We thank Marleen De Meulemeester for demonstrating the assay technique in the video film. B. I. R. is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow of the Research Foundation &#8211; Flanders (FWO &#8211; Vlaanderen). L.M.M. is a recipient of an Emmanuel van der Schueren grant from the Flemish League against Cancer (Vlaamse Liga tegen Kanker).

<ol>
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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-invasive+activity+of+3,7-dimethoxyflavone+in+vitro.">Anti-invasive activity of 3,7-dimethoxyflavone in vitro.</a> J. Pharma. Sci. 83 (9), 1217-1221 (1994).</li><li>Parmar, V. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-invasive+activity+of+alkaloids+and+polyphenolics+in+vitro.">Anti-invasive activity of alkaloids and polyphenolics in vitro.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. 5 (8), 1609-1619 (1997).</li><li>Gaillard, P. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunology+of+spontaneous+mammary+carcinomas+in+mice.+V.+Acquired+tumor+resistance+and+enhancement+in+strain+A+mice+infected+with+mammary+tumor+virus.">Immunology of spontaneous mammary carcinomas in mice. V. Acquired tumor resistance and enhancement in strain A mice infected with mammary tumor virus.</a> Cancer Res. 26 (8), 1787-1800 (1966).</li><li>Katritzky, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=QSAR+modeling+of+anti-invasive+activity+of+organic+compounds+using+structural+descriptors.">QSAR modeling of anti-invasive activity of organic compounds using structural descriptors.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14 (20), 6933-6939 (2006).</li><li>McKinnell, R. G., Bruyneel, E. A., Mareel, M. M., Seppanen, E. D., Mekala, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasion+in+vitro+by+explants+of+Lucke+renal+carcinoma+cocultered+with+normal+tissue+is+temperature+dependent.">Invasion in vitro by explants of Lucke renal carcinoma cocultered with normal tissue is temperature dependent.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 4 (4), 237-243 (1986).</li><li>Wanson, J. C., de Ridder, L., Mosselmans, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasion+of+hyperplastic+nodule+cells+from+diethylnitrosamine+treated+cells.">Invasion of hyperplastic nodule cells from diethylnitrosamine treated cells.</a> Cancer Res. 41 (12 Pt 1), 5162-5175 (1981).</li><li>Mareel, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+temperature+on+invasion+of+MO4+mouse+fibrosarcoma+cells+in+organ+culture.">Effect of temperature on invasion of MO4 mouse fibrosarcoma cells in organ culture.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 2 (2), 107-125 (1984).</li><li>Laerum, O. D., Steinsvag, S., Bjerkvig, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+and+tissue+culture+of+the+central+nervous+system:+recent+developments+and+current+applications.">Cell and tissue culture of the central nervous system: recent developments and current applications.</a> Acta Neurol. Scand. 72 (6), 529-549 (1985).</li><li>Schroyens, W., Mareel, M. M., Dragonetti, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+invasiveness+of+human+bladder+cancer+from+cell+lines+and+biopsy+specimens.">In vitro invasiveness of human bladder cancer from cell lines and biopsy specimens.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 1 (2), 153-162 (1983).</li><li>Mareel, M. M., De Bruyne, G. K., Vandesande, F., Dragonetti, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+study+of+embryonic+chick+heart+invaded+by+malignant+cells+in+three+dimensional+culture.">Immunohistochemical study of embryonic chick heart invaded by malignant cells in three dimensional culture.</a> Invasion Metastasis. 1 (3), 195-204 (1981).</li><li>Bjerkvig, R., Laerum, O. D., Mella, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioma+cell+interactions+with+fetal+rat+brain+aggregates+in+vitro+and+with+brain+tissue+in+vivo.">Glioma cell interactions with fetal rat brain aggregates in vitro and with brain tissue in vivo.</a> Cancer Res. 46 (8), 4071-4079 (1986).</li><li>Bracke, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confrontation+of+an+invasive+(MO4)+and+a+non-invasive+(MDCK)+cell+line+with+embryonic+chick+heart+fragments+in+serum-free+culture+media.">Confrontation of an invasive (MO4) and a non-invasive (MDCK) cell line with embryonic chick heart fragments in serum-free culture media.</a> In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 22 (9), 508-514 (1986).</li><li>Mareel, M. M., Bracke, M. E., Storme, G. 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Metast. 3 (2), 87-101 (1985).</li><li>Smolle, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+evaluation+of+melanoma+cell+invasion+in+three-dimensional+confrontation+cultures+in+vitro+using+automated+image+analysis.">Quantitative evaluation of melanoma cell invasion in three-dimensional confrontation cultures in vitro using automated image analysis.</a> J. Invest. Dermatol. 94 (1), 114-119 (1990).</li><li>Bracke, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=flavonoid+effect+on+tumor+invasion+and+metastasis.">flavonoid effect on tumor invasion and metastasis.</a> Food Technol. 48 (11), 121-124 (1994).</li><li>Bracke, M. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Während der Herstellung der PHFs können die Fragmente nicht in Suspension bleiben, aber sich an der Gefäßwand; Dies kann durch Erhöhung des Volumens des Kulturmediums überwunden werden. Wenn die Anzahl der PHFs zu niedrig ist und ihre Größe zu groß ist, verringern das Volumen des Kulturmediums. Versagen der Testzellen zu aggregieren können aufgrund von Schwankungen in der Temperatur oder einer mikrobiellen Infektion. Alternativ kann eine Unfähigkeit zu aggregieren ein charakteristisches Merkmal der Zellen sei...

