This work was supported by NIH grant GM085232 and an Irma T. Hirschl/ Monique Weill-Caulier Scholar Award (to A.A.).

1. Lipid Vorbereitung <ol><li> Aliquot die gewünschte Menge Lipide in eine klare Glasröhre. Du Siehst. coli polaren Lipidextrakt, aber die meisten Lipidzusammensetzungen verwendet werden. Wenn die Lipide in Form von Pulver, resuspendieren sie in Chloroform bis zu einer Konzentration von 20 mg / ml. Trocknen der Lipide bei RT unter N 2 -Gas, bis das gesamte Lösungsmittel verdampft ist. </li><li> Resuspendieren der Lipide in Pentan und trocknen Sie es wieder einen stetigen Strom von Gas N 2 zu übrig gebliebenen Spuren von Chloroform zu entfernen. Trocken, bis alle Lösungsmittel verdampft. Während des Trocknens, stark drehen das Rohr, so dass das Lipid in einer gleichförmigen Film, der die untere Drittel des Rohres anstelle einer Bildung einer dichten Masse am Boden verteilt. </li><li> Hinzufügen der Rekonstitutionspuffer enthält Detergens (300 mM KCl, 50 mM Zitronensäure, 25 mM K 2 HPO 4, pH 4,5, 35 mM CHAPS), um die Lipide zu lösen. Benutzen Sie anderen milden Reinigungsmitteln für diesen Schritt, wenn das Protein ist schlecht, tolerant zu CHAPS. </li><li> Resuspend die Lipide zur Klarheit mit einem Wasserbad Sonicator. Tauchen Sie den Schlauch in der Mitte des Wassers Ultraschallbad bei maximaler Leistung in kurzen (30 sec-1 min) mit kurzen Impulsen (30 sec-1 min) unterbricht. Die Lösung sollte klar sein. HINWEIS: Die endgültige Grad an Klarheit erreicht, hängt von der spezifischen verwendeten Lipid-Zusammensetzung. Einige von Charge zu Charge Variation in diesem Schritt auch bei nominell identischen Lipiden ist ebenfalls möglich. Resttrübung aufgrund der Lichtstreuung durch große Partikel in der Suspension, welche durch Zentrifugation entfernt werden kann. </li><li> Inkubieren der resuspendierten Lipide bei RT für 20-60 min. </li></ol> 2. Proteoliposom Bildung HINWEIS: Verschiedene Strategien können verwendet werden, um das Detergens-solubilisierten Protein in Liposomen einfügen. Für CLC-ec1 Dialyse funktioniert gut und ist daher das Mittel der Wahl 6,9,10. <ol><li> Füge das gereinigte Protein, das gewünschte Protein-zu-Lipid (P / L) Verhältnis (in ug o ausgedrückt<html> f Protein / mg Lipid). Die Wahl von P / L-Verhältnis hängt von dem Zweck des Experiments. <ol><li> Wenn es das Ziel ist es, die Aktivität des Proteins von Interesse zu bewerten, zu rekonstituieren bei hohen P / L&#39;s, um das Signal zu maximieren, da jedes Liposom mehrere Kopien des Proteins enthält. Um die Aktivität und / oder einheitlichen Transportrate des Proteins zu quantifizieren, zu rekonstituieren in einer Poisson Verdünnungsregelung bei niedrigen P / L&#39;s, so daß jedes Vesikel enthalten durchschnittlich 1 Protein. Siehe Schritt 7 und Diskussion für eine tiefergehende Analyse, wann die einzelnen Regime zu nutzen. </li></ol></li><li> Um die optimale P / L-Werte für die verschiedenen Schemata zu bestimmen, führen eine vollständige Titration der Aktivität als Funktion der Proteinkonzentration 8,11-13. Jedoch für jedes Protein, für das das Molekulargewicht (MW, in kDa exprimiert) der aktiven Einheit ist bekannt folgende P / L-Werte als Anfangs guesstimates verwendet werden: pg &quot;/&gt; <img alt="Gleichung 2" fo:content-width="1.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq2.jpg" /></li><li> Geladen, die das Protein und Lipidgemisch in eine vorbefeuchtete Dialyserohr oder eine Kassette. Platzieren der Dialyseeinrichtung in einem Becherglas mit 500-1,000x das Volumen der Lipid Rekonstitutionspuffer (dh 1 l Puffer für 1 ml Lipid Resuspension) unter vorsichtigem Rühren. <ol><li> Ändern Puffer 3-4 mal im Abstand&gt; 3 Std. Bei jeder Lösung Wechsel, waschen Sie die Kassette / Schläuche und das Becherglas mit destilliertem Wasser und füllen Sie den Becher mit frischem Rekonstitutionspuffer. Fügen Sie 1-2 O / N Intervalle für die Lösung zu ändern. Die genaue Anzahl und die Dauer der Lösung ändert sich abhängig von der genauen Lipid und Detergentien verwendet. </li></ol></li><li> Nachdem der letzte Schritt ist, entfernen Sie die Liposomen aus dem Dialysegefäß, aliquotieren sie in Rohre und Flash frieren sie in flüssigem N 2 oder Einfrieren bei -80 ° C. </li></ol> 3. Aufnahme Set-up &lt;p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Hinweis: Die Aufnahme-Setup (Abbildung 2A) besteht aus zwei Kammern (Flachboden-Zylinder, ~ 3-4 ml Volumen), eine Cl - (siehe unten) Elektrode, einem pH-Meter mit einem Analog- oder digitale elektrische Ausgang, einen Digitalisierer und einen Computer mit einem entsprechenden Erfassungssoftware. <ol><li> Verbinden der Cl - Elektrode mit dem pH-Meter, das Ausgangssignal des pH-Meter auf dem Digitalisierer die an den Computer angeschlossen ist. Legen Sie die Referenzelektrode in einer Kammer und die Umkodierung Draht in die andere (2B). HINWEIS: Die Polarität der Leitungen ist korrekt, wenn AV Cal (siehe Schritt 6.4 und 7.2) ist positiv. </li><li> Legen Sie die Kammern auf einer Rührplatte mit einem Rührstäbchen in den Aufnahmeraum (Abbildung 1B). Stellen Sie sicher, der Rührstab nicht die Elektrode berühren. </li><li> Schließen der Kammern mit einem Agarbrücke (2B) (100 mM KCl und 2% Agarose). Bewahren Sie die Agar-Brücken in 100 mM KCl. </li&gt; </ol> 4. Vorbereitung der Cl - Elektroden <ol><li> Nehmen Sie einen alten und -possibly- nicht funktionierende pH-Elektrode. Brechen Sie die Glas-Beschichtung, um die Silberdrähte vollständig offenbaren. </li><li> Die Beschichtung vorsichtig aus der Silberdrähte mit einem Skalpell. Reinigen Sie die Drähte mit reichlich H 2 O und EtOH. </li><li> Platz in einer gesättigten Lösung von FeCl 3 (oder Bleichmittel), bis Drähte mit einem einheitlichen dunklen Mantel AgCl bedeckt. </li></ol> 5. Herstellung von unilamellaren Vesikeln <ol><li> In der Nacht vor den Experimenten, schwellen 1 g Sephadex G-50-Perlen in 15 ml externen Puffer (1 mM KCl, 150 mM K 2 SO 4, 25 mM Zitronensäure, pH 4,5) unter leichtem Schütteln (nicht rühren) für mindestens 3 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur vor dem Gebrauch. Jedes Experiment erfordert ~ 3 ml geschwollene Perlen. Halten Sie die geschwollenen Perlen bei 4 ° C für ein paar Tage in den meisten. </li><li> Während die Liposomen bei RT aufgetaut, gießen Sie in jeder Spalte ~ 3 ml geschwollene G-50-Perlen. Lassen Sie sie trocknen durch Schwerkraft bei RT; Dies dauert in der Regel 1-2 min. </li><li> Bereiten unilamellare Vesikel durch Extrudieren des Proteo 11 Mal durch ein Mini-Extruder mit einer 0,4 m Teflon-Cutoff. </li><li> Die Säule in einem Kunststoffrundrohr. Drehen Sie die Spalten, um überschüssige Lösung zu entfernen. Zentrifugieren Sie für 20 bis 30 s bei 1400 x g in einer klinischen Zentrifuge. </li><li> Durchfluss verwerfen, statt Spalte in einer 13 x 100 mm Glasröhrchen und fügen Sie 100 ul der extrudierte Vesikel an der Säule. Spin Säule für 1 min bei 500 xg in einer klinischen Zentrifuge. </li><li> Sammeln ~ 200 ul Durchströmung zu dem Aufzeichnungskammer in Schritt 6.5 hinzugefügt wird. </li></ol> 6. Efflux Mess <ol><li> Je 2 ml 100 mM KCl in der Referenz (Masse) Kammer und 1,8 ml der externen Puffer (1 mM KCl, 150 mM K 2 SO 4, 25 mM Citronensäure, pH 4.5) zur Aufnahme Kammer. Der leichte osmotischen Ungleichgewicht zwischen der internenund externe Lösungen wirkt sich nicht auf </li><li> Starten Sie die Aufnahme-Programm. Lassen Sie die Grundlinie ins Gleichgewicht kommen, dies kann einige Minuten dauern. </li><li> Sobald das Signal eine stabile Basislinie (die Liposomen bereit sind und die Spalten trocknen) erreicht, startet die Aufnahme (3A). </li><li> Werden 15 ul einer 10 mM KCl-Lösung, um das System (2A) zu kalibrieren. </li><li> In Liposomen. Von Proteoliposomen (3A) - ein kleiner Sprung vielleicht aufgrund einer unvollständigen Entfernung der externen Cl sichtbar. Warten Sie, bis die Grundlinie stabilisiert. </li><li> Hinzufügen Valinomycin (1 ul 1 mg / ml in EtOH) zum Ausströmen (3A) zu initiieren. </li><li> Lassen Sie die Auslauf laufen ihr zeitlicher Verlauf, bis es Plateaus (3A). </li><li> Hinzufügen von 40 ul von 1,5 M β-Octylglucosid (β-OG) in dem externen Puffer alle Liposomen (3A) zu lösen, hergestellt. Beenden Sie die Aufnahme. </li></ol> 7. Daten Analyse <ol><li> Exportieren Sie die Trace-Datei von der im ASCII- oder Text-Format und importieren Sie sie in die Analyse-Programm der Wahl. </li><li> Messen Sie die Spannung an den folgenden Punkten (3A): Zu Beginn der Aufnahme (V 0); Nach Zugabe des Eichpulses (V cal); Nach der Zugabe der Liposomen (V lipo); Am Ende des Auslauf (V fin); Nach Zugabe von Reinigungsmittel (V ges); Grundlinie die Spannungen so dass V 0 = 0 ist. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die Nernst-Planck-Gleichung, um den experimentellen Wert bestimmen <img alt="Gleichung 3" fo:content-width=".3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq3.jpg" /> durch Messung <img alt="Gleichung 4" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq4.jpg" /> Wo Vol Cal ist das Volumen der Kalibrierungspuls in ul, 1.800 wird das Kammervolumen zu Beginn des Experiments in exprimiert1, l, [Cl] cal / in sind die Cl - Konzentrationen der Kalibrierungsimpuls und der externen Puffer in mM und AV cal ist der Sprung in mV nach dem Kalibrierungsimpuls gemessen. ANMERKUNG: Diese empirische Bestimmung α dient drei Zwecken: sie gewährleistet, dass das System korrekt reagiert, bietet ein Maß für die Konsistenz der Reaktion des Instruments zwischen den Experimenten als auch zu prüfen, dass keine Fehler in der Lösung Herstellung hergestellt. </li><li> Berechnen Sie die Cl-Konzentrationen nach jedem Schritt wie folgt: <img alt="Gleichung 5" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq5.jpg" /> <img alt="Gleichung 6" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq6.jpg" /> <img alt="Gleichung 7" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq7.jpg" /> Der Faktor 3/400 kommt von der Verdünnung der 15 &amp; mgr; l Kalibrierungspuls in die 2.000 &amp; mgr; l Endvolumen. </li><li> Calculaßen die Veränderungen in [Cl] bei jedem Schritt, ΔCl Lipo / end / ges. </li><li> Konvertieren V (t) in Cl (t) mit <img alt="Gleichung 8" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq8.jpg" /> Die [Cl] Werte direkt zu bestimmen, an den kritischen Punkten und vergleicht sie mit den berechneten Werten als eine interne Kontrolle. </li><li> Normalisieren der Spur, so dass das Cl rel Lipo = 0 und Cl rel tot = 1 <img alt="Gleichung 9" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq9.jpg" /></li><li> Den Auslaufzeit natürlich der folgenden Gleichung: <img alt="Gleichung 10" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq10.jpg" /> Wobei L die Rate der Cl - Leck, die experimentell durch Messung bestimmt wird Cl - Efflux aus proteinfreien Liposomen unter den gleichen Bedingungen und τ hergestellt wird die Zeitkonstante des Prozesses. </li><li> Berechnen v, die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit: Wo ΔCl Rippe in millimolaren ausgedrückt und V das Volumen der Kammer in ul. </li><li> Berechnen Sie die Transportgeschwindigkeit / Leitwert <img alt="Gleichung 12" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52369/52369eq12.jpg" /> Wobei p der P / L, MW das Molekulargewicht des aktiven Komplexes, ausgedrückt in kDa </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kawate, T., Gouaux, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence-detection+size-exclusion+chromatography+for+precrystallization+screening+of+integral+membrane+proteins.">Fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography for precrystallization screening of integral membrane proteins.</a> Structure. 14, 673-681 (2006).</li><li>Drew, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GFP-based+optimization+scheme+for+the+overexpression+and+purification+of+eukaryotic+membrane+proteins+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">GFP-based optimization scheme for the overexpression and purification of eukaryotic membrane proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Nat Protocols. 3, 784-798 (2008).</li><li>Hattori, M., Hibbs, R. E., Gouaux, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fluorescence-detection+size-exclusion+chromatography-based+thermostability+assay+for+membrane+protein+precrystallization+screening.">A fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography-based thermostability assay for membrane protein precrystallization screening.</a> Structure. 20, 1293-1299 (2012).</li><li>Almo, S. C., Love, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Better+and+faster:+improvements+and+optimization+for+mammalian+recombinant+protein+production.">Better and faster: improvements and optimization for mammalian recombinant protein production.</a> Curr Opin Struct Biol. 26, 39-43 (2014).</li><li>Xiao, S., Shiloach, J., Betenbaugh, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+cells+to+improve+protein+expression.">Engineering cells to improve protein expression.</a> Curr Opin Struct Biol. 26, 32-38 (2014).</li><li>Accardi, A., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secondary+active+transport+mediated+by+a+prokaryotic+homologue+of+CLC+Cl-+channels.">Secondary active transport mediated by a prokaryotic homologue of CLC Cl- channels.</a> Nature. 427, 803-807 (2004).</li><li>Nguitragool, W., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uncoupling+of+a+CLC+Cl-/H++exchange+transporter+by+polyatomic+anions.">Uncoupling of a CLC Cl-/H+ exchange transporter by polyatomic anions.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 362, 682-690 (2006).</li><li>Walden, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uncoupling+and+turnover+in+a+Cl-/H++exchange+transporter.">Uncoupling and turnover in a Cl-/H+ exchange transporter.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 129, 317-329 (2007).</li><li>Accardi, A., Kolmakova-Partensky, L., Williams, C., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionic+currents+mediated+by+a+prokaryotic+homologue+of+CLC+Cl-+channels.">Ionic currents mediated by a prokaryotic homologue of CLC Cl- channels.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 123, 109-119 (2004).</li><li>Basilio, D., Noack, K., Picollo, A., Accardi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conformational+changes+required+for+H(+)/Cl(-)+exchange+mediated+by+a+CLC+transporter.">Conformational changes required for H(+)/Cl(-) exchange mediated by a CLC transporter.</a> Nat Struct Mol Biol. 21, 456-463 (2014).</li><li>Lee, S. Y., Letts, J. A., MacKinnon, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+reconstitution+of+purified+human+Hv1+H++channels.">Functional reconstitution of purified human Hv1 H+ channels.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 387, 1055-1060 (2009).</li><li>Terashima, H., Picollo, A., Accardi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purified+TMEM16A+is+sufficient+to+form+Ca2++activated+Cl-+channels.">Purified TMEM16A is sufficient to form Ca2+ activated Cl- channels.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110, 19354-19359 (2013).</li><li>Malvezzi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ca2+-dependent+phospholipid+scrambling+by+a+reconstituted+TMEM16+ion+channel.">Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scrambling by a reconstituted TMEM16 ion channel.</a> Nature Communications. 4, 2367 (2013).</li><li>Picollo, A., Malvezzi, M., Houtman, J. C., Accardi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basis+of+substrate+binding+and+conservation+of+selectivity+in+the+CLC+family+of+channels+and+transporters.">Basis of substrate binding and conservation of selectivity in the CLC family of channels and transporters.</a> Nat Struct Mol Biol. 16, 1294-1301 (2009).</li><li>Eckford, P. D., Li, C., Ramjeesingh, M., Bear, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+(CFTR)+potentiator+VX-770+(ivacaftor)+opens+the+defective+channel+gate+of+mutant+CFTR+in+a+phosphorylation-dependent+but+ATP-independent+manner.">Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) potentiator VX-770 (ivacaftor) opens the defective channel gate of mutant CFTR in a phosphorylation-dependent but ATP-independent manner.</a> J Biol Chem. 287, 36639-36649 (2012).</li><li>Stockbridge, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluoride+resistance+and+transport+by+riboswitch-controlled+CLC+antiporters.">Fluoride resistance and transport by riboswitch-controlled CLC antiporters.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109, 15289-15294 (2012).</li><li>Menon, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opsin+is+a+phospholipid+flippase.">Opsin is a phospholipid flippase.</a> Curr Biol. 21, 149-153 (2011).</li><li>Nimigean, C. M., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Na++block+and+permeation+in+a+K++channel+of+known+structure.">Na+ block and permeation in a K+ channel of known structure.</a> J Gen Physiol. 120, 323-335 (2002).</li><li>Picollo, A., Xu, Y., Johner, N., Bern&#232;che, S., Accardi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+substrate+binding+determines+the+stoichiometry+of+transport+of+a+prokaryotic+H(+)/Cl(-)+exchanger.">Synergistic substrate binding determines the stoichiometry of transport of a prokaryotic H(+)/Cl(-) exchanger.</a> Nat Struct Mol Biol. 19, 525-531 (2012).</li><li>Tsai, M. F., Fang, Y., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sided+functions+of+an+arginine-agmatine+antiporter+oriented+in+liposomes.">Sided functions of an arginine-agmatine antiporter oriented in liposomes.</a> Biochemistry. 51, 1577-1585 (2012).</li><li>Heginbotham, L., Kolmakova-Partensky, L., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+reconstitution+of+a+prokaryotic+K++channel.">Functional reconstitution of a prokaryotic K+ channel.</a> J Gen Physiol. 111, 741-749 (1998).</li><li>Lundbaek, J. A., Collingwood, S. A., Ing&#243;lfsson, H. I., Kapoor, R., Andersen, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+bilayer+regulation+of+membrane+protein+function:+gramicidin+channels+as+molecular+force+probes.">Lipid bilayer regulation of membrane protein function: gramicidin channels as molecular force probes.</a> J R Soc Interface. 7, 373-395 (2010).</li><li>Lim, H. H., Stockbridge, R. B., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluoride-dependent+interruption+of+the+transport+cycle+of+a+CLC+Cl(-)/H(+)+antiporter.">Fluoride-dependent interruption of the transport cycle of a CLC Cl(-)/H(+) antiporter.</a> Nat Chem Biol. 9, 712-715 (2013).</li><li>Stockbridge, R. B., Robertson, J. L., Kolmakova-Partensky, L., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+family+of+fluoride-specific+ion+channels+with+dual-topology+architecture.">A family of fluoride-specific ion channels with dual-topology architecture.</a> Elife. 2, e01084 (2013).</li><li>Nimigean, C., Shane, T., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cyclic+nucleotide+modulated+prokaryotic+K++channel.">A cyclic nucleotide modulated prokaryotic K+ channel.</a> J Gen Physiol. 124, 7 (2004).</li><li>Brohawn, S. G., del M&#225;rmol, ., J, R., MacKinnon, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+Structure+of+the+Human+K2P+TRAAK,+a+Lipid-+and+Mechano-Sensitive+K++Ion+Channel.">Crystal Structure of the Human K2P TRAAK, a Lipid- and Mechano-Sensitive K+ Ion Channel.</a> Science. 335, 436-441 (2012).</li><li>Jayaram, H., Robertson, J. L., Wu, F., Williams, C., Miller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+a+slow+CLC+Cl-/H++antiporter+from+a+cyanobacterium.">Structure of a slow CLC Cl-/H+ antiporter from a cyanobacterium.</a> Biochemistry. 50, 788-794 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Transport von gereinigtem anionenselektive Kanäle oder Transporter in Liposomen rekonstituiert vermittelt - haben wir ein ausführliches Protokoll zu messen Cl beschrieben. Das verwendete Beispiel war der prokaryotischen H + / Cl - Tauscher CLC-ec1. Jedoch kann die Methodik leicht angepasst, um Kanäle durch Liganden 12,13,15, 11,12 Spannung oder sportlich verschiedenen anionischen Selektivität 15,16 durch Ersetzen des Ag gated untersuchen: AgCl-Elektrode mit eine...

