgewiesen. Mit einem Netzwerk-basierten systembiologischen Ansatz zeigt, dass CS Exposition Auswirkungen auf der Ebene der Backbone-Knoten in der Fremdstoffmetabolismus Netzwerkmodell waren schön zwischen der In-vitro- und In-vivo-Datensätzen (Abbildung 5) korreliert. Im Gegensatz dazu auf der Ebene jedes einzelnen Genexpressionsänderungen, schlechte Korrelationen zwischen der in vitro (CS lichteten vs. Luft ausgesetzten) und in vivo (Raucher vs. Nichtraucher) beobachtet. Abbildung 1. Schematischer Ablauf der wiederholte Exposition von CS zu den organotypischen Bronchialgewebe Modelle Abkürzungen:. CYP, Cytochrome P450; CS, Zigarettenrauch; TEER, transepithelialen elektrischen Widerstandes. <img alt="Abbildung 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig2.jpg" /> Abbildung 2. Organotypische Bronchien und Nasen epithelialen Zellkulturmodellen. Karikatur, die die Bronchien (A) und Nasen (B) Zellkultur-Einsatz an der Luft-Flüssigkeit-Grenzfläche. Die in vitro-Modelle enthalten in der apikalen Schicht der Hämatoxylin &amp; Eosin gefärbten Zellen gezeigt Geißelzellen (C für bronchiale, D für die nasale), wie zuvor 15 ausgewiesen. Die Modelle wurden mit Fibroblasten, die wichtig sind, kokultiviert<html> für das Wachstum und die Differenzierung von Epithelzellen (durch Pfeile angedeutet). Die Färbung der Atemwege Linie Marker: p63 (E für bronchiale, F für die nasale) und MUC5AC (G für bronchiale, H für die nasale) gezeigt wie zuvor 15 gemeldet. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieses Bild anzuzeigen.</a> <img alt="Figur 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig3.jpg" /> Abbildung 3. Cilia Schlagfrequenz. Cilia Schlagfrequenz (CBF) wurde in Luft ausgesetzten und in der Kultur vor und nach der Exposition gemessen. Verminderte CBF wurde nach CS Exposition gesehen (werden repräsentative Ergebnisse aus zwei Einsatz als Replikat 1 (R1 gezeigt) und replizieren 2 (R2)). ad / 52.325 / 52325fig4.jpg &quot;/&gt; Abbildung 4. Messung von CYP1A1 / CYP1B1 Aktivität und TEER. Left pannels zeigen die CYP1A1 / CYP1B1 Aktivität im bronchiale (A) und Nasen (B) Gewebemodelle. Rechts Panels zeigen TEER Messung im bronchiale (C) und Nasen (D) Gewebemodelle. Mittelwert ± Standardabweichung dargestellt. Abkürzungen: CS, Zigarettenrauch; CYP, Cytochrom P450; TEER, transepithelialen elektrischen Widerstand; RLU relativ Lumineszenzlabor Einheit. <img alt="Abbildung 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig5.jpg" /> Abbildung 5: Netzwerkbasierte systembiologischer Ansatz für die Bewertung der Auswirkungen der CS Exposition im Rahmen der Fremdstoffmetabolismus. Die Veränderungen der Genexpression Ebenen wurden verwendet, um die Aktivierung der Backbone-Knoten des Fremdstoffmetabolismus Netzwerkmodell (A) zu berechnen </<html> strong&gt; wie in einer früheren Veröffentlichung 15 ausgewiesen. Die Abbildung rechts zeigt das Konzept der Quantifizierung der Backbone-Knoten, auch bekannt als &quot;Differenz Netzwerk-Backbone-Wert&quot; mit dem NPA-Ansatz. Die blauen Ovale repräsentieren die Aktivität der Backbone-Knoten (dh., Die Funktionsschicht) und die grüne Kugeln stellen die Expression von Genen (dh., Die Transkriptionslage). Auswirkungen von CS Exposition in organotypischen Bronchialgewebe (in vitro, CS-exponierten vs. Luft ausgesetzten) an der 48 h von Postexpositions wurden mit denen des Rauchens auf die menschlichen bronchialen Epithelzellen durch Bronchoskopie und nasale Epithelzellen gesammelt durch burshing der unteren Nasenmuschel Vergleich (GSE16008 ) (in vivo, Raucher vs. Nichtraucher) (B). Einsätze ändert Korrelation der Genexpression zwischen der in vitro- und in vivo-Datensätzen. Abkürzungen: CS, Zigarettenrauch; NPA, Netzstörungsamplitude.ove.com/files/ftp_upload/52325/52325fig5large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieses Bild anzuzeigen.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke at JoVE.com

