The authors thank the Fraunhofer ISC for the collaboration concerning the construction of the automated wounding device. The project was founded by Fraunhofer internal project &#8220;M&#228;rkte von &#220;bermorgen&#8221; (SkinHeal).

HINWEIS: Das Protokoll wird für die Produktion von 24 Vollhautäquivalenten entwickelt. Humane dermale Fibroblasten und Keratinozyten wurden aus Hautbiopsien nach einem vorher veröffentlichten Protokoll isoliert. 21,22 Einverständniserklärung wurde zuvor erhalten und die Studie wurde von der Ethikausschuss für Menschenforschung der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg genehmigt (182 stimmen / 10). 1. Herstellung von Dermal Component <ol><li> Löse Kollagen mit 0,1% Essigsäure bis zu einer Endkonzentration von 6 mg / ml. Für die Gel-Neutralisationslösung, Mischung 232,5 ml 2x DMEM, 7,5 ml fötalem Kälberserum, 7,5 ml 3 M HEPES, 2,5 ml Chondroitinsulfat (5 mg / ml). Halten Gel Neutralisationslösung und Kollagenlösung auf Eis. Berechnen Sie 500 ul Gel pro Einsatz / Hautäquivalent. Hinweis: Da die Gel-Neutralisationslösung wird mit zwei Teilen Kollagenlösung prepa gemischt werdenWieder doppelte Menge an Kollagen. </li><li> Zeigen 24 Einsätze in eine Platte mit 24 Vertiefungen. </li><li> Resuspendieren menschlichen dermalen Fibroblasten (HDF) in 10 ml DMEM, Zentrifuge für 5 Minuten bei 270 xg und zählen Sie die Zellen. Ermitteln der benötigten Menge aus HDF (5 x 10 4 Zellen pro 500 ul Kollagen-Gel) und die Zentrifuge die Zellen 5 min bei 270 x g. </li><li> Entfernen Sie den Überstand und sorgfältig resuspendieren HDF in 4 ml gekühlte Gel-Neutralisationslösung, ohne Luftblasen. Von diesem Schritt stellen Sie sicher, so schnell wie möglich zu arbeiten, um ein vorzeitiges Erstarren der Kollagengele vermeiden. </li><li> Resuspendieren Sie die Lösung mit 8 ml Kollagenlösung. </li><li> Nehmen Sie die Kollagen-Zell-Mischung mit einem mehrstufigen-Pipette und füllen schnell 500 ul der Mischung in jedem Einsatz. Die Gele für 20 Minuten in einem Brutschrank (37 ° C, 5% CO 2), um die Gele gelieren. </li><li> Versenken der Gele in 2 ml nach Dulbecco modifiziertem Eagle-Medium (DMEM) + 10% fötalem Kälberserum (FCS) pro Wellund Inkubation er 24 h in einem Brutschrank (37 ° C, 5% CO 2). </li></ol> 2. Zugabe von humanen epidermalen Keratinozyten (HEK) <ol><li> Entfernen Medium nach 24 Stunden. Löse Fibronektin Humanprotein mit hochreinem Wasser in einer Endkonzentration von 50 ug / ml. Cover jede Hautäquivalent mit 25 ul von Fibronektin-Lösung. Die Gele für 30 Minuten in einem Brutschrank (37 ° C, 5% CO 2). </li><li> In der Zwischenzeit resuspendieren HEK in 10 ml KGM-2 und setzen Zellkonzentration bis 1 x 10 6 Zellen / ml mit KGM-2 bereit, + 5% FCS. Seed 1 x 10 5 Hek auf jedem Gel. Gele Inkubieren für 45 min im Brutschrank (37 ° C, 5% CO 2), um Zellen zu haften. </li><li> Submerse die Gele mit KGM-2 bereit + 5% FCS und Kultur sie im Inkubator (37 ° C, 5% CO 2). </li></ol> 3. Kultur des Vollhautäquivalente (FTSE) <ol><li> Kultur FTSE 6-7 Tagein absteigender FCS-Konzentration (5%, 2% bzw. 0% FCS). Ändern Sie das Medium alle 2-3 Tage mit der nächst niedrigeren FCS Konzentration. Dazu das Medium vollständig zu entfernen, und fügen Sie 1,6 ml frisches Medium. </li><li> Am Tag 7 Medium vollständig zu entfernen. HINWEIS: Der FTSE Oberfläche berühren nicht mit der Spitze der Pipette während dies zu tun. </li><li> Zeigen alle stecken in ein Well einer 6-Well-Platte mit einer sterilen Pinzette. 1,5 ml Luftbrücke Medium pro Well, sorgen nicht in den FTSE Oberfläche benetzen. Ändern Medium alle 2-3 Tage für weitere 14 Tage. HINWEIS: Der Füllstand des Mediums ist Sache des Meniskus des FTSE. </li></ol> 4. Die histologische Analyse <ol><li> Fixierung und Paraffin-Einbettung des FTSE <ol><li> Entfernen Kulturmedium, übertragen Einsätze in frische Platten mit 24 Vertiefungen und fixieren Gewebe durch Zugabe von 1,6 ml 4% Paraformaldehyd in jede Vertiefung und inkubieren Sie die Gewebe für 2 h bei RT. Achtung! Paraformaldehyd ist giftig, manipulieren unter Abzug vornehmen. TransferDer FTSE auf eine gewebeEinbettungsKassette. Entfernen Sie verbleibende Fixiermittel durch Waschen mit Wasser und entwässern das Gewebe mit aufsteigenden Ethanolkonzentrationen. </li><li> Teilen Sie die Hautäquivalent durch einen vertikalen Schnitt in der Mitte. Legen Sie die beiden Stücke in einem Paraffin gefüllten Metallgrundform mit Schnittflächen nach unten. Fügen Sie die Gewebekassette auf der Form als Unterlage. </li><li> Schneiden Sie 3-5 um Scheiben und schweben sie auf einem 40 ° C Wasserbad für Begradigungen montieren Folien auf geeignete Objektträger. Trockene Scheiben gründlich. </li></ol></li><li> Hämatoxylin und Eosin (H &amp; E) und immunhistochemische (IHC) Färbung <ol><li> Platz rutscht in Rack und Inkubation für 1 h bei 60 ° C. Stellen Sie sicher, dass Paraffin geschmolzen ist. Stain rehydriert Scheiben mit H &amp; E als standardisierte Übersichtsfärbung. </li><li> Für H &amp; E Färbung vorzubereiten 4x Glasfärbung