The authors acknowledge funding sources from D&#8217;Youville College School of Pharmacy, Buffalo, NY.

1. Bereiten Sie die verschiedenen Medien und Zusatzkomponenten <ol><li> Vor experimentieren, bereiten Medien aus DMEM oder andere spezifizierte Medien mit der Zugabe von entweder normalen FBS, Aktivkohle gereinigt FBS oder Aktivkohle gereinigt FBS sowie die Komponente zu testen. Man beachte, dass mehrere Komponenten können in jedem Experiment getestet werden. </li><li> Abzuwiegen und verdünnt die Hormone, Wachstumsfaktoren oder Cytokine in geeigneter Weise in der Aktivkohle gereinigt Serum bei der physiologischen Konzentration gelöst werden. </li></ol> 2. Bereiten Sie die Kollagenmatrix on Ice <ol><li> Planen 2 ml Kollagen I Matrix bei 2,2 mg / ml durch Zugabe der folgenden sterilfiltriert Komponenten auf Eis: 200 ul 10x PBS (pH 7,4), 5,4 ul 1 N NaOH, 600 ul bidestilliertes H 2 O und 1,2 ml Kollagen I (bei 3,63 mg / ml). </li><li> Halten Kollagen I-Lösung auf Eis, bis bereit, zu plattieren. </li></ol> 3. Bereiten Sie die Migration / Invasion Platten für Assay &lt;/ P&gt; <ol><li> Für jede zu testende Zelllinie, verwenden Sie eine 24-Well-Kammerplatte, in der 12-Mulden enthalten Einsätze. Mit den zusätzlichen 12 Brunnen, die Einsätze nicht enthalten, zum Addieren der chemoattractant Medien und die Übertragung der Einsätze für den Versuchsaufbau. HINWEIS: Ein Kollagenmatrix auf Platten mit einem Polyethylenterephthalat (PET) Membran und 8 &amp; mgr; m Porengröße ist optimal für die Zelllinien verwenden hier. Jedoch kann eine Matrigel-Matrix in vorbeschichteten Platten auch mit der Porengrße verringert entsprechend die Zelllinie untersucht, ausgewechselt werden. </li><li> Eindeutig zu kennzeichnen die Platte, mit 3 Vertiefungen pro Zustand analysiert (FBS Migration, CS-FBS Migration, FBS Invasion und CS-FBS Invasion sowie FBS-Migration für eine Kontrolle, nicht-invasive Zelllinie). Assay Migration durch Bewegung durch Poren in einem PET-Membran und Assay Invasion durch Bewegung durch eine Collagen oder Matrigel-Matrix und dann durch die Poren in der Membran. Verwenden Sie unterschiedliche Farbmarkierungen für jede Zelle Zustand einID im Beschichtungsprozess. </li></ol> 4. Pipettieren Sie die Invasion Matrix <ol><li> Beim Pipettieren der 75 ul der Kollagenmatrixlösung in die Einsätze für Invasionsassays verwendet werden. Seien Sie vorsichtig, um Luftblasen zu vermeiden. Disperse Blasen durch Anlegen eines invertierten Pipettenspitze auf die Oberfläche. </li><li> Übertragen die Platte mit den Kollagen-beschichteten Einsätze zu einem 37 ° C und 5% CO 2 Inkubator für 30 min, um das Gel zu ermöglichen, sich zu verfestigen. </li></ol> 5. Platte die Zellen auf der Membran oder Matrix-Invasion <ol><li> Inzwischen trypsinieren Zellen und fügen Sie Medien mit 10% FBS. Spin-Zellen bei 200 xg für 5 min auf einer Tischzentrifuge und spülen 3x in serumfreiem Medium. </li><li> Resuspendieren in serumfreiem Medium. Zählen Sie die Zellen mit einem Hämozytometer oder automatisierte Diaschau-Zähler. Hinzufügen serumfreiem Medium auf eine Endkonzentration von 5 x 10 4 Zellen / ml. </li><li> Wenn die Kollagenmatrix (nach 30 min) verfestigt wird, fügen 700 ul Medium mit entweder2% definiert FBS oder Holzkohle-beraubt FBS in jede Vertiefung. Von den 12 Einsätzen pro Platte: <ul><li> 3 Einsätze Kollagen und Vertiefungen mit Medium + 2% FBS </li><li> 3 Einsätze Kollagen und Vertiefungen mit Medium + 2% FBS CS- </li><li> 3 Einsätze haben keine Kollagen und Vertiefungen, die mit Medien + 2% FBS </li><li> 3 Einsätze haben keine Kollagen und Vertiefungen, die mit Medien + 2% FBS CS- </li></ul><ol><li> Verwendung zusätzlicher Platten in Abhängigkeit von der Zahl der Faktoren, die getestet und mit einem nicht Kollagen Steuerung entsprechend jedem Zustand. </li></ol></li><li> In Zellsuspension auf die Einsätze bei 5 × 10 4 Zellen / ml, Überzug 500 ul Zellen pro Einsatz in allen Migration und Invasion Einsätze. </li><li> Die Zellen für 22 Stunden bei 37 ° C. </li></ol> 6. Quantifizierung der Anzahl der Migration und eindringenden Zellen <ol><li> Richten Färbung von Brunnen mit Methanol Fixiermittel, Eosin und Hämotoxylin, in getrennten Vertiefungen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie Wattestäbchen, um Zellen und Matrix aus jeder Vertiefung entfernen.Rrepeat mit zweiten Tupfer Anwendung für jede Vertiefung. </li><li> Mit einer Pinzette, tauchen jedes Einsatzes 5 Mal für 1 Sekunde in jeder der 3-Lösungen in Folge. </li><li> Lassen Einsätze trocknen O / N. </li><li> Entweder i) Filter entfernen mit einem Skalpell, Schneiden sorgfältig an den Rändern und montieren auf einem Objektträger mit Deckglas und Immersionsöl, oder ii) erlauben die Einsätze trocknen O / N invertiert und verwenden Sie die Einsätze direkt für die Mikroskopie. </li><li> Am nächsten Tag sehen können Dias oder Einsätze unter dem Mikroskop mit einem 20x-Objektiv und nehmen Sie sich 5 Bildern aus verschiedenen Regionen des Filters. Um die Konsistenz zu verbessern, nehmen 4 äußeren Feldern und einem Zentrum. </li><li> Zählen von Zellen für alle Bedingungen mit der ImageJ Software und beziehen sich auf die nachstehenden Formeln. </li><li> Bestimmen Sie die Prozent-Invasion, wie folgt: Die mittlere Anzahl der Zellen eindringende durch Kollagen I einfügen = a Die mittlere Anzahl der Zellen, die Migration durch Steuerung Einsatz = b % Invasion = (a / b) · 100 </li><li> Bestimmen Sie die Invasion Index in 2% FBS, wie folgt: % Invasion von Zellen (in 2% FBS) getestet = c % Invasion Steuernichtinvasiven Zellen (2% FBS) = d Invasion Index (FBS) = (c / d) </li><li> Bestimmen Sie die Invasion Index in 2% CS-FBS wie folgt: % Invasion von Zellen (in 2% CS-FBS) = e getestet % Invasion Steuernichtinvasiven Zellen (2% CS-FBS) = f Invasion Index (CS-FBS) = (e / f) </li></ol> 7. Wiederholen Sie die Versuchsprotokoll Vergleichen von Holzkohle-beraubt FBS auf Holzkohle-beraubt FBS + X n mit mehreren Faktoren zusammen <ol><li> Wiederholen Sie diese Prozedur mehrmals bei Bedarf mit verschiedenen Komponenten für &quot;X&quot; oder einer Kombination von Komponenten. </li><li> Übernehmen Sie die Berechnungen, um den Beitrag der einzelnen Faktoren &quot;X&quot;, um die Migration und Invasion Auswirkungen zu bestimmen. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Tumormetastasen ist ein mehrstufiger Prozess. Die Zellen müssen über die Basalmembran zu brechen, intravasate entweder in das Lymphsystem oder Blutmikrogefäße, in denen sie an entfernten Stellen transportiert werden. Die Tumorzellen dann extravasieren und zu kolonisieren in eine macrometastasis 12. Progression durch die Epithelzellen zu mesenchymale Transition (EMT), Tumorinvasion und Metastasierung wurde von Steroidhormonen 13,14 erweitert, Wachstumsfaktoren von 15 bis 18, 19 bis 21...