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke

The aim of this protocol is to expose human organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) at the air-liquid interface. The impact of CS on the tissues is then investigated using a cytochrome P450 activity assay, a cilia beating measurement, and a systems biology approach.

Folgenabschätzung Wiederholte Exposition von organotypischen 3D bronchiale und nasale Zellkulturmodelle zu Whole Zigarettenrauch

Cigarette smoke (CS) has a major impact on lung biology and may result in the development of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ...

impact-assessment-repeated-exposure-organotypic-3d-bronchial-nasal

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

11.0K Aufrufe.  Philip Morris Products S.A.. The aim of this protocol is to expose human organotypic 3D bronchial and nasal tissue models to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) at the air-liquid interface. The impact of CS on the tissues is then investigated using a cytochrome P450 activity assay, a cilia beating measurement, and a systems biology approach.

Serie: Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoking is associated with human cancers. It has been reported that most of the lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking 5,6,7,12. Although tobacco tars and related products in the particle phase of cigarette smoke are major causes of carcinogenic and mutagenic related diseases, cigarette smoke contains significant amounts of free radicals that are also considered as an important group of carcinogens9,10. Free radicals attack cell constituents by damaging protein structure, lipids and DNA sequences and increase the risks of developing various types of cancers. Inhaled radicals produce adducts that contribute to many of the negative health effects of tobacco smoke in the lung3. Studies have been conducted to reduce free radicals in cigarette smoke to decrease risks of the smoking-induced damage. It has been reported that haemoglobin and heme-containing compounds could partially scavenge nitric oxide, reactive oxidants and carcinogenic volatile nitrosocompounds of cigarette smoke4. A 'bio-filter' consisted of haemoglobin and activated carbon was used to scavenge the free radicals and to remove up to 90% of the free radicals from cigarette smoke14. However, due to the cost-ineffectiveness, it has not been successfully commercialized. Another study showed good scavenging efficiency of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine8. In the present study, we report a protocol for introducing common natural antioxidant extracts into the cigarette filter for scavenging gas phase free radicals in cigarette smoke and measurement of the scavenge effect on gas phase free radicals in mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) using spin-trapping Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy1,2,14. We showed high scavenging capacity of lycopene and grape seed extract which could point to their future application in cigarette filters. An important advantage of these prospective scavengers is that they can be obtained in large quantities from byproducts of tomato or wine industry respectively11,13

Spin-trapping ESR spectroscopy was used to study the effect of plant antioxidants lycopene, pycnogenol and grape seed extract on scavenging gas-phase free radicals in cigarette smoke.

Ein Protokoll zur Erkennung und Scavenging Gas-Phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoking is associated with human cancers. It has been reported that most of the lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking 5,6,7,12.  ...

Forschung

Biotechnik

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

Tissue Engineering eines Menschen 3D<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Tumor-Testsystem

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Sample Preparation Strategies for Mass Spectrometry Imaging of 3D Cell Culture Models

Three dimensional cell cultures are attractive models for biological research. They combine the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of cell culture with some of the spatial and molecular complexity of tissue. For example, many cell lines form 3D structures given appropriate in vitro conditions. Colon cancer cell lines form 3D cell culture spheroids, in vitro mimics of avascular tumor nodules. While immunohistochemistry and other classical imaging methods are popular for monitoring the distribution of specific analytes, mass spectrometric imaging examines the distribution of classes of molecules in an unbiased fashion. While MALDI mass spectrometric imaging was originally developed to interrogate samples obtained from humans or animal models, this report describes the analysis of in vitro three dimensional cell cultures, including improvements in sample preparation strategies. Herein is described methods for growth, harvesting, sectioning, washing, and analysis of 3D cell cultures via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) imaging. Using colon carcinoma 3D cell cultures as a model system, this protocol demonstrates the ability to monitor analytes in an unbiased fashion across the 3D cell culture system with MALDI-MSI.