In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten die Fähigkeit, Überexpression und Reinigung von Membrantransportproteine ​​hat sich dramatisch erhöht: Ionenkanäle, primäre und sekundäre Transporter werden nun routinemäßig von heterologen Expressionssystemen sowie natürlichen Quellen gereinigt. Neue Wege in der Ausdrucks überwachen, zu verbessern und die Extraktion und erhöhen die Stabilität dieser Proteine ​​werden ständig weiterentwickelt 1-5. Diese technologischen Durchbrüche haben dazu beigetragen, das Auslösen der Explosion der Atomebene Informationen über die Struktur von Membranproteinen, die wiederum verbessert das Verständnis der strukturellen Grundlagen ihrer Funktion. Im Gegensatz dazu können wir auch die funktionellen Eigenschaften der gereinigten Proteine ​​Sonde nicht mit der gleichen Geschwindigkeit zu erhöhen, so dass in einigen Fällen hochauflösende Strukturinformation durch qualitative Funktionsdaten begleitet, wodurch die Fähigkeit zur quantitativen Test strukturbasierte Prognosen einschränkend. Daher ist die development quantitativer und verallgemeinerbare funktionellen Tests ist ein wichtiger Schritt zur Aufklärung der mechanistischen Grundlagen von Membranproteinfunktion. Hier beschreiben wir eine Auslauf Assay, der verwendet werden kann, wichtige Funktionseigenschaften gereinigt und wiederhergestellt Cl quantitativ zu bestimmen - Kanäle und Transporter. Die Prinzipien des Assays Basiswert kann auf eine Vielzahl von Transportsystemen, sowie auf nichtIonenTransportProteine ​​verallgemeinern. Kanal / Transporter in Gegenwart eines großen Cl - - ​​Liposomen werden mit gereinigtem Cl rekonstituiert Gradienten (1A, B). Cl - Ausfluß wird durch die Zugabe eines Ionophors initiiert, um für Gegenionenfluss zu ermöglichen, in unserem Fall der K + Ionophor Valinomycin, der die Spannung von der etablierten Cl Shunt - Gradienten und den ursprünglichen Membranpotential auf das Gleichgewichtspotential von K + 6,7. Ohne ter Ionophor keine signifikante Netto Cl - Efflux auftritt, wie es durch die Erzeugung eines Transmembranpotentials verhindert. - Efflux und f 0, die Fraktion von Liposomen keine aktive Protein enthaltenden τ die Zeitkonstante von Cl: Die Daten werden quantitativ durch zwei messbare Parameter (Abbildung 1C) beschrieben. Von τ und f 0 die unitäre Cl - Transportgeschwindigkeit kann der Anteil von aktiven Proteinen und die Molekularmasse des aktiven Komplexes 8 abgeleitet werden. Tauscher bekannter Struktur und Funktion - Die Technik wird hier mit Proteo mit CLC-ec1, einem gut charakterisierten CLC-Typ H + / Cl wiederhergestellt dargestellt. Dieser Assay wird leicht um Kanäle oder Transporteure mit unterschiedlicher Ionenselektivität, oder deren Aktivität von der Anwesenheit von Spannung und / oder Liganden verallgemeinert. Darüber hinaus kann dieser Assay verwendet werden, um zu bestimmen, ob kleine Moleküle unmittelbar auf die rekonstituierte Protein,um die Wirkungen dieser Verbindungen und wie die Zusammensetzung der Membran oder Lipidmodifizierungsreagenzien auf die Funktion der rekonstituierten Kanäle und Transporter zu quantifizieren.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Liposomicator, Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.</td><td>610200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IEC Centra CL2 Benchtop</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orion Research Model 701A Digital pH-mV meter</td><td></td><td></td><td>These can be found on Ebay.</td></tr><tr><td>Non-functional pH probe</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any pH meter probe with silver wires will work. The glass/plastic coating needs to be removed and the wires cleaned.</td></tr><tr><td>DI-710 Data Logger</td><td>DATAQ instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>WinDAQ acquisition software</td><td>DATAQ instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce Disposable Plastic Columns, Gravity-flow, 2ml</td><td>Pierce (Thermo Scientific)</td><td>29922</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KIMAX Culture Tubes, Disposable, Borosilicate Glass</td><td>Kimble Chase</td><td>73500-13100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Extruder Set With Holder/Heating Block</td><td>Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.</td><td>610000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a proteoliposome-based efflux assay to determine single-molecule properties of cl- channels and transporters