Invasion ist das Markenzeichen von bösartigen Tumoren. Diese Aktivität führt nicht nur zur Zerstörung der umliegenden Gewebe, aber auch bei der Metastasenbildung beteiligt. Da Krebspatienten sterben an der Invasion und Metastasierung, und effiziente anti-invasive Behandlungen sind immer noch knapp, Labortests, die die Invasion der Tumorzellen entwickelt, zu imitieren. Das Ziel des Kükens Herz Assay ist, einen relevanten Organkulturverfahren zur Tumorinvasion in drei Dimensionen zu studieren bieten. Der Assay kann zwischen invasiver und nicht-invasiver Zellen zu unterscheiden, und ermöglicht es, die Wirkungen der Testverbindungen auf das Tumorinvasion zu studieren. Das Grundprinzip hinter der Verwendung des Assays ist die eigentliche Konzept dass Tumoren Ökosysteme denen die neoplastischen Zellen kontinuierlich mit ihren Stroma (Wirtszellen und extrazelluläre Matrix) zusammenwirken, und dass durch diese molekularen Wechselwirkungen Invasion fein abgestimmt 1. So, im Test-Tumorzellen werden mit livi konfrontiertng embryonalen Hühnerherz Fragmente 2, die nicht nur als Träger für die Invasion von Tumorzellen, sondern auch als eine Quelle von verschiedenen Arten von Stromazellen und Matrixelemente zu dienen. Das Küken Herz enthält Muskelzellen, Fibroblasten und Endothelzellen, und die extrazelluläre Matrix aus Laminin, Fibronectin und verschiedene Arten von Kollagen. Auf diese Weise deckt der Organkultur-Technik dreidimensionale vielen zellulären und molekularen Wechselwirkungen in Invasion Patiententumoren beteiligt ist. Der Hauptvorteil des Kükens Herz Assay ist die Implementierung von Stromazellen Wirkungen. Dieser Aspekt ist vollständiger als in anderen Invasion in vitro-Assays, die auf Tumorzellinvasion in nicht-lebenden Gele der Basalmembran 3 oder Zwischenraummatrix 4 Molekülen basieren. Das Konzept der Konfrontation zwischen Tumorzellen und normalen Lebenswirtsgewebe als in Organkultur Experimenten gefunden wurde von mehreren eingeführtAutoren wie Wolff und Schneider in Frankreich 5, Easty und Easty im Vereinigten Königreich 6 und Schleich in Deutschland 7. Zwei technischen Vorteile der Küken Herz Invasionstest in den genannten Verfahren ist, dass das Volumen der Fragmente können leicht standardisiert werden, und dass sie Kontraktions, die funktionelle Integrität Überwachung während der Organkultur erlaubt bleiben. Weiterhin sind Vogelembryonen bevorzugt, weil sie leicht aus dem sterilen Inhalt des Eis seziert. Der Assay weist konzeptionell Ähnlichkeit mit dem Küken Chorioallantoismembran-Assay 8, indem sie eine komplexe stromal umgibt, um die Tumorzellen. Der Test ist erfolgreich angewandt worden, wie beispielsweise in der MCF-7 (Mamma) 9 und HCT-8 (Kolon) 10 Zelllinie Familien zwischen invasiver und nicht-invasiver Zellvarianten aus den gleichen menschlichen Tumoren zu unterscheiden. Das Verfahren ist nützlich, um potentiell antiinvasive Verbindungen sowie zu testen <sup&gt; 11,12. Wie weiter erläutert, kann es für die Schaffung von Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehungen von kleinen organischen Molekülen verwendet werden. Der Test ist jedoch nicht berücksichtigt, den Beitrag der immunologischen Zellen Krebsinvasion. Es ist zu betonen, dass die Technik nicht als Hochdurchsatz-Analyse-System aufgrund der hohen Anzahl von Manipulationen, die eine begrenzte Anzahl von Testdurchläufen (maximal 30 Kulturen) und der langen Durchlaufzeit (über 1 Monat) in Betracht gezogen werden, werden.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ringer&#39;s salt solution</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>CEO123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto-agar</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethaan Analar</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>103157P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA : albumin from bovine serum, cohn V fract.</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A4503-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-Rega 3</td>
			<td>Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>19993013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gyrotory shakers</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td>G10 and G33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Erlenmeyer flasks 50 ml</td>
			<td>Novolab</td>
			<td>92717</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Novolab</td>
			<td>68516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iridectomy scissors</td>
			<td>Rumex</td>
			<td>11-0625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macroscope with calibrated ocular grid</td>
			<td>Wild</td>
			<td>157702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin wax</td>
			<td>International Medical products</td>
			<td>8599956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin Y</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>230251-25g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harris&#39; hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>HHS32-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslipping resin (Tissue-Tek)</td>
			<td>Sakura</td>
			<td>4494</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin melting apparatus</td>
			<td>GFL</td>
			<td>1052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome for paraffin sectioning</td>
			<td>Reichert</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stppers for Erlemeyer flasks with gas in- and outlets</td>
			<td>Novolab</td>
			<td>2602421 and 260243</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diaminobenzidine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>REAX rocking table</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>54131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well tissue dishes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>NUNC142475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophtalmological enucleation spoon</td>
			<td>Rumex</td>
			<td>16-060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sharp forceps</td>
			<td>Rumex</td>
			<td>4-111T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt forceps</td>
			<td>Nickel-Electro LTD</td>
			<td>7112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Erlenmeyer flasks 5 ml</td>
			<td>Novolab</td>
			<td>211901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides washed and degreased</td>
			<td>International Medical products</td>
			<td>8613908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chick heart invasion assay for testing the invasiveness of cancer cells and the activity of potentially anti-invasive compounds