Eine neuartige Invasionstest wurde mit dem Ziel der Identifizierung der Einbeziehung spezifischer Hormone, Cytokine und / oder Wachstumsfaktoren als Chemoattraktantien in Invasion von Krebszellen entwickelt. Die Fähigkeit der Tumorzellen durch die extrazelluläre Matrix (ECM) einzudringen ist ein Markenzeichen der metastatischen Phänotyp 1-3. Invasionskammern wurden intensiv als in vitro-Werkzeuge zur Invasion von Krebszellen und die Migration zu untersuchen und möglicherweise Kenntnis über die Mechanismen der in vivo Tumorinvasion und Metastasenbildung bereitzustellen. Die Kammern bestehen aus zylindrischen Zellkultureinsätze in die Vertiefungen von Zellkulturplatten verschachtelt sind. Die Unterseiten der Einsätze semipermeablen Polycarbonat- oder Polystyrolmembranen definierte Porengrößen. In der Standard-Invasion Assay werden die Zellen auf den Einsatz Membran mit serumfreiem Medium ausgesät und in Zellkulturschalen, die mit Serum oder Serumähnlichen Lockstoffe gefüllt werden aufgestellt, um set up a chemoattractive Kraft. Diese Kraftantriebe Zellen durch die halbdurchlässige Membran (Migration) bewegen, oder alternativ, durch eine Beschichtung aus extrazellulären Matrix (Invasion), die dann unter Verwendung herkömmlicher Farbstoffe zum Nachweis und zur Quantifizierung der Anzahl von Zellen angefärbt werden können. Die Zellzahl wird dann entsprechend dem Ausmaß der Migration und Invasion in einer nichtinvasiven Zelllinie normalisiert. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht ein Ermittler die invasive Potential von verschiedenen Zelltypen unter einer Vielzahl von Bedingungen, einschließlich genetische Manipulationen zu bewerten. Hormone, Zytokine und Wachstumsfaktoren sind kritische Komponenten von Serum und werden zunehmend gezeigt, dass mit einem Antrieb des invasiven Phänotyps 4 zugeordnet werden. Allerdings ist die Art, Aufgaben und Spezifität dieser chemoattractive Serum-Moleküle bei der Vermittlung Invasion nach wie vor schwer. Die Herausforderung bleibt, zu bestimmen, welche spezifischen Faktoren in Serum oder Serumähnlichen Lockstoffe für den Antrieb zuständig sindInvasion von Krebszellen als auch, was Moleküle können die Invasion Prozess hemmen. In diesem Bericht beschreiben wir eine Methode, um die mögliche Beteiligung von Hormonen, Cytokinen und / oder Wachstumsfaktoren im Serum zu bewerten, wie Moleküle Antrieb der Chemoattraktion und Invasion von Krebszellen. Bei diesem vorgeschlagenen modifizierten Protokoll wird verwendet, um Holzkohle Strippen Hormone, Zytokine und Wachstumsfaktoren von 2% fötalem Rinderserum (FBS) zu entfernen, um 2% Aktivkohle gereinigt FBS (CS-FBS) zu erzeugen. Sowohl 2% FBS und 2% CS-FBS als Mittel verwendet zum Einrichten der chemoattractive Kraft Invasion von Krebszellen zu fahren. Verwendung von 2% CS-FBS als chemoattractive Mittel im Vergleich zu normalen 2% FBS bietet mehrere Vorteile, einschließlich erster und am deutlichsten, die Möglichkeit, das Krebsinvasion Phänotyp in dem reduzierten / relative Abwesenheit von Hormonen, Zytokinen und Wachstumsfaktoren zu untersuchen. Er ermöglicht auch die Prüfer, ob gemeinsamen Entfernung von Hormonen, Wachstumsfaktoren zu beurteilen und cytokines bewirkt eine Zunahme oder Abnahme der invasive Index. Der Assay wird dann entwickelt, um zu bestimmen, ob die Zugabe einer einzelnen Komponente, die als &quot;X&quot; bezeichnet hemmen, Senkung, Erhöhung oder Wiederherstellung der invasive Index auf den ursprünglichen Wert (siehe 2 und 3). Obwohl diese Methode ist spezifisch für das Erreichen der physiologischen Konzentrationen der Komponente, die aus dem Serum während Kohledestillation entfernt wird, sollte auch beachtet werden, dass Kohle Abstreifen kann auch Auswirkungen auf Signaltransduktionswege werden. Zum Beispiel wurde berichtet, dass Kohle Strippen kann die alkalische Phosphatase-Aktivität der Knochenvorläuferzellen zu verringern und induzieren Adipogenese durch Reduktion von MAPK Aktiva 5. Aktivkohle gereinigt Medien sind im Handel erhältlich und auf dem Protokoll basiert umrissen, damit kombiniert Kohle mit Dextran und mit fötalem Rinderserum O / N 6 inkubiert. Dieser Test wurde in respo entwickeltnse zu einem Ergebnis von Zucker et al. 7 berichteten die Autoren