Immortalized cancer cell lines can be grown as 3D cell cultures, a valuable model for biological research. This protocol describes mass spectrometry imaging of 3D cell cultures, including improvements in the sample preparation platform. The goal of this protocol is to instruct users to prepare 3D cell cultures for mass spectrometry imaging analysis.

Probenvorbereitung Strategien für Massenspektrometrie Imaging von 3D-Zellkulturmodelle

Three dimensional cell cultures are attractive models for biological research. They combine the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of cell culture with ...

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both cartilage and skin analogs were fabricated after bioink pre-cellularization utilizing a novel passive mixing unit technique. This technique was developed with the aim to simplify the steps involved in the mixing of a cell suspension into a highly viscous bioink. The resolution of filaments deposited through bioprinting necessitates the assurance of uniformity in cell distribution prior to printing to avoid the deposition of regions without cells or retention of large cell clumps that can clog the needle. We demonstrate the ability to rapidly blend a cell suspension with a bioink prior to bioprinting of both cartilage and skin analogs. Both tissue analogs could be cultured for up to 4 weeks. Histological analysis demonstrated both cell viability and deposition of tissue specific extracellular matrix (ECM) markers such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen I respectively.

Cartilage and skin analogs were bioprinted using a nanocellulose-alginate based bioink. The bioinks were cellularized prior to printing via a single step passive mixing unit. The constructs were demonstrated to be uniformly cellularized, have high viability, and exhibit favorable markers of differentiation.

Bioprinting von Knorpel und Haut-Gewebe-Analoga nutzen eine neuartige Passive Einheit Mischtechnik für Bioink Precellularization

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both ...

A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol

Electronic cigarettes are the most popular tobacco product among middle and high schoolers and are the most popular alternative tobacco product among adults. High quality, reproducible research on the consequences of electronic cigarette use is essential for understanding emerging public health concerns and crafting evidence based regulatory policy. While a growing number of papers discuss electronic cigarettes, there is little consistency in methods across groups and very little consensus on results. Here, we describe a programmable laboratory device that can be used to create extracts of conventional cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette aerosol. This protocol details instructions for the assembly and operation of said device, and demonstrates the use of the generated extract in two sample applications: an in vitro cell viability assay and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. This method provides a tool for making direct comparisons between conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, and is an accessible entry point into electronic cigarette research.

Here, we describe a programmable laboratory device that can be used to create extracts of conventional cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette aerosol. This method provides a useful tool for making direct comparisons between conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, and is an accessible entry point into electronic cigarette research.

Ein Mikrocontroller betrieben Gerät zur Erzeugung von flüssige Extrakte aus herkömmlichen Zigarette Rauch und elektronische Zigarette Aerosol

Electronic cigarettes are the most popular tobacco product among middle and high schoolers and are the most popular alternative tobacco product among ...

Preclinical Cardiac Electrophysiology Assessment by Dual Voltage and Calcium Optical Mapping of Human Organotypic Cardiac Slices

Human cardiac slice preparations have recently been developed as a platform for human physiology studies and therapy testing to bridge the gap between animal and clinical trials. Numerous animal and cell models have been used to examine the effects of drugs, yet these responses often differ in humans. Human cardiac slices offer an advantage for drug testing in that they are directly derived from viable human hearts. In addition to having preserved multicellular structures, cell-cell coupling, and extracellular matrix environments, human cardiac tissue slices can be used to directly test the effect of innumerable drugs on adult human cardiac physiology. What distinguishes this model from other heart preparations, such as whole hearts or wedges, is that slices can be subjected to longer-term culture. As such, cardiac slices allow for studying the acute as well as chronic effects of drugs. Furthermore, the ability to collect several hundred to a thousand slices from a single heart makes this a high-throughput model to test several drugs at varying concentrations and combinations with other drugs at the same time. Slices can be prepared from any given region of the heart. In this protocol, we describe the preparation of left ventricular slices by isolating tissue cubes from the left ventricular free wall and sectioning them into slices using a high precision vibrating microtome. These slices can then either be subjected to acute experiments to measure baseline cardiac electrophysiological function or cultured for chronic drug studies. This protocol also describes dual optical mapping of cardiac slices for simultaneous recordings of transmembrane potentials and intracellular calcium dynamics to determine the effects of the drugs being investigated.