Küvetten mit Xylol, 3x mit Ethanol 96%, 2x mit Ethanol 70%, 1x mit Ethanol 50%, 4x VE-Wasser, 1x Hämatoxylin, 1x HCl-ethanol (13,7 ml 1 M HCl ad 200 ml 50% Ethanol), 1x Leitungswasser, 1x Eosin (1 g Eosin in 100 ml VE-Wasser) und 2 x 2-Propanol. </li><li> Die Objektträger 10 min in Xylol I und 10 min in Xylol II entparaffinieren und rehydrieren Rutschen. Dip Slides 3x in Ethanol 96% I, 3x in Ethanol 96% II, 3x in Ethanol 70% und 3x in Ethanol 50%. Drehen Sie Folien in VE-Wasser. Um Hämatoxylin Farbstoff, Tauch 2x in HCl-Ethanol unterscheiden. Spülen in deionisiertem Wasser. Zum Bläuen, Platz gleitet 5 min in Leitungswasser. Für Eosin-Färbung, Ort Folien 1 min in Eosin und anschließend waschen in VE-Wasser. Zur Dehydratisierung, 2x dip Folien in Ethanol 70%, 2x in Ethanol 96% und legt sie 5 min in 2-Propanol I, für 5 min in 2-Propanol II, 5 min in Xylol I und 5 min in Xylol II. Nach H &amp; E Färbung, sind die Zellkerne in blau, Zytoplasma und der extrazellulären Matrix gefärbt sind rot gefärbt. </li><li> Für Antigen-Retrieval, entfernen Paraffin mit Xylol und rehydrieren Scheiben für die Färbung. Die Scheibenin Dampfgarer und kochen entparaffinierten und rehydratisierten Schnitte für 20 Minuten im vorgeheizten 10 mM Citratpuffer (pH 6). </li><li> Die Objektträger in Waschpuffer (PBS-Puffer + 0,5% Polysorbat 20) und Kreisscheiben mit einem flüssigkeitsabweisenden Schiebe Filzstift oder Diamantspitze. </li><li> Die Objektträger in eine feuchte Kammer. Block endogene Peroxidase durch Zugabe von 100 ul 3% Wasserstoffperoxid-Lösung auf jede Scheibe. Achtung! Sehr gefährlich im Falle von Haut- und Augenkontakt. Handgriff mit persönlicher Schutzausrüstung. Wasch gleitet in Waschpuffer. </li><li> Den primären Antikörper und Inkubation für 1 h bei RT. Wasch gleitet dreimal mit Waschpuffer gewaschen. Von nun an sollten die Proben im Dunkeln gehalten werden. </li><li> Verwenden Biotin-Streptavidin-Detektionssystem zum Nachweis von spezifischen Antigen-Antikörper-Bindung. </li><li> Gegenfärbung Kerne mit Hämatoxylin für 1 min. Entwässern und montieren Folien. </li><li> Bild Proben unter Verwendung eines inversen Mikroskop. </li></ol></li></ol> &lt;p class = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 5. Verletzungen, die durch Nutzung der automatisierten Verwundung Geräte (AWD) <ol><li> Bereiten Sie die AWD durch Desinfektion der Arbeitsbereich mit 70% Ethanol und UV-Licht. Achten Sie darauf, den Bohrkopf der gewünschten Größe (zB 1 mm) angebracht ist. </li><li> Zeigen Hautäquivalente in ausgewiesenen Bereichen des Autoklaven Probenträgerplatte mit einer sterilen Pinzette. Setzen Sie den Probenträgerplatte in die Buchse unter dem Bohrkopf. </li><li> Verwenden Sie die Steuersoftware, um verwundete Parameter wie folgt: Drehgeschwindigkeit: 15.000 min; Penetration: 1,5 mm; Antrieb: 100 Hz. Diese Parameter müssen für jeden Probentyp individuell festgelegt werden. Über Verwundung Parameter an die AWD. </li><li> Starten Verwundung Verfahren. Entfernen Probenträgerplatte aus der Steckdose. Über verwundet FTSE wieder in Einsätze für Kultur mit einer sterilen Pinzette eingesetzt. </li><li> Fahren Sie mit der Kultur der Verwundeten FTSE im Brutschrank (37 ° C, 5% CO 2) zur Untersuchung der Regeneration. Alnativ, verwenden Sie die Modelle für die histologische Analyse zu jeder Zeit. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Proksch, E., Brandner, J. M., Jensen, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+skin:+an+indispensable+barrier.">The skin: an indispensable barrier.</a> Exp Dermatol. 17, 1063-1072 (2008).</li><li>Guo, S., Dipietro, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+wound+healing.">Factors affecting wound healing.</a> J Dent Res. 89, 219-229 (2010).</li><li>Kirsner, R. S., Eaglstein, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+wound+healing+process.">The wound healing process.</a> Dermatol Clin. 11, 629-640 (1993).</li><li>Cory, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scratch-wound+assay.">Scratch-wound assay.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 769, 25-30 (2011).</li><li>Sun, T., Jackson, S., Haycock, J. W., MacNeil, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+of+skin+cells+in+3D+rather+than+2D+improves+their+ability+to+survive+exposure+to+cytotoxic+agents.">Culture of skin cells in 3D rather than 2D improves their ability to survive exposure to cytotoxic agents.</a> J Biotechnol. 122 (3), 372-381 (2006).</li><li>Harrison, C. A., Heaton, M. J., Layton, C. M., Mac Neil, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+an+in+vitro+model+of+tissue-engineered+human+skin+to+study+keratinocyte+attachment+and+migration+in+the+process+of+reepithelialization.">Use of an in vitro model of tissue-engineered human skin to study keratinocyte attachment and migration in the process of reepithelialization.</a> Wound Repair Regen. 14 (2), 203-209 (2006).