gezeigt, dass eine mutierte Phänotyp beeinflussen gap junction Kommunikations zeigten eine Zunahme bei der Invasion Index bei der Migration in Richtung Medien normales 2% FBS. Dieser Anstieg wurde mit dem Ersatz von Holzkohle-gestrippt Serum eliminiert. Aus diesem Ergebnis schlossen die Autoren, dass diese Mutante betroffen Migration in Richtung eines lipophilen Moleküls (genauer gesagt, ein Hormon, Wachstumsfaktor oder Zytokin) 7. Es ist bekannt, daß Hormone, Wachstumsfaktoren und Zytokine vermitteln Signalwege in Tumorpromotion und Invasion 4 beteiligt. Daher ist es wichtig, für wissenschaftliche Forscher, um festzustellen, was Faktor (en) treiben die Tumorinvasion ihrer besonderen Krebszellen oder Mutanten untersucht. Der Test wurde entwickelt, um die Rolle der einzelnen Komponenten auf den physiologischen Konzentration ansprechen als entsprechend der Differenz zwischen der Konzentration der Komponente bestimmt und# 8220; X &quot;in normalen FBS und der CS-FBS. Durch die Entwicklung dieses Assays können Forscher mehr Einblick in die spezifische invasiven Weg zur Regelung ihrer System zu erlangen. Hormone, Wachstumsfaktoren und Zytokine sind oft als Tumorpromotoren 8 klassifiziert. Einige dieser Faktoren wie EGF als direkte Quellen für chemische Lockstoffe in Invasionskammern 9 verwendet. So scheint es wahrscheinlich, dass diese stellen die Hauptkomponenten des Serums, dass direkte Tumorinvasion. Dieses Protokoll schlägt eine einfache, aber bedeutenden, Modifikation der herkömmlichen in vitro-Invasionstest, der ein Ermittler die Beteiligung von Hormonen, Wachstumsfaktoren und Cytokine bei der Vermittlung der invasive Potential von Tumorzellen zu bewerten gestattet. Jedoch wird der Assay entwickelt, um dem Prüfer eine Antwort auf die Frage, ob das Verfahren wird in einem frühen Schritt in der Analyse wirksam für ihre Studie liefern, um nicht wertvolle Zeit und r verwendenESSOURCEN wenn nicht notwendig erachtet. Bei dieser Methode wird CS-FBS und stützt sich auf die Ermittler Ermessen, die als Lead-Kandidaten, die möglicherweise vermitteln Invasion von Krebszellen zu verfolgen Moleküle. Die Ergebnisse aus diesen Analysen erweisen sollte, bei der Identifizierung, welche Serumkomponenten dienen als Chemoattraktantien oder Inhibitoren für die bestimmte Zelllinie oder Mutante untersucht werden. Darüber hinaus kann dieser Ansatz hilft der Forscher identifizieren Schlüsselsignalwege entweder fördern oder zu hemmen Invasion von Krebszellen; damit die Leitung zukünftige Entwicklung von Arzneimitteln.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="987">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:367px;">Item</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Vendor</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Catalog #</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td>BioCoat Control Inserts with 8.0&#181;m PET Membrane 
			(12 in each of two 24-Well Plates)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354578</td>
			<td>polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) membranes&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Collagen I, rat tail</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td>Source = rat tail tendon, purity = 90%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Fixative; Diff-Quick</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9844047</td>
			<td>Methanol-based fixative, Hmatoxylin/Eosin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Fetal bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000</td>
			<td>Designated as FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Charcoal Stripped Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12676</td>
			<td>Designated as CS-FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Fetal bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30070</td>
			<td>Designated as FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Charcoal Stripped Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30068</td>
			<td>Designated as CS-FBS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a modified in vitro invasion assay to determine the potential role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in mediating cancer cell invasion