This protocol describes the procedure for sectioning and culturing human cardiac slices for preclinical drug testing and details the use of optical mapping for recording transmembrane voltage and intracellular calcium signals simultaneously from these slices.

Präklinische Kardiale Elektrophysiologie Bewertung durch Dual Voltage und Calcium Optical Mapping of Human Organotypic Cardiac Slices

Human cardiac slice preparations have recently been developed as a platform for human physiology studies and therapy testing to bridge the gap between ...

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Due to the rapid development and implementation of a diverse array of engineered nanomaterials (ENM), exposure to ENM is inevitable and the development of robust, predictive in vitro test systems is essential. Hepatic toxicology is key when considering ENM exposure, as the liver serves a vital role in metabolic homeostasis and detoxification as well as being a major site of ENM accumulation post exposure. Based upon this and the accepted understanding that 2D hepatocyte models do not accurately mimic the complexities of intricate multi-cellular interactions and metabolic activity observed in vivo, there is a greater focus on the development of physiologically relevant 3D liver models tailored for ENM hazard assessment purposes in vitro. In line with the principles of the 3Rs to replace, reduce and refine animal experimentation, a 3D HepG2 cell-line based liver model has been developed, which is a user friendly, cost effective system that can support both extended and repeated ENM exposure regimes (&#8804;14 days). These spheroid models (&#8805;500 &#181;m in diameter) retain their proliferative capacity (i.e., dividing cell models) allowing them to be coupled with the &#8216;gold standard&#8217; micronucleus assay to effectively assess genotoxicity in vitro. Their ability to report on a range of toxicological endpoints (e.g., liver function, (pro-)inflammatory response, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity) has been characterized using several ENMs across both acute (24 h) and long-term (120 h) exposure regimes. This 3D in vitro hepatic model has the capacity to be utilized for evaluating more realistic ENM exposures, thereby providing a future in vitro approach to better support ENM hazard assessment in a routine and easily accessible manner.

This procedure was established to be used for developing advanced 3D hepatic cultures in vitro, which can provide a more physiologically relevant assessment of the genotoxic hazards associated with nanomaterial exposures over both an acute or long-term, repeated dose regimes.

Erweiterte 3D-Lebermodelle für In-vitro-Genotoxizitätstests nach langfristiger Nanomaterial-Exposition

Due to the rapid development and implementation of a diverse array of engineered nanomaterials (ENM), exposure to ENM is inevitable and the development of ...

An Open Source Technology Platform to Manufacture Hydrogel-Based 3D Culture Models in an Automated and Standardized Fashion

Current mixing steps of viscous materials rely on repetitive and time-consuming tasks which are performed mainly manually in a low throughput mode. These issues represent drawbacks in workflows that can ultimately result in irreproducibility of research findings. Manual-based workflows are further limiting the advancement and widespread adoption of viscous materials, such as hydrogels used for biomedical applications. These challenges can be overcome by using automated workflows with standardized mixing processes to increase reproducibility. In this study, we present step-by-step instructions to use an open source protocol designer, to operate an open source workstation, and to identify reproducible mixtures. Specifically, the open source protocol designer guides the user through the experimental parameter selection and generates a ready-to-use protocol code to operate the workstation. This workstation is optimized for pipetting of viscous materials to enable automated and highly reliable handling by the integration of temperature docks for thermoresponsive materials, positive displacement pipettes for viscous materials, and an optional tip touch dock to remove excess material from the pipette tip. The validation and verification of mixtures are performed by a fast and inexpensive absorbance measurement of Orange G. This protocol presents results to obtain 80% (v/v) glycerol mixtures, a dilution series for gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), and double network hydrogels of 5% (w/v) GelMA and 2% (w/v) alginate. A troubleshooting guide is included to support users with protocol adoption. The described workflow can be broadly applied to a number of viscous materials to generate user-defined concentrations in an automated fashion.