</li><li>Wilkins, L. M., Watson, S. R., Prosky, S. J., Meunier, S. F., Parenteau, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+bilayered+living+skin+construct+for+clinical+applications.">Development of a bilayered living skin construct for clinical applications.</a> Biotechnol Bioeng. 43 (8), 747-756 (1994).</li><li>Gangatirkar, P., Paquet-Fifield, S., Li, A., Rossi, R., Kaur, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+3D+organotypic+cultures+using+human+neonatal+epidermal+cells.">Establishment of 3D organotypic cultures using human neonatal epidermal cells.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (1), 178-186 (2007).</li><li>Boyce, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+substitutes+from+cultured+cells+and+collagen-GAG+polymers.">Skin substitutes from cultured cells and collagen-GAG polymers.</a> Med Biol Eng Comput. 36 (6), 791-800 (1998).</li><li>El-Ghalbzouri, A., Lamme, E. N., van Blitterswijk, C., Koopman, J., Ponec, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+PEGT/PBT+as+a+dermal+scaffold+for+skin+tissue+engineering.">The use of PEGT/PBT as a dermal scaffold for skin tissue engineering.</a> Biomaterials. 25 (5), 2987-2996 (2004).</li><li>Maas-Szabowski, N., Shimotoyodome, A., Fusenig, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keratinocyte+growth+regulation+in+fibroblast+cocultures+via+a+double+paracrine+mechanism.">Keratinocyte growth regulation in fibroblast cocultures via a double paracrine mechanism.</a> J Cell Sci. 112 (Pt 12), 1843-1853 (1999).</li><li>Coolen, N. A., Vlig, M., vanden Bogaerdt, A. J., Middelkoop, E., Ulrich, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+in+vitro+burn+wound+model.">Development of an in vitro burn wound model.</a> Wound Repair Regen. 16 (4), 559-567 (2008).</li><li>Oberringer, M., Meins, C., Bubel, M., Pohlemann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+in+vitro+wound+model+based+on+the+co-culture+of+human+dermal+microvascular+endothelial+cells+and+human+dermal+fibroblasts.">A new in vitro wound model based on the co-culture of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and human dermal fibroblasts.</a> Biol Cell. 99 (4), 197-207 (2007).</li><li>Cribbs, R. K., Luquette, M. H., Besner, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+standardized+model+of+partial+thickness+scald+burns+in+mice.">A standardized model of partial thickness scald burns in mice.</a> J Surg Res. 80 (1), 69-74 (1998).</li><li>Reed, J. T., Ghadially, R., Elias, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+type,+but+neither+race+nor+gender,+influence+epidermal+permeability+barrier+function.">Skin type, but neither race nor gender, influence epidermal permeability barrier function.</a> Arch Dermatol. 131 (10), 1134-1138 (1995).</li><li>Pilcher, B. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keratinocyte+collagenase-1+expression+requires+an+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor+autocrine+mechanism.">Keratinocyte collagenase-1 expression requires an epidermal growth factor receptor autocrine mechanism.</a> J Biol Chem. 274 (15), 10372-10381 (1999).</li><li>Blank, I. H., Miller, O. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+the+separation+of+the+epidermis+from+the+dermis.">A method for the separation of the epidermis from the dermis.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 15 (1), 9-10 (1950).</li><li>El Ghalbzouri, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblasts+facilitate+re-epithelialization+in+wounded+human+skin+equivalents.">Fibroblasts facilitate re-epithelialization in wounded human skin equivalents.</a> Lab Invest. 84 (1), 102-112 (2004).</li><li>Vaughan, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reproducible+laser-wounded+skin+equivalent+model+to+study+the+effects+of+aging+in+vitro.">A reproducible laser-wounded skin equivalent model to study the effects of aging in vitro.</a> Rejuvenation Res. 7 (2), 99-110 (2004).</li><li>Geer, D. J., Swartz, D. D., Andreadis, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+model+of+wound+healing+based+on+transplanted+tissue-engineered+skin.">In vivo model of wound healing based on transplanted tissue-engineered skin.</a> Tissue Eng. 10 (7-8), 1006-1017 (2004).</li><li>Bell, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reconstitution+of+living+skin.">The reconstitution of living skin.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 81 (1 Suppl), 2s-10s (1983).</li><li>Asselineau, D., Prunieras, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstruction+of+'simplified'+skin:+control+of+fabrication.">Reconstruction of 'simplified' skin: control of fabrication.</a> Br J Dermatol. 111, 219-222 (1984).</li><li>Pampaloni, F., Reynaud, E. G., Stelzer, E. H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+third+dimension+bridges+the+gap+between+cell+culture+and+live+tissue.">The third dimension bridges the gap between cell culture and live tissue.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8 (10), 839-845 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