Blutserum dient als chemoattraktive, auf das Krebszellen wandern und dringen, die Erleichterung ihrer Intravasation in Mikrogefäßen. Jedoch sind die tatsächlichen Moleküle zu dem die Zellen wandern bleiben ungeklärt. Diese modifizierte Invasion Assay wurde entwickelt, um Ziele, die Zellmigration und Invasion fahren zu identifizieren. Dieses Verfahren vergleicht die Invasion Index unter drei Bedingungen, um zu bestimmen, ob ein bestimmtes Hormon, Wachstumsfaktor oder Zytokin spielt eine Rolle bei der Vermittlung des invasiven Potentials einer Krebszelle. Zu diesen Bedingungen gehören i) normale fetale Rinderserum (FBS), ii) Holzkohle-beraubt FBS (CS-FBS), die Hormone, Wachstumsfaktoren und Zytokine und iii) CS-FBS + Molekül entfernt (bezeichnet &quot;X&quot;). Eine wesentliche Änderung der Zellinvasion mit CS-FBS im Vergleich zu FBS, zeigt die Beteiligung von Hormonen, Cytokinen oder Wachstumsfaktoren bei der Vermittlung der Veränderung. Einzelne Moleküle können dann zurück zu CS-FBS zugegeben, um ihre Fähigkeit zur Wieder AssayVers oder retten die Invasion Phänotyp. Ferner können zwei oder mehr Faktoren kombiniert werden, um die additive oder synergistische Effekte mehrerer Moleküle in Fahrt oder Hemmen Invasion bewerten. Insgesamt ermöglicht dieses Verfahren den Prüfer, um festzustellen, ob Hormone, Cytokine und / oder Wachstumsfaktoren spielen eine Rolle bei der Zellinvasion durch als Chemoattraktantien oder Inhibitoren Invasion für einen bestimmten Typ von Krebszelle oder einer bestimmten Mutante dient. Durch die Identifizierung von spezifischen Lockstoffe und Inhibitoren, kann dies geändert Invasionstest helfen, aufzuklären Signalwege, die Invasion von Krebszellen zu lenken.