The last 15 years have been characterized by an explosion in the ability to overexpress and purify membrane proteins from prokaryotic organisms as well as from eukaryotes. This increase has been largely driven by the successful push to obtain structural information on membrane proteins. However, the ability to functionally interrogate these proteins has not advanced at the same rate and is often limited to qualitative assays of limited quantitative value, thereby limiting the mechanistic insights that they can provide. An assay to quantitatively investigate the transport activity of reconstituted Cl- channels or transporters is described. The assay is based on the measure of the efflux rate of Cl- from proteoliposomes following the addition of the K+ ionophore valinomycin to shunt the membrane potential. An ion sensitive electrode is used to follow the time-course of ion efflux from proteoliposomes reconstituted with the desired protein. The method is highly suited for mechanistic studies, as it allows for the quantitative determination of key properties of the reconstituted protein, such as its unitary transport rate, the fraction of active protein and the molecular mass of the functional unit. The assay can also be utilized to determine the effect of small molecule compounds that directly inhibit/activate the reconstituted protein, as well as to test the modulatory effects of the membrane composition or lipid-modifying reagents. Where possible, direct comparison between results obtained using this method were found to be in good agreement with those obtained using electrophysiological approaches. The technique is illustrated using CLC-ec1, a CLC-type H+/Cl- exchanger, as a model system. The efflux assay can be utilized to study any Cl- conducting channel/transporter and, with minimal changes, can be adapted to study any ion-transporting protein.