In vitro-Zellen werden üblicherweise in zweidimensionalen Zellkulturen, in denen die Zellen auf Kunststoffoberflächen haften erweitert. Allerdings sind diese Kulturbedingungen nicht die physiologischen dreidimensionalen Bedingungen, bei denen Zellen in vivo wachsen zu reflektieren. Unter dreidimensionaler Bedingungen können Zellen, natürlichen Zell-Zell- und Zell-Matrix-Bindungen einzugehen und wandern in drei Dimensionen. Besonders in der kutanen Wundheilung die Ähnlichkeit der in vivo S...

Die Haut ist das größte Organ des Körpers. Es schafft eine Barriere zwischen der äußeren Umgebung und der inneren Organe. Darüber hinaus schützt die Haut den Körper von Flüssigkeitsverlust, Umwelteinflüsse, Verletzungen und Infektionen und hilft bei der Körpertemperatur 1 regulieren. Aufgrund seiner exponierten Lage ist die Haut oft durch mechanische, thermische oder chemische Trauma betroffen. Obwohl die Haut in der Regel in der Lage, Selbstreparatur ist, können mehrere lokale Faktoren wie Infektionen, Sauerstoffzufuhr und venösen Versorgung zu Wundheilungsstörungen führen. Die Wundheilung kann auch durch systemische Faktoren, wie Fettsucht, Alkoholismus, Rauchen, Medikamente, Lebensmittel und Krankheiten wie Diabetes griffen werden. 2 (I) die Entzündungsphase, (ii) die proliferative und die (iii) Remodellierungsphase: Der Prozess der Wundheilung kann in 3 Phasen eingeteilt werden. Bei Verletzung der Haut beginnt eine komplexe Signalkaskaden, die zum Verschließen der Wunde. 3Nach einer Verletzung wird die Wunde Blutungen und ein Blutgerinnsel gebildet wird. Fibroblasten in die Blutgerinnsel zu bewegen und ersetzen sie durch neue Gewebe, die anschließend über Jahre umgebaut wird. Das aktuelle Verständnis der biologischen Prozesse zugrunde liegenden Hautreparatur ist begrenzt. Kleintier und Schweinemodellen verwendet worden, um die Wundheilung zu untersuchen. Jedoch können diese Ergebnisse nicht direkt auf den Menschen durch speziesspezifische Unterschiede übertragen werden. Zusätzlich zu diesen in vivo-Modellen können einige Aspekte der Wundheilung durch Simulieren eines Wundsituation via Zerkratzen in vitro Schichtkulturen anhand von immortalisierten Zelllinien oder primäre Zellen untersucht werden kann. 4 Diese Kratzer Modelle sind weitgehend standardisiert, aber nicht ausreichend reflektieren das komplexen in vivo Physiologie 5 Neben zweidimensionalen Modellen. haben dreidimensionale menschliche Haut-Äquivalente für dermatologische Forschung entwickelt. Die dermale Teil dieser Modelle sind generated Verwendung verschiedener Gerüste einschließlich dezellularisierte Dermis 6 Kollagen Hydrogelen 7,8 Glycosaminoglycane 9 oder synthetischen Materialien. 10, der diese Hautäquivalente, die Rolle von epithelial-mesenchymalen Wechselwirkungen 11, die Reepithelialisierung der zellulären Sprechen zwischen Fibroblasten und Keratinozyten und Einfluss verschiedener Wachstumsfaktoren untersucht werden können. Darüber hinaus sind diese Modelle nützlich, um neue Erkenntnisse darüber, wie Fibroblasten wandern in die verwundeten Bereich und wie chemotaktische Faktoren beeinflussen die Geweberegeneration zu erhalten. 12 Nicht nur die Erzeugung des Wundheilungsmodell selbst ist schwierig, aber auch die Einrichtung einer hochstandardisierten Wunde in einem Modell ist problematisch. Gemeinsame Techniken zu schaffen Wunden sind Kratztests, 13 Verbrennungen, 14 Bandabrieb, 15 thermische Schädigung, 16 Saugblasen, 17 mit flüssigem Stickstoff, 18 Laser, 19 </sup&gt; Skalpelle, 18 Vernetzer 6 und Biopsieausstanzungen. 20 Die meisten dieser Methoden haben die gleichen Fallstricke. Verletzungen manuell implementiert sind schwer zu standardisieren und zwischen Mehrfachtests zu reproduzieren. Größe, Form und Tiefe der Wunde liegen zwischen Studien und damit die Qualität der Forschungsdaten beeinträchtigen. Die Verwendung eines Lasers zur definierten Haut Verwundung relativ leicht standardisiert werden, sondern führt zu einer Situation nachahmt Verbrennungswunden. Wärme, die durch Laser angewendet kann dazu führen, Proteindenaturierung, Thrombozyten-Aggregation oder Gefäße Verengung, die nekrotischen Gewebes führen kann. In einem alternativen Ansatz, ein automatisiertes Gerät Verwundung (AWD), die uns definiert und präzise Hautwunden unter sterilen Bedingungen zu generieren entwickelt. Verwundung Parameter wie Tiefe und Geschwindigkeit der Penetration sowie Umdrehungen des Bohrkopfes geregelt werden kann. In dieser Studie, kombinierten wir die AWD mit selbst entwickelten Vollhautäquivalenten (ftSE), die zu einer durch Gangatirkar et al veröffentlichten Protokoll vergleichbar sind. 8. Die dermale Schicht des Hautäquivalent aus humanen dermalen Fibroblasten (HDF), die in einer Kollagen I Hydrogel eingebettet sind. Auf der Hautschicht, sind menschliche epidermale Keratinozyten (HEK) ausgesät. Innerhalb von zwei Wochen an der Luft-Flüssigkeit-Grenzfläche der HEK Aufbau einer Epidermis von mehreren lebenswichtigen Zellschichten und einer Hornschicht besteht. Neben der Generation dieses Modells zeigt diese Studie die Verwendung von AWD auf, genau definierten Wunden im FTSE erstellen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="750">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Trypsin EDTA (1:250) 0.5 % in DPBS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PAA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L11-003</td>
			<td align="right">0.05%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Collagen (6 mg/ml in 0,1 % acetic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Produced in house</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fibronectin Human Protein, Plasma (50 &#181;g/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">33016-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Inserts</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Nunc</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">140627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">6 well plate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Nunc</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">140685</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">24 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Nunc</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">142485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">R. Langenbrinck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">03-0070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fibroblasts culturing (500 ml):</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">DMEM, high glucose</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11965-092</td>
			<td>89% (445 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bio &#38; Sell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCS.ADD.0500</td>
			<td>10% (50 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinozyten culture medium (500 ml):&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-20111</td>
			<td>89% (445 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2 SupplementPack</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-39011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Gel neutralization solution (250 ml):</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium, high Glucose Powder with L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">PAA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G0001,3010</td>
			<td>93% (232,5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">Chondroitin sulfate sodium salt from shark cartilage</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C4384-1g</td>
			<td>1% (2,5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bio &#38; Sell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCS.ADD.0500</td>
			<td>3% (7,5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H3375-1kg</td>
			<td>3% (7,5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Skin model submers medium (500ml):&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-20111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2 SupplementPack</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-39011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Bio &#38; Sell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCS.ADD.0500</td>
			<td>5%-2% (25 ml-10 ml)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Skin model air-liquid interface medium (500 ml):&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:329px;">Keratinocyte Growth Medium 2 Supplement Pack</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Promocell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-39011</td>
			<td>adding only supplements: Insulin, Hydrocortisone, Epinephrine, Transferrin, CaCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>1% (5 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:329px;">CaCl2 (300 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7902-500g</td>
			<td>&#160;0,62% (3,1 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Histology:</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">IHC-Kit DCS SuperVision 2 HRP</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">DCS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PD000KIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Vimentin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab92547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">CK14 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>HPA023040-100&#181;l</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">CK10 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Filaggrin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab81468</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;"></td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">H&#38;E staining</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Mayer&#180;s Haemalaun</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0884,2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Xylol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>296325-4X2L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>32205-4X2.5L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1758-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Eosin</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E4009-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">2-Propanolol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I9516-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:329px;">Mounting Medium</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1289-10ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent and automated wounding