Die Invasion Index wird für jede Bedingung nach Normalisierung auf eine nicht-invasive Zelllinie berechnet. Für unsere Experimente verwenden wir den 1205Lu Melanomzelllinie und etablierte Variante stabile Zelllinien wie unsere invasive Leitungen sowie die Vorstufen noninvasive Variante WM793, aus dem die Zellen stammen 1205Lu 10, die als eine logische Steuerung dient. Wir verwenden auch Kollagen I nach der Invasion Matrix, denn das ist die primäre Komponente der Dermis. Dies ist in Übereinstimmung mit ein...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion at JoVE.com

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

Eine modifizierte<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Invasion Assay, um die mögliche Rolle von Hormonen, Cytokinen und / oder Wachstumsfaktoren bei der Vermittlung der Invasion von Krebszellen fest,

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

a-modified-vitro-invasion-assay-to-determine-potential-role-hormones

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

10.6K Aufrufe.  Roswell Park Cancer Institute. This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

Serie: A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

A Real-time Electrical Impedance Based Technique to Measure Invasion of Endothelial Cell Monolayer by Cancer Cells

Metastatic dissemination of malignant cells requires degradation of basement membrane, attachment of tumor cells to vascular endothelium, retraction of endothelial junctions and finally invasion and migration of tumor cells through the endothelial layer to enter the bloodstream as a means of transport to distant sites in the host1-3. Once in the circulatory system, cancer cells adhere to capillary walls and extravasate to the surrounding tissue to form metastatic tumors4,5. The various components of tumor cell-endothelial cell interaction can be replicated in vitro by challenging a monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with cancer cells. Studies performed with electron and phase-contrast microscopy suggest that the in vitro sequence of events fairly represent the in vivo metastatic process6. Here, we describe an electrical-impedance based technique that monitors and quantifies in real-time the invasion of endothelial cells by malignant tumor cells.
Giaever and Keese first described a technique for measuring fluctuations in impedance when a population of cells grow on the surface of electrodes7,8. The xCELLigence instrument, manufactured by Roche, utilizes a similar technique to measure changes in electrical impedance as cells attach and spread in a culture dish covered with a gold microelectrode array that covers approximately 80% of the area on the bottom of a well. As cells attach and spread on the electrode surface, it leads to an increase in electrical impedance9-12. The impedance is displayed as a dimensionless parameter termed cell-index, which is directly proportional to the total area of tissue-culture well that is covered by cells. Hence, the cell-index can be used to monitor cell adhesion, spreading, morphology and cell density.
The invasion assay described in this article is based on changes in electrical impedance at the electrode/cell interphase, as a population of malignant cells invade through a HUVEC monolayer (Figure 1). The disruption of endothelial junctions, retraction of endothelial monolayer and replacement by tumor cells lead to large changes in impedance. These changes directly correlate with the invasive capacity of tumor cells, i.e., invasion by highly aggressive cells lead to large changes in cell impedance and vice versa. This technique provides a two-fold advantage over existing methods of measuring invasion, such as boyden chamber and matrigel assays: 1) the endothelial cell-tumor cell interaction more closely mimics the in vivo process, and 2) the data is obtained in real-time and is more easily quantifiable, as opposed to end-point analysis for other methods.