Wir beschreiben eine detaillierte und robuste Protokoll zu messen Cl - Transport von gereinigtem CLC-ec1, einem prokaryontischen CLC-Typ H + / Cl vermittelt - Tauscher, in Liposomen rekonstituiert. Eine schematische Darstellung des Experiments ist in Abbildung 3 dargestellt Proteoliposomen mit gereinigtem CLC-EC1 und mit hohen internen Cl rekonstituiert. - In einer Badlösung, die geringe Cl taucht -. Unter diesen Bedingungen net Cl - Aus...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters at JoVE.com

A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

Proteoliposomes are used to study purified channels and transporters reconstituted in a well-defined biochemical environment. An experimental procedure to measure efflux mediated by these proteins is illustrated. The steps to prepare proteoliposomes, perform the recordings, and analyze data to quantitatively determine the functional properties of the reconstituted protein are described.

Ein Proteoliposom Basierte Efflux-Assay auf Einzelmoleküleigenschaften von Cl Bestimmen<sup&gt; -</sup&gt; Kanäle und Transporter

The last 15 years have been characterized by an explosion in the ability to overexpress and purify membrane proteins from prokaryotic organisms as well as ...

a-proteoliposome-based-efflux-assay-to-determine-single-molecule

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

9.8K Aufrufe.  Weill Cornell Medical College. Proteoliposomes are used to study purified channels and transporters reconstituted in a well-defined biochemical environment. An experimental procedure to measure efflux mediated by these proteins is illustrated. The steps to prepare proteoliposomes, perform the recordings, and analyze data to quantitatively determine the functional properties of the reconstituted protein are described.