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models reflect the human wound situation better than animal models. Although two-dimensional models are widely used to investigate processes such as cellular migration and proliferation, models that are more complex are required to gain a deeper knowledge about wound healing. Besides a suitable model system, the generation of precise and reproducible wounds is crucial to ensure comparable results between different test runs. In this study, the generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent to study wound healing is shown. The dermal part of the models is comprised of human dermal fibroblast embedded in a rat-tail collagen type I hydrogel. Following the inoculation with human epidermal keratinocytes and consequent culture at the air-liquid interface, a multilayered epidermis is formed on top of the models. To study the wound healing process, we additionally developed an automated wounding device, which generates standardized wounds in a sterile atmosphere.

Die isolierte HDF- und HEK unterscheiden sich sowohl in der Morphologie und der Expression von typischen Markierungen. HDF zeigten typische spindel Form Morphologie, während die Morphologie der HEK kann durch eine Kopfsteinpflastermorphologie beschrieben werden. Die Zellen wurden durch immunhistochemische Färbung (Figur 1) vor ihrer Verwendung für ftse gekennzeichnet. HDF positiv für Vimentin (1A), einem Marker für Fibroblasten. Primäre HEK hoch auszudrücken frühe Differenzierun...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding at JoVE.com

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

The goal of this protocol is to build up a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent, which resembles natural skin. With a specifically constructed automated wounding device, precise and reproducible wounds can be generated under maintenance of sterility.