This article describes an in vitro technique for monitoring cancer cells invading through a monolayer of endothelial cells. The data is acquired in real-time as a function of changes in impedance on the surface of electrodes at the well bottom.

Eine Echtzeit-Elektrische Impedanz basierte Technik zur Invasion von Endothelzellen Monolayer von Krebs Zellen zu messen

Metastatic dissemination of malignant cells requires degradation of basement membrane, attachment of tumor cells to vascular endothelium, retraction of ...

Forschung

Medizin

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent until many years after removal of the primary tumor and adjuvant therapy. A likely explanation of this phenomenon is that tumor cells have seeded metastatic sites, are resistant to conventional therapies, and remain dormant for long periods of time 1-4.
The existence of dormant cancer cells at secondary sites has been described previously as quiescent solitary cells that neither proliferate nor undergo apoptosis 5-7. Moreover, these solitary cells has been shown to disseminate from the primary tumor at an early stage of disease progression 8-10 and reside growth-arrested in the patients' bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes 1,4,11. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that regulate dormancy or the switch to a proliferative state is critical for discovering novel targets and interventions to prevent disease recurrence. However, unraveling the mechanisms regulating the switch from tumor dormancy to metastatic growth has been hampered by the lack of available model systems.
in vivo and ex vivo model systems to study metastatic progression of tumor cells have been described previously 1,12-14. However these model systems have not provided in real time and in a high throughput manner mechanistic insights into what triggers the emergence of solitary dormant tumor cells to proliferate as metastatic disease. We have recently developed a 3D in vitro system to model the in vivo growth characteristics of cells that exhibit either dormant (D2.OR, MCF7, K7M2-AS.46) or proliferative (D2A1, MDA-MB-231, K7M2) metastatic behavior in vivo . We demonstrated that tumor cells that exhibit dormancy in vivo at a metastatic site remain quiescent when cultured in a 3-dimension (3D) basement membrane extract (BME), whereas cells highly metastatic in vivo readily proliferate in 3D culture after variable, but relatively short periods of quiescence. Importantly by utilizing the 3D in vitro model system we demonstrated for the first time that the ECM composition plays an important role in regulating whether dormant tumor cells will switch to a proliferative state and have confirmed this in in vivo studies15-17. Hence, the model system described in this report provides an in vitro method to model tumor dormancy and study the transition to proliferative growth induced by the microenvironment.

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

A modified 3-D in vitro system is presented in which growth characteristics of several tumor cell lines in reconstituted basement membrane correlate with the dormant or proliferative behavior of the tumor cells at a metastatic secondary site in vivo.

Ein In Vitro System zur Tumor Vegetationsruhe und die Umstellung auf Metastasen Study

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent ...

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-Photonen-Imaging der Tumorzellinvasion in einem orthotopen Mausmodell des oralen Plattenepithelkarzinoms

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-&#946;-induced Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis at later stage1,2. Moreover, TGF-&beta; is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and its expression correlates with poor prognosis and metastasis 3,4. The mechanisms by which TGF-&beta; induces invasion are not well understood.
TGF-&beta; elicits its cellular responses via TGF-&beta; type II (T&beta;RII) and type I (T&beta;RI) receptors. Upon TGF-&beta;-induced heteromeric complex formation, T&beta;RII phosphorylates the T&beta;RI. The activated T&beta;RI initiates its intracellular canonical signaling pathway by phosphorylating receptor Smads (R-Smads), i.e. Smad2 and Smad3. These activated R-Smads form heteromeric complexes with Smad4, which accumulate in the nucleus and regulate the transcription of target genes5. In addition to the previously described Smad pathway, receptor activation results in activation of several other non-Smad signaling pathways, for example Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways6.
To study the role of TGF-&beta; in different stages of breast cancer, we made use of the MCF10A cell system. This system consists of spontaneously immortalized MCF10A1 (M1) breast epithelial cells7, the H-RAS transformed M1-derivative MCF10AneoT (M2), which produces premalignant lesions in mice8, and the M2-derivative MCF10CA1a (M4), which was established from M2 xenografts and forms high grade carcinomas with the ability to metastasize to the lung9. This MCF10A series offers the possibility to study the responses of cells with different grades of malignancy that are not biased by a different genetic background.
For the analysis of TGF-&beta;-induced invasion, we generated homotypic MCF10A spheroid cell cultures embedded in a 3D collagen matrix in vitro (Fig 1). Such models closely resemble human tumors in vivo by establishing a gradient of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in active and invasive cells on the outside and quiescent or even necrotic cells in the inside of the spheroid10. Spheroid based assays have also been shown to better recapitulate drug resistance than monolayer cultures11. This MCF10 3D model system allowed us to investigate the impact of TGF-&beta; signaling on the invasive properties of breast cells in different stages of malignancy.