Das Ziel des Kükens Herz Assay ist, einen relevanten Organkulturverfahren zur Tumorinvasion in drei Dimensionen zu studieren bieten. Der Assay kann zwischen invasiver und nicht-invasiver Zellen zu unterscheiden, und ermöglicht Untersuchung der Wirkungen der Testverbindungen auf das Tumorinvasion. Krebszellen - entweder als Aggregate oder einzelne Zellen - sind mit Fragmenten von embryonalen Hühnerherz konfrontiert. Nach Organkultur in Suspension für einige Tage oder Wochen die gegenüberliegenden Kulturen fixiert und in Paraffin eingebettete histologische Analyse. Die dreidimensionale Wechselwirkung zwischen den Krebszellen und normalen Gewebe wird dann von Serienschnitte mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin oder nach immunhistochemischer Färbung für Epitope in das Herzgewebe oder die Krebszellen gegen gefärbten rekonstruiert. Der Test wird in Übereinstimmung mit der bisherigen Konzept, dass Krebsinvasion ist das Ergebnis der molekularen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Krebszellen und deren Nachbar stromale Wirtselemente (Myofibroblasten endothElial Zellen, extrazelluläre Matrixkomponenten, etc.). Hier wird diese stromalen Umgebung an die Krebszellen, wie einem lebenden Gewebe Fragment angeboten. Stütz Aspekte der Relevanz des Assays sind mehrfach. Invasion in den Test ist in Übereinstimmung mit den Kriterien der Krebsinvasion: progressive Besatzung und Ersatz in Zeit und Raum des Wirtsgewebes und Invasivität und nicht-invasiven in vivo der gegenüberliegenden Zellen korreliert im allgemeinen mit den Ergebnissen des Assays. Ferner die Invasion Muster von Zellen in vivo, wie durch Pathologen definiert wird in den histologischen Bildern im Assay wider. Quantitative Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehung (QSAR) Analyse der mit zahlreichen potentiell anti-invasive organischen Kongeners Verbindungen erhaltenen Ergebnisse erlaubt die Untersuchung von Struktur-Aktivitäts-Beziehungen für Flavonoide und Chalkone und bekannte anti-metastatischen Medikamente in der Klinik verwendet wird (zB Mikrotubuli-Inhibitoren ) hemmen Invasion im Test als gut. However, der Test nicht berücksichtigt immunologischen Beiträge zur Krebsinvasion zu nehmen.