Erzeugung eines dreidimensionalen Vollhaut Equivalent und automatisierte Verwundung

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

generation-three-dimensional-full-thickness-skin-equivalent-automated

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

18.4K Aufrufe.  University Hospital Würzburg. The goal of this protocol is to build up a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent, which resembles natural skin. With a specifically constructed automated wounding device, precise and reproducible wounds can be generated under maintenance of sterility. 

Serie: Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

The Three-Dimensional Human Skin Reconstruct Model: a Tool to Study Normal  Skin and Melanoma Progression

Most in vitro studies in experimental skin biology have been done in 2-dimensional (2D) monocultures, while accumulating evidence suggests that cells behave differently when they are grown within a 3D extra-cellular matrix and also interact with other cells (1-5). Mouse models have been broadly utilized to study tissue morphogenesis in vivo. However mouse and human skin have significant differences in cellular architecture and physiology, which makes it difficult to extrapolate mouse studies to humans. Since melanocytes in mouse skin are mostly localized in hair follicles, they have distinct biological properties from those of humans, which locate primarily at the basal layer of the epidermis. The recent development of 3D human skin reconstruct models has enabled the field to investigate cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions between different cell types. The reconstructs consist of a "dermis" with fibroblasts embedded in a collagen I matrix, an "epidermis", which is comprised of stratified, differentiated keratinocytes and a functional basement membrane, which separates epidermis from dermis. Collagen provides scaffolding, nutrient delivery, and potential for cell-to-cell interaction. The 3D skin models incorporating melanocytic cells recapitulate natural features of melanocyte homeostasis and melanoma progression in human skin. As in vivo, melanocytes in reconstructed skin are localized at the basement membrane interspersed with basal layer keratinocytes. Melanoma cells exhibit the same characteristics reflecting the original tumor stage (RGP, VGP and metastatic melanoma cells) in vivo. Recently, dermal stem cells have been identified in the human dermis (6). These multi-potent stem cells can migrate to the epidermis and differentiate to melanocytes.

In this report, we describe the three-dimensional skin reconstruct model which mimics human skin in architecture and composition. Melanocyte physiology, melanoma progression and the fate of dermal stem cells have been investigated using the skin reconstruct model. The model is also useful as a preclinical tool for drug assessment.

Die dreidimensionalen humanen Haut Rekonstruieren Modell: ein Tool für normale Haut und Melanom Progression Study

Most in vitro studies in experimental skin biology have been done in 2-dimensional (2D) monocultures, while accumulating evidence suggests that cells ...

Forschung

Biotechnik

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices1-3. In this paper, we focus on one- (1D), two- (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive metallic inks in the form of flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes.
Direct-write assembly4,5 is a 1-to-3D printing technique that enables the fabrication of features ranging from simple lines to complex structures by the deposition of concentrated inks through fine nozzles (~0.1 - 250 &mu;m). This printing method consists of a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, an ink reservoir and nozzle, and 10x telescopic lens for visualization. Unlike inkjet printing, a droplet-based process, direct-write assembly involves the extrusion of ink filaments either in- or out-of-plane. The printed filaments typically conform to the nozzle size. Hence, microscale features (&lt; 1 &mu;m) can be patterned and assembled into larger arrays and multidimensional architectures.
In this paper, we first synthesize a highly concentrated silver nanoparticle ink for planar and 3D printing via direct-write assembly. Next, a standard protocol for printing microelectrodes in multidimensional motifs is demonstrated. Finally, applications of printed microelectrodes for electrically small antennas, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes are highlighted.

Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.

Planar-und Drei-Dimensional Printing von Leitfähige Druckfarben

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. Polyps and nodules, which are geometric abnormalities that form on the medial surface of the vocal folds, can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient&#39;s ability to communicate. Our laboratory has reported particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements, within an investigation of a model polyp located on the medial surface of an in&#160;vitro driven vocal fold model, which show that such a geometric abnormality considerably disrupts the glottal jet behavior. This flow field adjustment is a likely reason for the severe degradation of the vocal quality in patients with polyps. A more complete understanding of the formation and propagation of vortical structures from a geometric protuberance, such as a vocal fold polyp, and the resulting influence on the aerodynamic loadings that drive the vocal fold dynamics, is necessary for advancing the treatment of this pathological condition. The present investigation concerns the three-dimensional flow separation induced by a wall-mounted prolate hemispheroid with a 2:1 aspect ratio in cross flow, i.e. a model vocal fold polyp, using an oil-film visualization technique. Unsteady, three-dimensional flow separation and its impact of the wall pressure loading are examined using skin friction line visualization and wall pressure measurements.

Vocal fold polyps can disrupt vocal fold dynamics and thus can have devastating consequences on a patient&#39;s ability to communicate. Three-dimensional flow separation induced by a wall-mounted model polyp and its impact on the wall pressure loading are examined using particle image velocimetry, skin friction line visualization, and wall pressure measurements.