An assay to quantitatively measure Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-&#x03B2;-induced invasion in 3-dimensional collagen gels is described. This assay takes advantage of the MCF10A series of cell lines, which represent different stages of breast cancer development. This method can be adopted to be used with other cell lines and might be used to investigate other potential activators or inhibitors of invasion.

Spheroid Assay zur TGF-β-induzierte Invasion Measure

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis ...

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Zellinvasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 percent of women with ovarian cancer develop new metastases, and the recurrence is often fatal2. It is, therefore, necessary to understand how secondary metastases arise in order to develop better treatments for intermediate and late stage ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer metastasis occurs when malignant cells detach from the primary tumor site and disseminate throughout the peritoneal cavity. The disseminated cells can form multicellular clusters, or spheroids, that will either remain unattached, or implant onto organs within the peritoneal cavity3 (Figure 1, Movie 1). 
All of the organs within the peritoneal cavity are lined with a single, continuous, layer of mesothelial cells4-6 (Figure 2). However, mesothelial cells are absent from underneath peritoneal tumor masses, as revealed by electron micrograph studies of excised human tumor tissue sections3,5-7 (Figure 2). This suggests that mesothelial cells are excluded from underneath the tumor mass by an unknown process. 
Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that primary ovarian cancer cells attach more efficiently to extracellular matrix than to mesothelial cells8, and more recent studies showed that primary peritoneal mesothelial cells actually provide a barrier to ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion (as compared to adhesion and invasion on substrates that were not covered with mesothelial cells)9,10. This would suggest that mesothelial cells act as a barrier against ovarian cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian cancer cells breach this barrier, and exclude the mesothelium have, until recently, remained unknown. 
Here we describe the methodology for an in vitro assay that models the interaction between ovarian cancer cell spheroids and mesothelial cells in vivo (Figure 3, Movie 2). Our protocol was adapted from previously described methods for analyzing ovarian tumor cell interactions with mesothelial monolayers8-16, and was first described in a report showing that ovarian tumor cells utilize an integrin &#x2013;dependent activation of myosin and traction force to promote the exclusion of the mesothelial cells from under a tumor spheroid17. This model takes advantage of time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to monitor the two cell populations in real time, providing spatial and temporal information on the interaction. The ovarian cancer cells express red fluorescent protein (RFP) while the mesothelial cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP). RFP-expressing ovarian cancer cell spheroids attach to the GFP-expressing mesothelial monolayer. The spheroids spread, invade, and force the mesothelial cells aside creating a hole in the monolayer. This hole is visualized as the negative space (black) in the GFP image. The area of the hole can then be measured to quantitatively analyze differences in clearance activity between control and experimental populations of ovarian cancer and/ or mesothelial cells. This assay requires only a small number of ovarian cancer cells (100 cells per spheroid X 20-30 spheroids per condition), so it is feasible to perform this assay using precious primary tumor cell samples. Furthermore, this assay can be easily adapted for high throughput screening.

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

The mesothelial clearance assay described here takes advantage of fluorescently labeled cells and time-lapse video microscopy to visualize and quantitatively measure the interactions of ovarian cancer multicellular spheroids and mesothelial cell monolayers. This assay models the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.

In-vitro-Assay Mesothelzellen Ausverkauf, dass die Modelle der frühen Schritte der Metastasierung Eierstockkrebs

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 ...