Die histologischen Schnitte wie in Figur 5 dargestellten Ergebnisse zeigen das Endergebnis einer Anzahl erfolgreicher Assays. Die Schall Histologie der Kulturen zeigt lebensfähige Zellen und ermöglicht, die Interaktion zwischen Tumorzellen und normalen Gewebe zu interpretieren. Es kann ausserdem nicht Immunreaktion vom normalen Gewebe beobachtet werden, was die korrekte Alter der Hühnerembryonen verwendet zB bestätigt, bevor die Immunabwehr System entwickelt. Es sind keine Bakterien sichtbar, die Abwesenhei...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds at JoVE.com

Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds

Hier präsentieren wir ein Protokoll, um die Invasion der Tumorzellen in lebenden normalen Gewebefragmente in drei Dimensionen zu studieren. Diese Organkulturtechnik wird hauptsächlich angewendet, um potentiell antiinvasive drugs in vitro zu testen.

Küken-Herz-Invasion Assay zum Testen der Invasivität von Krebszellen und die Aktivität von Potenziell Anti-invasive Verbindungen

The goal of the chick heart assay is to offer a relevant organ culture method to study tumor invasion in three dimensions. The assay can distinguish ...

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

8.9K Aufrufe.  University of Ghent.  Hier präsentieren wir ein Protokoll, um die Invasion der Tumorzellen in lebenden normalen Gewebefragmente in drei Dimensionen zu studieren. Diese Organkulturtechnik wird hauptsächlich angewendet, um potentiell antiinvasive drugs in vitro zu testen. 