Untersuchung der dreidimensionalen Strömungstrennung, die durch ein Modell Vocal Fold Polyp induziert wird

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. ...

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

Insufficient vascularization is considered to be one of the main factors limiting the clinical success of tissue-engineered constructs. In order to evaluate new strategies that aim at improving vascularization, reliable methods are required to make the in-growth of new blood vessels into bio-artificial scaffolds visible and quantify the results. Over the past couple of years, our group has introduced a full skin defect model that enables the direct visualization of blood vessels by transillumination and provides the possibility of quantification through digital segmentation. In this model, one surgically creates full skin defects in the back of mice and replaces them with the material tested. Molecules or cells of interest can also be incorporated in such materials to study their potential effect. After an observation time of one&#8217;s own choice, materials are explanted for evaluation. Bilateral wounds provide the possibility of making internal comparisons that minimize artifacts among individuals as well as of decreasing the number of animals needed for the study. In comparison to other approaches, our method offers a simple, reliable and cost effective analysis. We have implemented this model as a routine tool to perform high-resolution screening when testing vascularization of different biomaterials and bio-activation approaches.

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

Vascularization is key to approaches in successful tissue engineering. Therefore, reliable technologies are required to evaluate the development of vascular networks in tissue-constructs. Here we present a simple and cost-effective method to visualize and quantify vascularization in vivo.

Ein Vollhautdefekt Modell zur Vaskularisierung von Biomaterialien Bewerten<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Insufficient vascularization is considered to be one of the main factors limiting the clinical success of tissue-engineered constructs. In order to ...

Analysis of Cell Migration within a Three-dimensional Collagen Matrix

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic development, wound healing, and immune responses. However, cell migration is also a key mechanism in cancer enabling these cancer cells to detach from the primary tumor to start metastatic spreading. Within the past years various cell migration assays have been developed to analyze the migratory behavior of different cell types. Because the locomotory behavior of cells markedly differs between a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) environment it can be assumed that the analysis of the migration of cells that are embedded within a 3D environment would yield in more significant cell migration data. The advantage of the described 3D collagen matrix migration assay is that cells are embedded within a physiological 3D network of collagen fibers representing the major component of the extracellular matrix. Due to time-lapse video microscopy real cell migration is measured allowing the determination of several migration parameters as well as their alterations in response to pro-migratory factors or inhibitors. Various cell types could be analyzed using this technique, including lymphocytes/leukocytes, stem cells, and tumor cells. Likewise, also cell clusters or spheroids could be embedded within the collagen matrix concomitant with analysis of the emigration of single cells from the cell cluster/ spheroid into the collagen lattice. We conclude that the 3D collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile method to analyze the migration of cells within a physiological-like 3D environment.

Cell migration is a biological phenomenon that is involved in a plethora of physiological, such as wound healing and immune responses, and pathophysiological processes, like cancer. The 3D-collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile tool to analyze the migratory properties of different cell types within in a 3D physiological-like environment.

Analyse der Zellmigration in eine dreidimensionale Kollagenmatrix

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic ...

Engineering Three-dimensional Epithelial Tissues Embedded within Extracellular Matrix

The architecture of branched organs such as the lungs, kidneys, and mammary glands arises through the developmental process of branching morphogenesis, which is regulated by a variety of soluble and physical signals in the microenvironment. Described here is a method created to study the process of branching morphogenesis by forming engineered three-dimensional (3D) epithelial tissues of defined shape and size that are completely embedded within an extracellular matrix (ECM). This method enables the formation of arrays of identical tissues and enables the control of a variety of environmental factors, including tissue geometry, spacing, and ECM composition. This method can also be combined with widely used techniques such as traction force microscopy (TFM) to gain more information about the interactions between cells and their surrounding ECM. The protocol can be used to investigate a variety of cell and tissue processes beyond branching morphogenesis, including cancer invasion.

This manuscript describes a soft lithography-based technique to engineer uniform arrays of three-dimensional (3D) epithelial tissues of defined geometry surrounded by extracellular matrix. This method is amenable to a wide variety of cell types and experimental contexts and allows for high-throughput screening of identical replicates.

Technik Dreidimensionale Epithelgewebe Eingebettet in extrazellulären Matrix

The architecture of branched organs such as the lungs, kidneys, and mammary glands arises through the developmental process of branching morphogenesis, ...

Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications

Microfluidics has become a critical tool in research across the biological, chemical, and physical sciences. One important component of microfluidic experimentation is a stable fluid handling system capable of accurately providing an inlet flow rate or inlet pressure. Here, we have developed a syringe pump system capable of controlling and regulating the inlet fluid pressure delivered to a microfluidic device. This system was designed using low-cost materials and additive manufacturing principles, leveraging three-dimensional (3D) printing of thermoplastic materials and off-the-shelf components whenever possible. This system is composed of three main components: a syringe pump, a pressure transducer, and a programmable microcontroller. Within this paper, we detail a set of protocols for fabricating, assembling, and programming this syringe pump system. Furthermore, we have included representative results that demonstrate high-fidelity, feedback control of inlet pressure using this system. We expect this protocol will allow researchers to fabricate low-cost syringe pump systems, lowering the entry barrier for the use of microfluidics in biomedical, chemical, and materials research.