Assessment of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Attachment and Invasion of Mesothelial Cells in Real Time

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not accurately model the behaviors of cancer cells within a nonadherent environment, as cancer cells inherently aggregate into multicellular structures which contribute to the metastatic process by attaching to and invading the peritoneal lining to form secondary tumors. To model this important stage of ovarian cancer metastasis, multicellular aggregates, or spheroids, can be generated from established ovarian cancer cell lines maintained under nonadherent conditions. To mimic the peritoneal microenvironment encountered by tumor cells in vivo, a spheroid-mesothelial co-culture model was established in which preformed spheroids are plated on top of a human mesothelial cell monolayer, formed over an extracellular matrix barrier. Methods were then developed using a real-time cell analyzer to conduct quantitative real time measurements of the invasive capacity of different ovarian cancer cell lines grown as spheroids. This approach allows for the continuous measurement of invasion over long periods of time, which has several advantages over traditional endpoint assays and more laborious real time microscopy image analyses. In short, this method enables a rapid, determination of factors which regulate the interactions between ovarian cancer spheroid cells invading through mesothelial and matrix barriers over time.

Ovarian cancer cell invasion into the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum is a dynamic process over time. Utilizing a real time analyzer, the invasive capacity of ovarian cancer cells in a spheroid-mesothelial cell co-culture model can be quantified over prolonged time periods, providing insights into factors regulating the metastatic process.

Beurteilung von Eierstockkrebs Sphäroid Bindung und Invasion von Mesothelzellen in Echtzeit

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not ...

Focus Formation: A Cell-based Assay to Determine the Oncogenic Potential of a Gene

Malignant transformation of cells is typically associated with increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of anchorage-independent growth potential, and the ability to form tumors in experimental animals1. In NIH 3T3 cells, the Ras signal transduction pathway is known to trigger many of these events, what is known as Ras transformation. The introduction of an overexpressed gene in NIH 3T3 cells may promote morphological transformation and loss of contact inhibition, which can help determine the oncogenic potential of that gene of interest. An assay that provides a straightforward method to assess one aspect of the transforming potential of an oncogene is the Focus Formation Assay (FFA)2. When NIH 3T3 cells divide normally in culture, they do so until they reach a confluent monolayer. However, in the presence of an overexpressed oncogene, these cells can begin to grow in dense, multilayered foci1 that can be visualized and quantified by crystal violet or Hema 3 staining. In this article we describe the FFA protocol with retroviral transduction of the gene of interest into NIH 3T3 cells, and how to quantify the number of foci through staining. Retroviral transduction offers a more efficient method of gene delivery than transfection, and the use of an ecotropic murine retrovirus provides a biosafety control when working with potential human oncogenes.

The Focus Formation Assay provides a straightforward method to assess the transforming potential of a candidate oncogene.

Fokus Formation: Ein Assay auf Zellbasis, um das onkogene Potential eines Gens zu bestimmen

Malignant transformation of cells is typically associated with increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of anchorage-independent ...

Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the lack of the bone microenvironment and auto/paracrine growth factors human MM cells are difficult to cultivate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish proper in vitro and in vivo culture systems to study the action of novel therapeutics on human MM cells. Here we present a model to grow human multiple myeloma cells in a complex 3D environment in vitro and in vivo. MM cell lines OPM-2 and RPMI-8226 were transfected to express the transgene GFP and were cultivated in the presence of human mesenchymal cells and collagen type-I matrix as three-dimensional spheroids. In addition, spheroids were grafted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos and tumor growth was monitored by stereo fluorescence microscopy. Both models allow the study of novel therapeutic drugs in a complex 3D environment and the quantification of the tumor cell mass after homogenization of grafts in a transgene-specific GFP-ELISA. Moreover, angiogenic responses of the host and invasion of tumor cells into the subjacent host tissue can be monitored daily by a stereo microscope and analyzed by immunohistochemical staining against human tumor cells (Ki-67, CD138, Vimentin) or host mural cells covering blood vessels (desmin/ASMA).
In conclusion, the onplant system allows studying MM cell growth and angiogenesis in a complex 3D environment and enables screening for novel therapeutic compounds targeting survival and proliferation of MM cells.

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cells require the supportive microenvironment of mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix components for survival and proliferation. We established an in vivo chicken embryo model with engrafted human myeloma and mesenchymal cells to study effects of cancer drugs on tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis.

Einrichtung eines Menschen Multiple Myeloma Xenograftmodell im Huhn, das Tumorwachstum, Invasion und Angiogenese Studieren

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Dreidimensionale (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasionsassay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

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