Serie: A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Cholesterol content of cells must be maintained within the very tight limits, too much or too little cholesterol in a cell results in disruption of cellular membranes, apoptosis and necrosis 1. Cells can source cholesterol from intracellular synthesis and from plasma lipoproteins, both sources are sufficient to fully satisfy cells' requirements for cholesterol. The processes of cholesterol synthesis and uptake are tightly regulated and deficiencies of cholesterol are rare 2. Excessive cholesterol is more common problem 3. With the exception of hepatocytes and to some degree adrenocortical cells, cells are unable to degrade cholesterol. Cells have two options to reduce their cholesterol content: to convert cholesterol into cholesteryl esters, an option with limited capacity as overloading cells with cholesteryl esters is also toxic, and cholesterol efflux, an option with potentially unlimited capacity. Cholesterol efflux is a specific process that is regulated by a number of intracellular transporters, such as ATP binding cassette transporter proteins A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1) and scavenger receptor type B1. The natural acceptor of cholesterol in plasma is high density lipoprotein (HDL) and apolipoprotein A-I. 
The cholesterol efflux assay is designed to quantitate the rate of cholesterol efflux from cultured cells. It measures the capacity of cells to maintain cholesterol efflux and/or the capacity of plasma acceptors to accept cholesterol released from cells. The assay consists of the following steps. Step 1: labelling cellular cholesterol by adding labelled cholesterol to serum-containing medium and incubating with cells for 24-48 h. This step may be combined with loading of cells with cholesterol. Step 2: incubation of cells in serum-free medium to equilibrate labelled cholesterol among all intracellular cholesterol pools. This stage may be combined with activation of cellular cholesterol transporters. Step 3: incubation of cells with extracellular acceptor and quantitation of movement of labelled cholesterol from cells to the acceptor. If cholesterol precursors were used to label newly synthesized cholesterol, a fourth step, purification of cholesterol, may be required.
The assay delivers the following information: (i) how a particular treatment (a mutation, a knock-down, an overexpression or a treatment) affects the capacity of cell to efflux cholesterol and (ii) how the capacity of plasma acceptors to accept cholesterol is affected by a disease or a treatment. This method is often used in context of cardiovascular research, metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, infectious and reproductive diseases.

The cholesterol assay is designed to quantitate the rate of cholesterol efflux from cultured cells and the capacity of plasma acceptors to accept cholesterol released from cells. The assay consists of labelling cells with cholesterol, equilibration of cholesterol among intracellular pools and release of cholesterol to an extracellular acceptor.

Cholesterin Efflux-Assay

Cholesterol content of cells must be maintained within the very tight limits, too much or too little cholesterol in a cell results in disruption of ...

Forschung

Medizin

Models and Methods to Evaluate Transport of Drug Delivery Systems Across Cellular Barriers

Sub-micrometer carriers (nanocarriers; NCs) enhance efficacy of drugs by improving solubility, stability, circulation time, targeting, and release. Additionally, traversing cellular barriers in the body is crucial for both oral delivery of therapeutic NCs into the circulation and transport from the blood into tissues, where intervention is needed. NC transport across cellular barriers is achieved by: (i) the paracellular route, via transient disruption of the junctions that interlock adjacent cells, or (ii) the transcellular route, where materials are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell body, and secreted at the opposite cell surface (transyctosis). Delivery across cellular barriers can be facilitated by coupling therapeutics or their carriers with targeting agents that bind specifically to cell-surface markers involved in transport. Here, we provide methods to measure the extent and mechanism of NC transport across a model cell barrier, which consists of a monolayer of gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial cells grown on a porous membrane located in a transwell insert. Formation of a permeability barrier is confirmed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), transepithelial transport of a control substance, and immunostaining of tight junctions. As an example, ~200&#160;nm polymer NCs are used, which carry a therapeutic cargo and are coated with an antibody that targets a cell-surface determinant. The antibody or therapeutic cargo is labeled with 125I for radioisotope tracing and labeled NCs are added to the upper chamber over the cell monolayer for varying periods of time. NCs associated to the cells and/or transported to the underlying chamber can be detected. Measurement of free 125I allows subtraction of the degraded fraction. The paracellular route is assessed by determining potential changes caused by NC transport to the barrier parameters described above. Transcellular transport is determined by addressing the effect of modulating endocytosis and transcytosis pathways.

Many therapeutic applications require safe and efficient transport of drug carriers and their cargoes across cellular barriers in the body. This article describes an adaptation of established methods to evaluate the rate and mechanism of transport of drug nanocarriers (NCs) across cellular barriers, such as the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium.

Modelle und Methoden zum Transport von Drug Delivery Systems über zelluläre Barrieren Bewerten

Sub-micrometer carriers (nanocarriers; NCs) enhance efficacy of drugs by improving solubility, stability, circulation time, targeting, and release. ...

Biotechnik

Single Liposome Measurements for the Study of Proton-Pumping Membrane Enzymes Using Electrochemistry and Fluorescent Microscopy

Proton-pumping enzymes of electron transfer chains couple redox reactions to proton translocation across the membrane, creating a proton-motive force used for ATP production. The amphiphilic nature of membrane proteins requires particular attention to their handling, and reconstitution into the natural lipid environment is indispensable when studying membrane transport processes like proton translocation. Here, we detail a method that has been used for the investigation of the proton-pumping mechanism of membrane redox enzymes, taking cytochrome bo3 from Escherichia coli as an example. A combination of electrochemistry and fluorescence microscopy is used to control the redox state of the quinone pool and monitor pH changes in the lumen. Due to the spatial resolution of fluorescent microscopy, hundreds of liposomes can be measured simultaneously while the enzyme content can be scaled down to a single enzyme or transporter per liposome. The respective single enzyme analysis can reveal patterns in the enzyme functional dynamics that might be otherwise hidden by the behavior of the whole population. We include a description of a script for automated image analysis.

Here, we present a protocol to study the molecular mechanism of proton translocation across lipid membranes of single liposomes, using cytochrome bo3 as an example. Combining electrochemistry and fluorescence microscopy, pH changes in the lumen of single vesicles, containing single or multiple enzyme, can be detected and analyzed individually.

Einzelne Liposomen Messungen für das Studium der Protonen-Pumpen Membran Enzyme mit Elektrochemie und Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie

Proton-pumping enzymes of electron transfer chains couple redox reactions to proton translocation across the membrane, creating a proton-motive force used ...

Biochemie

Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane (SSM)-Based Electrophysiology

Single domain antibodies (nanobodies) have been extensively used in mechanistic and structural studies of proteins and they pose an enormous potential as tools for developing clinical therapies, many of which depend on the inhibition of membrane proteins such as transporters. However, most of the methods used to determine the inhibition of transport activity are difficult to perform in high-throughput routines and depend on labeled substrates availability thereby complicating the screening of large nanobody libraries. Solid-supported membrane (SSM) electrophysiology is a high-throughput method, used for characterizing electrogenic transporters and measuring their transport kinetics and inhibition. Here we show the implementation of SSM-based electrophysiology to select inhibitory and non-inhibitory nanobodies targeting an electrogenic secondary transporter and to calculate nanobodies inhibitory constants. This technique may be especially useful for selecting inhibitory nanobodies targeting transporters for which labeled substrates are not available.

Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane SSM-Based Electrophysiology

Nanobodies are important tools in structural biology and pose a great potential for the development of therapies. However, the selection of nanobodies with inhibitory properties can be challenging. Here we demonstrate the use of solid-supported-membrane (SSM)-based electrophysiology for the classification of inhibitory and non-inhibitory nanobodies targeting electrogenic membrane transporters.

Auswahl von Transporter-gezielten inhibitorischen Nanobodies durch Solid-Supported-Membrane (SSM)-basierte Elektrophysiologie

Single domain antibodies (nanobodies) have been extensively used in mechanistic and structural studies of proteins and they pose an enormous potential as ...

A Quantitative Fluorescence Microscopy-based Single Liposome Assay for Detecting the Compositional Inhomogeneity Between Individual Liposomes

Most research employing liposomes as membrane model systems or drug delivery carriers relies on bulk read-out techniques and thus intrinsically assumes all liposomes of the ensemble to be identical. However, new experimental platforms able to observe liposomes at the single-particle level have made it possible to perform highly sophisticated and quantitative studies on protein-membrane interactions or drug carrier properties on individual liposomes, thus avoiding errors from ensemble averaging. Here we present a protocol for preparing, detecting, and analyzing single liposomes using a fluorescence-based microscopy assay, facilitating such single-particle measurements. The setup allows for imaging individual liposomes in a massive parallel manner and is employed to reveal intra-sample size and compositional inhomogeneities. Additionally, the protocol describes the advantages of studying liposomes at the single liposome level, the limitations of the assay, and the important features to be considered when modifying it to study other research questions.

This protocol describes the fabrication of liposomes and how these can be immobilized on a surface and imaged individually in a massive parallel manner using fluorescence microscopy. This allows for the quantification of the size and compositional inhomogeneity between single liposomes of the population.

Ein quantitativer Fluoreszenzmikroskopie-basierter Single Liposome-Assay zum Nachweis der kompositorischen Inhomogenität zwischen einzelnen Liposomen

Most research employing liposomes as membrane model systems or drug delivery carriers relies on bulk read-out techniques and thus intrinsically assumes ...

High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels

Specific members of the inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channel family are postulated drug targets for a variety of disorders, including hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and pain1,2. For the most part, however, progress toward understanding their therapeutic potential or even basic physiological functions has been slowed by the lack of good pharmacological tools. Indeed, the molecular pharmacology of the inward rectifier family has lagged far behind that of the S4 superfamily of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, for which a number of nanomolar-affinity and highly selective peptide toxin modulators have been discovered3. The bee venom toxin tertiapin and its derivatives are potent inhibitors of Kir1.1 and Kir3 channels4,5, but peptides are of limited use therapeutically as well as experimentally due to their antigenic properties and poor bioavailability, metabolic stability and tissue penetrance. The development of potent and selective small-molecule probes with improved pharmacological properties will be a key to fully understanding the physiology and therapeutic potential of Kir channels.
The Molecular Libraries Probes Production Center Network (MLPCN) supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund has created opportunities for academic scientists to initiate probe discovery campaigns for molecular targets and signaling pathways in need of better pharmacology6. The MLPCN provides researchers access to industry-scale screening centers and medicinal chemistry and informatics support to develop small-molecule probes to elucidate the function of genes and gene networks. The critical step in gaining entry to the MLPCN is the development of a robust target- or pathway-specific assay that is amenable for high-throughput screening (HTS).
Here, we describe how to develop a fluorescence-based thallium (Tl+) flux assay of Kir channel function for high-throughput compound screening7,8,9,10.The assay is based on the permeability of the K+ channel pore to the K+ congener Tl+. A commercially available fluorescent Tl+ reporter dye is used to detect transmembrane flux of Tl+ through the pore. There are at least three commercially available dyes that are suitable for Tl+ flux assays: BTC, FluoZin-2, and FluxOR7,8. This protocol describes assay development using FluoZin-2. Although originally developed and marketed as a zinc indicator, FluoZin-2 exhibits a robust and dose-dependent increase in fluorescence emission upon Tl+ binding. We began working with FluoZin-2 before FluxOR was available7,8 and have continued to do so9,10. However, the steps in assay development are essentially identical for all three dyes, and users should determine which dye is most appropriate for their specific needs. We also discuss the assay's performance benchmarks that must be reached to be considered for entry to the MLPCN. Since Tl+ readily permeates most K+ channels, the assay should be adaptable to most K+ channel targets.

Methods for developing and validating a quantitative fluorescence assay for measuring the activity of inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels for high-throughput compound screening is presented.

High-throughput Screening niedermolekularer Modulatoren von Inward Gleichrichter-Kaliumkanäle

Specific members of the inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channel family are postulated drug targets for a variety of disorders, including hypertension, ...

Biologie

In vitro Investigation of the MexAB Efflux Pump From Pseudomonas aeruginosa

There is an emerging scientific need for reliable tools for monitoring membrane protein transport. We present a methodology leading to the reconstitution of efflux pumps from the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a biomimetic environment that allows for an accurate investigation of their activity of transport. Three prerequisites are fulfilled: compartmentation in a lipidic environment, use of a relevant index for transport, and generation of a proton gradient. The membrane protein transporter is reconstituted into liposomes together with bacteriorhodopsin, a light-activated proton pump that generates a proton gradient that is robust as well as reversible and tunable. The activity of the protein is deduced from the pH variations occurring within the liposome, using pyranin, a pH-dependent fluorescent probe. We describe a step-by-step procedure where membrane protein purification, liposome formation, protein reconstitution, and transport analysis are addressed. Although they were specifically designed for an RND transporter, the described methods could potentially be adapted for use with any other membrane protein transporter energized by a proton gradient.