This protocol serves as a comprehensive tutorial for standardized and reproducible mixing of viscous materials with a novel open source automation technology. Detailed instructions are provided on the operation of a newly developed open source workstation, the usage of an open source protocol designer, and the validation and verification to identify reproducible mixtures.

Eine Open-Source-Technologieplattform zur automatisierten und standardisierten Herstellung von Hydrogel-basierten 3D-Kulturmodellen

Current mixing steps of viscous materials rely on repetitive and time-consuming tasks which are performed mainly manually in a low throughput mode. These ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Human Gingival Epithelial Cells using Y-27632

The gingival tissue is the first structure that protects periodontal tissues and plays meaningful roles in many oral functions. The gingival epithelium is an important structure of gingival tissue, especially in the repair and regeneration of periodontal tissue. Studying the functions of gingival epithelial cells has crucial scientific value, such as repairing oral defects and detecting the compatibility of biomaterials. As human gingival epithelial cells are highly differentiated keratinized cells, their lifespan is short, and they are difficult to passage. So far, there are only two ways to isolate and culture gingival epithelial cells, a direct explant method and an enzymatic method. However, the time required to obtain epithelial cells using the direct explant method is longer, and the cell survival rate of the enzymatic method is lower. Clinically, the acquisition of gingival tissue is limited, so a stable, efficient, and simple in vitro isolation and culture system is needed. We improved the traditional enzymatic method by adding Y-27632, a Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, which can selectively promote the growth of epithelial cells. Our modified enzymatic method simplifies the steps of the traditional enzymatic method and increases the efficiency of culturing epithelial cells, which has significant advantages over the direct explant method and the enzymatic method.

Here we present a modified method for the isolation and culture of human gingival epithelial cells by adding the Rock inhibitor, Y-27632, to the traditional method. This method is easier, less time-consuming, enhances stem cell properties, and produces larger numbers of high-potential epithelial cells both for the laboratory and for clinical applications.

Isolierung und Kultur primärer humaner Zahnfleischepithelzellen mit Y-27632

The gingival tissue is the first structure that protects periodontal tissues and plays meaningful roles in many oral functions. The gingival epithelium is ...

Skalierbare Erzeugung von einheitlichen Zell-Sphäroiden mit Hilfe eines 3D-Akustik-Montagegeräts

Three-Dimensional Acoustic Assembly Device for Mass Manufacturing of Cell Spheroids

Cell spheroids are promising three-dimensional (3D) models that have gained wide applications in many biological fields. This protocol presents a method for manufacturing high-quality and high-throughput cell spheroids using a 3D acoustic assembly device through maneuverable procedures. The acoustic assembly device consists of three lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers, each arranged in the X/Y/Z plane of a square polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) chamber. This configuration enables the generation of a 3D dot-array pattern of levitated acoustic nodes (LANs) when three signals are applied. As a result, cells in the gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) solution can be driven to the LANs, forming uniform cell aggregates in three dimensions. The GelMA solution is then UV-photocured and crosslinked to serve as a scaffold that supports the growth of cell aggregates. Finally, masses of matured spheroids are obtained and retrieved by subsequently dissolving the GelMA scaffolds under mild conditions. The proposed new 3D acoustic cell assembly device will enable the scale-up fabrication of cell spheroids, and even organoids, offering great potential technology in the biological field.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Entwicklung einer gerüstfreien akustischen Assemblierungsmethode für hochwertige 3D-Zell-Sphäroid-Kulturen 

Cell spheroids have been considered one potential model in the field of biological applications. This article describes protocols for scalably generating cell spheroids using a 3D acoustic assembly device, which provides an efficient method for the robust and rapid fabrication of uniform cell spheroids.

Dreidimensionales akustisches Montagegerät für die Massenfertigung von Zellsphäroiden

Cell spheroids are promising three-dimensional (3D) models that have gained wide applications in many biological fields. This protocol presents a method ...