Here we present a protocol to construct a pressure-controlled syringe pump to be used in microfluidic applications. This syringe pump is made from an&#160;additively manufactured body, off-the-shelf hardware, and open-source electronics. The resulting system is low-cost, straightforward to build, and delivers well-regulated fluid flow to enable rapid microfluidic research.

Dreidimensionaler Druck von thermoplastischen Materialien erstellen automatisiert Spritzenpumpen mit Feedback-Kontrolle für mikrofluidische Anwendungen

Microfluidics has become a critical tool in research across the biological, chemical, and physical sciences. One important component of microfluidic ...

Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

A three-dimensional human epidermis model reconstructed from neonatal primary keratinocytes is presented. Herein, a protocol for the cultivation process and the characterization of the model is described. Neonatal primary keratinocytes are grown submerged on permeable polycarbonate inserts and lifted to the air-liquid interface three days after seeding. After fourteen days of stimulation with defined growth factors and ascorbic acid in high calcium culture medium, the model is fully differentiated. Histological analysis revealed a completely stratified epidermis, mimicking the morphology of native human skin. To characterize the model and its barrier functions, protein levels and localization specific for early-stage keratinocyte differentiation (i.e., keratin 10), late-stage differentiation (i.e., involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin) and tissue adhesion (i.e., desmoglein 1), were assessed by immunofluorescence. The tissue barrier integrity was further evaluated by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance. Reconstructed human epidermis was responsive to proinflammatory stimuli (i.e., lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha), leading to increased cytokine release (i.e., interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 8). This protocol represents a straightforward and reproducible in vitro method to cultivate reconstructed human epidermis as a tool to assess environmental effects and a broad range of skin-related studies.

This protocol describes a straightforward method to cultivate three-dimensional reconstituted human epidermis in a reproducible and robust manner. Additionally, it characterizes the structure-function relationship of the epidermal barrier model. The biological responses of the reconstituted human epidermis upon proinflammatory stimuli are also presented.

Kultivierung einer dreidimensional rekonstruierten menschlichen Epidermis im großen Maßstab

A three-dimensional human epidermis model reconstructed from neonatal primary keratinocytes is presented. Herein, a protocol for the cultivation process ...

Generation of a Simplified Three-Dimensional Skin-on-a-chip Model in a Micromachined Microfluidic Platform

This work presents a new, cost-effective, and reliable microfluidic platform with the potential to generate complex multilayered tissues. As a proof of concept, a simplified and undifferentiated human skin containing a dermal (stromal) and an epidermal (epithelial) compartment has been modelled. To accomplish this, a versatile and robust, vinyl-based device divided into two chambers has been developed, overcoming some of the drawbacks present in microfluidic devices based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for biomedical applications, such as the use of expensive and specialized equipment or the absorption of small, hydrophobic molecules and proteins. Moreover, a new method based on parallel flow was developed, enabling the in situ deposition of both the dermal and epidermal compartments. The skin construct consists of a fibrin matrix containing human primary fibroblasts and a monolayer of immortalized keratinocytes seeded on top, which is subsequently maintained under dynamic culture conditions. This new microfluidic platform opens the possibility to model human skin diseases and extrapolate the method to generate other complex tissues.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a three-dimensional simplified and undifferentiated skin model using a micromachined microfluidic platform. A parallel flow approach allows the in situ deposition of a dermal compartment for the seeding of epithelial cells on top, all controlled by syringe pumps.

Generierung eines vereinfachten dreidimensionalen Skin-on-a-Chip-Modells in einer mikrobearbeiteten mikrofluidischen Plattform

This work presents a new, cost-effective, and reliable microfluidic platform with the potential to generate complex multilayered tissues. As a proof of ...

Generation of Multicue Cellular Microenvironments by UV-Photopatterning of Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Substrates

The extracellular matrix is an important regulator of cell function. Environmental cues existing in the cellular microenvironment, such as ligand distribution and tissue geometry, have been increasingly shown to play critical roles in governing cell phenotype and behavior. However, these environmental cues and their effects on cells are often studied separately using in vitro platforms that isolate individual cues, a strategy that heavily oversimplifies the complex in vivo situation of multiple cues. Engineering approaches can be particularly useful to bridge this gap, by developing experimental setups that capture the complexity of the in vivo microenvironment, yet retain the degree of precision and manipulability of in vitro systems.
This study highlights an approach combining ultraviolet (UV)-based protein patterning and lithography-based substrate microfabrication, which together enable high-throughput investigation into cell behaviors in multicue environments. By means of maskless UV-photopatterning, it is possible to create complex, adhesive protein distributions on three-dimensional (3D) cell culture substrates on chips that contain a variety of well-defined geometrical cues. The proposed technique can be employed for culture substrates made from different polymeric materials and combined with adhesive patterned areas of a broad range of proteins. With this approach, single cells, as well as monolayers, can be subjected to combinations of geometrical cues and contact guidance cues presented by the patterned substrates. Systematic research using combinations of chip materials, protein patterns, and cell types can thus provide fundamental insights into cellular responses to multicue environments.

Traditionally, cell culture is performed on planar substrates that poorly mimic the natural environment of cells in vivo. Here we describe a method to produce cell culture substrates with physiologically relevant curved geometries and micropatterned extracellular proteins, allowing systematic investigations into cellular sensing of these extracellular cues.