In vitro Investigation of the MexAB Efflux Pump From Pseudomonas aeruginosa

We present a protocol for the in vitro investigation of efflux pumps from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This protocol allows for the generation of a robust, reversible, and tunable proton gradient within the liposome membrane and hence should be adaptable to any membrane protein energized by the protomotive force.

In-vitro-Untersuchung der MexAB Effluxpumpe Von Pseudomonas aeruginosa

There is an emerging scientific need for reliable tools for monitoring membrane protein transport. We present a methodology leading to the reconstitution ...

Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters. The phosphorylation and nucleotide dependent chloride channel activity of CFTR has been frequently studied in whole cell systems and as single channels in excised membrane patches. Many Cystic Fibrosis-causing mutations have been shown to alter this activity. While a small number of purification protocols have been published, a fast reconstitution method that retains channel activity and a suitable method for studying population channel activity in a purified system have been lacking. Here rapid methods are described for purification and functional reconstitution of the full-length CFTR protein into proteoliposomes of defined lipid composition that retains activity as a regulated halide channel. This reconstitution method together with a novel flux-based assay of channel activity is a suitable system for studying the population channel properties of wild type CFTR and the disease-causing mutants F508del- and G551D-CFTR. Specifically, the method has utility in studying the direct effects of phosphorylation, nucleotides and small molecules such as potentiators and inhibitors on CFTR channel activity. The methods are also amenable to the study of other membrane channels/transporters for anionic substrates.

Described here is a rapid and effective procedure for functional reconstitution of purified wild-type and mutant CFTR protein that preserves activity for this chloride channel, which is defective in Cystic Fibrosis. Iodide efflux from reconstituted proteoliposomes mediated by CFTR allows studies of channel activity and the effects of small molecules.

Funktionelle Rekonstitution und Kanalaktivitätsmessungen von gereinigtem Wildtyp und mutierten CFTR-Protein

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of ...

Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution

Membrane protein transport on the single protein level still evades detailed analysis, if the substrate translocated is non-electrogenic. Considerable efforts have been made in this field, but techniques enabling automated high-throughput transport analysis in combination with solvent-free lipid bilayer techniques required for the analysis of membrane transporters are rare. This class of transporters however is crucial in cell homeostasis and therefore a key target in drug development and methodologies to gain new insights desperately needed.
The here presented manuscript describes the establishment and handling of a novel biochip for the analysis of membrane protein mediated transport processes at single transporter resolution. The biochip is composed of microcavities enclosed by nanopores that is highly parallel in its design and can be produced in industrial grade and quantity. Protein-harboring liposomes can directly be applied to the chip surface forming self-assembled pore-spanning lipid bilayers using SSM-techniques (solid supported lipid membranes). Pore-spanning parts of the membrane are freestanding, providing the interface for substrate translocation into or out of the cavity space, which can be followed by multi-spectral fluorescent readout in real-time. The establishment of standard operating procedures (SOPs) allows the straightforward establishment of protein-harboring lipid bilayers on the chip surface of virtually every membrane protein that can be reconstituted functionally. The sole prerequisite is the establishment of a fluorescent read-out system for non-electrogenic transport substrates.
High-content screening applications are accomplishable by the use of automated inverted fluorescent microscopes recording multiple chips in parallel. Large data sets can be analyzed using the freely available custom-designed analysis software. Three-color multi spectral fluorescent read-out furthermore allows for unbiased data discrimination into different event classes, eliminating false positive results.
The chip technology is currently based on SiO2 surfaces, but further functionalization using gold-coated chip surfaces is also possible.

The presented protocol describes the analysis of membrane protein mediated transport on the single transporter level using pore-spanning solvent-free lipid bilayers. This is achieved by the creation of bulk produced nanopore array chips, combined with highly parallel data acquisition and analysis, enabling the future establishment of membrane protein effector screenings.

Membrantransportprozesse durch eine hochparallele Nanopore Chip-System bei Einzel Protein Resolution Analysierte

Membrane protein transport on the single protein level still evades detailed analysis, if the substrate translocated is non-electrogenic. Considerable ...

Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters

The transport of ions through cell membranes ensures the fine control of ion content within and outside the cell that is indispensable for cell survival. These transport mechanisms are mediated by the activities of specialized transporter proteins. Specifically,pH dynamics are finely controlled by plasma membrane proton (H+) extrusion systems, such as the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) protein family. Despite extensive efforts to study the mechanisms underlying NHE regulation, our current understanding of the biophysical and molecular properties of the NHE family is inadequate because of the limited availability of methods to effectively measure NHE activity. In this manuscript, we used H+-selective electrodes during whole-cell patch clamping recording to measure NHE-induced H+ flux. We proposed this approach to overcome some limitations of typically used methods to measure NHE activity, such as radioactive uptake and fluorescent membrane permeants. Measurement of NHE activity using the described method enables high sensitivity and time resolution and more efficient control of intracellular H+ concentrations. H+-selective electrodes are based on the fact that transporter activity creates an ion gradient in close proximity to the cell membrane. An H+-selective electrode moving up to and away from the cell membrane in a repetitive, oscillatory fashion records a voltage difference that is dependent on H+ flux. While H+-selective electrodes are used to detect H+ flux moving out of the cell, the patch clamp method in the whole-cell configuration is used to control the intracellular ion composition. Moreover, application of the giant patch clamp technique allows modification of the intracellular composition of not only ions but also lipids. The transporter activity of NHE isoform 3 (NHE3) was measured using this technical approach to study the molecular basis of NHE3 regulation by phosphoinositides.

This manuscript describes the applications of proton-selective electrodes and patch clamping methods to measure the activity of proton transport systems. These methods overcome some limitations of techniques commonly used to study proton transport activity, such as moderate sensitivity, time resolution and insufficient intracellular milieu control.

Anwendung der Elektrophysiologie Messung die Aktivität von Electro-neutralen Transporter zu studieren

The transport of ions through cell membranes ensures the fine control of ion content within and outside the cell that is indispensable for cell survival. ...

Ein Proteoliposom Basierte Efflux-Assay auf Einzelmoleküleigenschaften von Cl Bestimmen

Zusammenfassung

Weitere Videos entdecken

Kapitel in diesem Video