The authors wish to thank Drs. Sung-wan An and Mike O&#8217;Donnell for practical advice on establishing this assay, Dr. Chih-Jen Cheng for helpful discussions on the use of ion-specific electrodes, and Dr. Chou-Long Huang for his mentorship and support. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (K08DK091316 to ARR) and the American Society of Nephrology Gottschalk Award to ARR.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Die Verwendung des Ramsay Assay zusammen mit ionenspezifischen Elektroden, ermöglicht die Messung der Fluid Sekretionsraten und Ionenströme in isolierten Insekten Malpighian (Niereninsuffizienz) Tubuli. Zwanzig oder mehr Tubuli kann zu einem Zeitpunkt untersucht werden, was einen höheren Durchsatz im Vergleich zu dem Assay in vitro einzelne microperfused Tubuli. Zusätzlich ionenspezifischen Elektroden erlauben die Bestimmung von Ionenkonzentrationen in der sekretierten Flüssigkeit in situ, die Beg...

<html> Nierenepithelzellen Ionentransport zugrunde organismal iono- und Osmoregulation. Die Drosophila melanogaster Malpighischen (Nieren) Tubulus bietet eine einmalige Gelegenheit, um die molekularen Mechanismen der epithelialen Ionentransport zu studieren. Dies ist aufgrund der Kombination der leistungsfähigen Genetik von Drosophila, gepaart mit der Zugänglichkeit der Nierentubuli auf physiologische Studie. Die Ramsay Assay, nach dem Forscher, der die Technik 1 Pionier benannt, misst Flüssigkeitssekretion Raten von isolierten Malpighischen, und wurde in Drosophila 1994 von Dow und Kollegen 2 etabliert. Dies ebnete den Weg für weitere Studien unter Verwendung von Drosophila genetische Werkzeuge, wie beispielsweise die GAL4-UAS-System 3,4, um zellspezifische Signalwege regulieren Flüssigkeitssekretion definieren. Ein Beispiel beinhaltet Calcium-Signal in Reaktion auf ein Peptidhormon, 5, unter vielen anderen 6,7. ve_content &quot;&gt; eine Kombination von genetischen Techniken und klassischen physiologischen Studie hat gezeigt, dass Urin-Generation gezeigt, in die Fliege durch die Sekretion eines Kaliumchlorid-reiche Flüssigkeit aus dem Hauptsegment der Röhrchen erfolgt. erfolgt dies durch die parallele transepithelialen Sekretion von Kationen, in erster Linie K +, sondern auch Na +, durch die Hauptzelle und Cl -. Sekrets durch die Sternzellen 8-12 Die Fähigkeit, transepithelialen K + und Na + Flüsse getrennt zu messen ermöglicht eine genauere Charakterisierung von Transportmechanismen als die Messung Flüssigkeitssekretion allein, z. B. in unstimulierten Drosophila Tubuli, die Na + / K + -ATPase-Inhibitors Ouabain hat keine Auswirkung auf Flüssigkeitssekretion 2, auch wenn ihre Aufnahme in den Hauptzellen wird durch den organischen Anionentransporter Inhibitor Taurocholat 13 gesperrt. Jedoch Linton und O&#39;Donnell zeigte, dass Ouabain depolarisiertder basolateralen Membranpotential und erhöht Na + Fluss 9. Wie in den Repräsentative Ergebnisse gezeigt, repliziert haben wir die Ergebnisse und zeigte, daß K + Flußmittel gleichzeitig um 14; die erhöhte Na + Fluss und verminderte K + Fluss haben entgegengesetzte Auswirkungen auf Flüssigkeitssekretion, was zu keiner Nettoänderung der Sekretion. So gibt es zwei Entschließungen zum &quot;Ouabain Paradox&quot;, das heißt, die anfängliche Beobachtung, dass keine Auswirkung auf Flüssigkeitssekretion im Drosophila-Röhrchen Ouabain:. Zunächst in stimulierten Tubuli, ist nicht ersichtlich, die Wirkung von Ouabain auf Flüssigkeitssekretion aufgrund seine Aufnahme durch den organischen Anionentransporter 13; und zweitens, in unstimulierten Tubuli, Ouabain hat gegenläufige Effekte auf transepithelialen Na + und K + Fluss, was zu keiner Nettoänderung der Flüssigkeitssekretion (siehe Repräsentative Ergebnisse und ref. 9). Die primäre Rolle der Na + / K + -ATPase in unstimulierten Tubuli ist es, intrazellulären Na + -Konzentration zu senken, um eine günstige Konzentrationsgradienten zu erzeugen für die Na + -gekoppelten Transportprozesse in der basolateralen Membran. Tat kann durch separates Messen Na + und K + Flüsse zeigten wir, dass Tubuli fehlt die Fliege Natrium-Kalium-2-Chlorid-Cotransporter (NKCC) haben transepithelialen K + Flusses vermindert, wobei keine weitere Abnahme nach Ouabain hinaus und keine Veränderung des transepithelialen Na + Fluss 14. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützten unsere Schlussfolgerung, dass Na + in die Zelle durch die NKCC wird durch die Na + / K + -ATPase recycelt. In einem anderen Beispiel Ianowski et al. Beobachtet, dass die Senkung Bad K + -Konzentration von 10 mM bis 6 mM verringert transepithelialen K + Flußmittel und erhöht den transepithelialen Na + Flusses in Tubuli aus Rhodnius prolixus, ohne Nettoänderung in Flüssigkeitssekretion <sup&gt; 15. Unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf Na + und K + Flussflusses über Larven Tubuli wurden auch in Drosophila Tubuli als Reaktion auf variierende Salzdiäten 16 und in zwei Mückenarten in Reaktion auf die Aufzucht Salinität 17 beobachtet worden. Die größte Herausforderung bei der Messung des transepithelialen Ionenfluß im Ramsay Probenaufbereitung ist die Bestimmung von Ionenkonzentrationen in der sekretierten Flüssigkeit. Diese Herausforderung hat mit unterschiedlichen Lösungen, einschließlich flamm photometery 18, Verwendung von radioaktiven Ionen 19 und Elektronensonde Wellenlänge Spektroskopie 20 erfüllt sind. Diese Techniken erfordern Übertragung des sekretierten Fluidtropfen auf ein Instrument zur Messung von Ionenkonzentrationen. Da das Volumen der Flüssigkeit durch den unstimulierten Drosophila Tubulus sekretiert ist klein, typischerweise ~ 0,5 nl / min, stellt dies eine technische Herausforderung dar und führt auch Fehler, wenn einige der sekretierten Flüssigkeitverlor bei der Übertragung. Im Gegensatz dazu die Verwendung von ionenspezifischen Elektroden ermöglicht die Messung der Ionenaktivität (von dem Ionenkonzentration berechnet werden kann) in situ. Das aktuelle Protokoll wurde von dem von Maddrellschem und Kollegen zur transepithelialen K + Flusses über die Rhodnius Tubulus Messung mit Valinomycin als Ionophor K + 21 angepasst, und beschreibt auch die Verwendung eines 4-tert-Butylcalix [4] aren-tetraessigsäure Tetraethylester basierten Na + -spezifische ionenspezifischen Elektrode, gekennzeichnet durch Messerli et. al. 22. Ionenspezifischen Elektroden wurden ebenfalls verwendet, um die Ionenkonzentrationen in Flüssigkeit durch Malpighischen im Ramsay Assay bei Erwachsenen 9,23 und 16 Larven Drosophila melanogaster sezerniert zu messen, der Neuseeland-Alpine Weta (Hemideina maori) 24 und in Moskitos 17. Hier beschreiben wir im Detail die Verwendung des so Ramsaysage Flüssigkeitssekretion Raten in Malpighischen von Drosophila melanogaster, sowie die Verwendung von ionenspezifischen Elektroden, die Konzentrationen von K + und Na + innerhalb von sekretierten Flüssigkeit zu bestimmen und somit die Berechnung der transepithelialen Ionenflüsse zu messen. Eine Übersicht des Tests ist in Figur 1 vorgesehen. <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53144/53144fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1. Schematische Darstellung des Vasa Malpighi und der Ramsay-Assay unter Verwendung von ionenspezifischen Elektroden, die an Ionenkonzentrationen zu messen. Diese Abbildung zeigt das Setup für die Ramsay Assay. (A) Jede Fliege hat vier Röhrchen, ein Paar von vorderen Tubuli und ein Paar von hinteren Tubuli, die schwimmen in der Bauchhöhle von Hämolymphe umgeben. In jedem Paar, verbinden die beiden Röhrchen in den Harnleiter, die dann leert den Urin an der Kreuzung des Mitteldarms und hindgut. Die Röhrchen sind blind digen. Urin wird durch die (in rot dargestellt) Flüssigkeit absondernden Hauptsegment erzeugt und strömt in Richtung des Harnleiters und hinaus in den Darm. Nach der Präparation wird die Tubuli Paar aus dem Darm durch Durchtrennung des Harnleiters dissoziiert. (B) Das Paar von Röhrchen wird dann in einen Tröpfchenbadesalzlösung innerhalb einer Vertiefung des Assays Schale überführt. Eines der beiden Röhrchen, hier als die &quot;Anker Tubulus&quot; ist um einen Metallstift gewickelt und ist inert. Die andere Röhrchen ist die sezernierenden Röhrchen. Das Anfangssegment (die nicht Flüssigkeit sezerniert) und Hauptsegment der sezernierenden Röhrchen bleiben innerhalb des Tröpfchens des Badens Kochsalzlösung. Ionen und Wasser Umzug von der Badekochsalzlösung und in die Tubuluslumen des Hauptsegments und dann in Richtung des Harnleiters zu bewegen, wie es in vivo auftreten. Das untere Segment (blau) ist außerhalb der Badesalzlösung und daher inert. Da der Harnleiter geschnitten wird, tritt der sekretierten Flüssigkeit als ein Tröpfchen von dem geschnittenen Ende des Ureters. Ter sezerniert Fluidtröpfchen vergrößert Laufe der Zeit als Sekret setzt, und sein Durchmesser wird unter Verwendung eines okularen Mikrometers gemessen. Eine Schicht von Mineralöl verhindert die Verdunstung des sekretierten Flüssigkeit. Die Referenz- und ionenspezifische Elektroden messen die Ionenkonzentration der Flüssigkeit ausgeschieden. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53144/53144fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier, um eine größere Version dieser Figur zu sehen.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td><td>Ellsworth Adhesives</td><td>http://www.ellsworth.com/dow-corning-sylgard-184-silicone-encapsulant-0-5kg-kit-clear/</td><td>May be purchased from multiple distributors</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish, polystyrene, 100 mm x 15 mm</td><td>Fisher</td><td>FB0875712</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish, polystyrene, 35 mm x 10 mm</td><td>Corning Life Sciences</td><td>Fisher 08-757-100A</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Handle #3</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10003-12</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Blades #1</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10011-00</td><td>Specific brand is not important; use appropriate sharps precautions</td></tr><tr><td>Needle, 30 G x 1/2</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>305106</td><td>Use appropriate sharps precautions</td></tr><tr><td>Minutien pins, black anodized, 0.15 mm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>26002-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope with ocular micrometer</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ800</td><td>Specific brand is not important; this is given as an example</td></tr><tr><td>Sheet of black stained glass, 3 mm (1/8 inch) thick</td><td>Hobby shop</td><td></td><td>Example includes Spectrum Black Opal by Spectrum Glass (http://www.delphiglass.com/spectrum-glass/opalescent/spectrum-black-opal)</td></tr><tr><td>Glass cutting tools (glass cutter, glass cutting pliers)</td><td>Hobby shop</td><td></td><td>Examples include the Studio Pro Lightweight Running Pliers by Diamond Tech (http://www.delphiglass.com/glass-cutters-tools/pliers-nippers/studio-pro-lightweight-running-pliers) and the Studio Pro Brass Glass Cutter by Diamond Tech (http://www.delphiglass.com/glass-cutters-tools/glass-cutters/studio-pro-brass-glass-cutter). Use appropriate safety precautions when cutting glass</td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillary tube, unfilamented, GC120-10, OD 1.2 mm, ID 0.69 mm, length 10 cm</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>30-0042</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass capillary tube, filamented, GC120F-10, OD 1.2 mm, ID 0.69 mm, length 10 cm</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>30-0044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitric acid, 70%</td><td>Sigma</td><td>438073</td><td>CAUTION: see Material Data Safety Sheet for appropriate storage and handling guidelines. Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Cimarec 7 in x 7 in hotplate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>11675911Q</td><td>Specific brand is not important; caution when heated</td></tr><tr><td>Selectophore dichlorodimethylsilane</td><td>Sigma</td><td>40136-1ML</td><td>CAUTION: see Material Data Safety Sheet for appropriate storage and handling guidelines</td></tr><tr><td>Two-step vertical pipet puller</td><td>Narishige</td><td>PC-10</td><td>Other pipet pullers can be used; this is given as an example</td></tr><tr><td>Glass petri dish, 150 mm diameter x 15 mm height</td><td>Fisher</td><td>08-748E</td><td>Specific brand is not important; only one dish needed</td></tr><tr><td>World Precision Instruments E210 1 mm micropipette storage jar</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-821-852</td><td>May be available from other distributors. Useful to have two jars. Note that although this jar is specified for 1 mm pipets, and the pipets used here are 1.2 mm, in our experience the 1 mm jar works best for the 1.2 mm pipets.</td></tr><tr><td>Silica Gel, Tel-Tale Desiccant, indicating, 10-18 mesh</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S161-500</td><td>Indicating silica useful for determining whether silica gel retains desiccating ability</td></tr><tr><td>World Precision Instruments MicroFil, 34G</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-821-914</td><td>May be available from other distributors.