Serie: Chick Heart Invasion Assay for Testing the Invasiveness of Cancer Cells and the Activity of Potentially Anti-invasive Compounds

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Zellinvasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

Forschung

Medizin

Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) therapy is sometimes used as a treatment for various common skin conditions, including psoriasis, acne, and eczema. The dosage of UV light is prescribed according to an individual's skin sensitivity. Thus, to establish the proper dosage of UV light to administer to a patient, the patient is sometimes screened to determine a minimal erythema dose (MED), which is the amount of UV radiation that will produce minimal erythema (sunburn or redness caused by engorgement of capillaries) of an individual's skin within a few hours following exposure. This article describes how to conduct minimal erythema dose (MED) testing. There is currently no easy way to determine an appropriate UV dose for clinical or research purposes without conducting formal MED testing, requiring observation hours after testing, or informal trial and error testing with the risks of under- or over-dosing. However, some alternative methods are discussed.

Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing

This article describes how to conduct minimal erythema dose (MED) testing in order to determine the lowest dose of ultraviolet radiation that will cause erythema (burning) when administered to an individual.

Minimal Erythema Dosis (MED) Testing

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) therapy is  sometimes used as a treatment for various common skin conditions, including  psoriasis, acne, and eczema. The ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

Quantifizierung der Brustkrebs-Zelle Invasivität Mit einem Drei-dimensionale (3D) Modell

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the actual molecules towards which the cells migrate remain elusive. This modified invasion assay has been developed to identify targets which drive cell migration and invasion. This technique compares the invasion index under three conditions to determine whether a specific hormone, growth factor, or cytokine plays a role in mediating the invasive potential of a cancer cell. These conditions include i) normal fetal bovine serum (FBS), ii) charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS), which removes hormones, growth factors, and cytokines and iii) CS-FBS + molecule (denoted &#8220;X&#8221;). A significant change in cell invasion with CS-FBS as compared to FBS, indicates the involvement of hormones, cytokines or growth factors in mediating the change. Individual molecules can then be added back to CS-FBS to assay their ability to reverse or rescue the invasion phenotype. Furthermore, two or more factors can be combined to evaluate the additive or synergistic effects of multiple molecules in driving or inhibiting invasion. Overall, this method enables the investigator to determine whether hormones, cytokines, and/or growth factors play a role in cell invasion by serving as chemoattractants or inhibitors of invasion for a particular type of cancer cell or a specific mutant. By identifying specific chemoattractants and inhibitors, this modified invasion assay may help to elucidate signaling pathways that direct cancer cell invasion.

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

Eine modifizierte<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Invasion Assay, um die mögliche Rolle von Hormonen, Cytokinen und / oder Wachstumsfaktoren bei der Vermittlung der Invasion von Krebszellen fest,

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

Assessment of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Attachment and Invasion of Mesothelial Cells in Real Time

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not accurately model the behaviors of cancer cells within a nonadherent environment, as cancer cells inherently aggregate into multicellular structures which contribute to the metastatic process by attaching to and invading the peritoneal lining to form secondary tumors. To model this important stage of ovarian cancer metastasis, multicellular aggregates, or spheroids, can be generated from established ovarian cancer cell lines maintained under nonadherent conditions. To mimic the peritoneal microenvironment encountered by tumor cells in vivo, a spheroid-mesothelial co-culture model was established in which preformed spheroids are plated on top of a human mesothelial cell monolayer, formed over an extracellular matrix barrier. Methods were then developed using a real-time cell analyzer to conduct quantitative real time measurements of the invasive capacity of different ovarian cancer cell lines grown as spheroids. This approach allows for the continuous measurement of invasion over long periods of time, which has several advantages over traditional endpoint assays and more laborious real time microscopy image analyses. In short, this method enables a rapid, determination of factors which regulate the interactions between ovarian cancer spheroid cells invading through mesothelial and matrix barriers over time.

Ovarian cancer cell invasion into the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum is a dynamic process over time. Utilizing a real time analyzer, the invasive capacity of ovarian cancer cells in a spheroid-mesothelial cell co-culture model can be quantified over prolonged time periods, providing insights into factors regulating the metastatic process.

Beurteilung von Eierstockkrebs Sphäroid Bindung und Invasion von Mesothelzellen in Echtzeit

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Dreidimensionale (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasionsassay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

Utilization of the Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Tumorigenicity in Breast Cancer Cells

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation assay (hereafter called soft agar assay), which measures the ability of cells to proliferate in semi-solid matrices, remain a hallmark of cancer research. A key advantage of this technique over conventional 2D monolayer or 3D spheroid cell culture assays is the close mimicry of the 3D cellular environment to that seen in vivo. Importantly, the soft agar assay also provides an ideal tool to rigorously test the effects of novel compounds or treatment conditions on cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, this assay enables the quantitative assessment of cell transformation potential within the context of genetic perturbations. We recently identified peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) as a potential breast cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. Here we highlight the utility of the soft agar assay for preclinical anti-cancer studies by testing the effects of the PADI inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine (BB-CLA), on the tumorigenicity of human ductal carcinoma in situ (MCF10DCIS) cells.

Here, we document the use of the soft agar colony formation assay to test the effects of a peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI) enzyme inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine, on breast cancer tumorigenicity in vitro.

Nutzung der Koloniebildung in Weichagar-Assay auf Inhibitoren der Tumorigenität in Brustkrebs-Zellen zu identifizieren

Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

Studieren Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs Stammzelleigenschaften für die Entwicklung neuer Behandlungsstrategien

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

Isolation and Propagation of Circulating Tumor Cells from a Mouse Cancer Model

Cancer metastasis is the foremost cause of cancer-associated deaths. Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important in cancer metastasis. Indeed, the number of CTCs correlates with tumor size. Here, a detailed description is provided of a methodology for isolation and propagation of CTCs from a syngeneic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which allows for downstream analysis of potentially important molecular mechanisms of solid organ tumor metastasis. This method is efficient and reproducible. It is a non-invasive technique and, therefore, has potential to replace the invasive biopsy of tissues from humans which may be associated with complications. Therefore, the method discussed here allows for the isolation and propagation of CTCs from whole blood samples such that they can be examined and characterized. This has potential for future adaptation for clinical applications such as diagnosis, and personalized targeted therapy.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been shown to play an important role in tumor metastasis. Here, a method for the isolation and propagation of CTCs from the whole blood of a syngeneic mouse tumor model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis is described.

Isolierung und Vermehrung von zirkulierenden Tumorzellen aus einer Maus Cancer

Cancer metastasis is the foremost cause of cancer-associated deaths. Recent studies have shown that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are important in cancer ...

Three-Dimensional Culture Assay to Explore Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Satellite Tumor Formation

Mammalian cell culture in monolayers is widely used to study various physiological and molecular processes. However, this approach to study growing cells often generates unwanted artifacts. Therefore, cell culture in a three-dimensional (3D) environment, often using extracellular matrix components, emerged as an interesting alternative due to its close similarity to the native in vivo tissue or organ. We developed a 3D cell culture system using two compartments, namely (i) a central compartment containing cancer cells embedded in a collagen gel acting as a pseudo-primary macrospherical tumor and (ii) a peripheral cell-free compartment made of a fibrin gel, i.e. an extracellular matrix component different from that used in the center, in which cancer cells can migrate (invasion front) and/or form microspherical tumors representing secondary or satellite tumors. The formation of satellite tumors in the peripheral compartment is remarkably correlated to the known aggressiveness or metastatic origin of the native tumor cells, which makes this 3D culture system unique. This cell culture approach might be considered to assess cancer cell invasiveness and motility, cell-extracellular matrix interactions and as a method to evaluate anti-cancer drug properties.

Cancer cells are embedded in a collagen gel and then sandwiched in an acellular fibrin gel to generate a 3D culture system in which the invasiveness and formation of satellite tumors may be monitored.

Dreidimensionale Kulturtest auf Krebszelle Invasivität und Satelliten Tumorbildung erkunden

Mammalian cell culture in monolayers is widely used to study various physiological and molecular processes. However, this approach to study growing cells ...