</td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe with luer lock</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>309659</td><td>May be available from other distributors.</td></tr><tr><td>3 ml syringe with luer lock</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>309657</td><td>May be available from other distributors.</td></tr><tr><td>D300 3-way stopcock with female luer lock inlet port, male luer outlet port with rotating collar and guard</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>UX-30600-02</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Female Luer Locking Connector</td><td>4 Medical Solutions</td><td>ADC 9873-10</td><td>Specific brand is not important; barbed end is ~4 mm at narrowest point and ~7 mm at widest point.</td></tr><tr><td>Silicone Tubing I.D. x O.D. x Wall: 1/16 x 1/8 x 1/32 in. (1.59 x 3.18 x 0.79 mm)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-179-110</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>E-3603 tubing, I.D. x O.D.: 1/32 x 3/32 in</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14171208</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Modeling clay</td><td></td><td></td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>Selectophore potassium ionophore I, cocktail B</td><td>Sigma</td><td>99373</td><td>CAUTION: see Material Data Safety Sheet for appropriate storage and handling guidelines</td></tr><tr><td>Selectophore sodium ionophore X</td><td>Sigma</td><td>71747</td><td>Sodium ionophore X = 4-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-tetraacetic acid tetraethylester</td></tr><tr><td>Selectophore 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether</td><td>Sigma</td><td>73732</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Selectophore sodium tetraphenylborate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>72018</td><td>CAUTION: see Material Data Safety Sheet for appropriate storage and handling guidelines</td></tr><tr><td>Schneider&#039;s Drosophila medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>21720024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High impedance electrometer</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>FD223a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microelectrode holder 1 mm with 45&amp;deg; body, vented, with handle</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-1051</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microelectrode holder 1 mm with straight body, vented</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-1007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silver wire</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>64-1318</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulators, pair</td><td>Leitz</td><td></td><td>Various brands/models will work; this is an example</td></tr><tr><td>Faraday cage</td><td>Technical Manufacturing Corporation</td><td>81-334-03</td><td>This is an example; any Faraday cage will work</td></tr><tr><td>Single gooseneck fiberoptic light</td><td>Nikon</td><td></td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>mineral oil</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP-2629</td><td>Specific brand is not important</td></tr><tr><td>forceps, Dumont #5 with Biologie tip</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>11295-10</td><td>May be available from other distributors.</td></tr></tbody></table>

use of the ramsay assay to measure fluid secretion and ion flux rates in the drosophila melanogaster malpighian tubule

Modulation Nierenepithelzellen Ionentransport erlaubt Organismen ionische und osmotische Homöostase angesichts der unterschiedlichen äußeren Bedingungen aufrechtzuerhalten. Die Drosophila melanogaster Malpighischen (Nieren) Tubulus bietet eine einmalige Gelegenheit, um die molekularen Mechanismen der epithelialen Ionentransport zu untersuchen, aufgrund der leistungsfähigen Genetik dieses Organismus und der Zugänglichkeit ihrer Nierentubuli auf physiologische Studie. Hier beschreiben wir die Verwendung des Ramsay Assayfluid Sekretionsraten von isolierten fly Nierentubuli zu messen, mit der Verwendung von ionenspezifischen Elektroden, die Natrium- und Kaliumkonzentrationen in der sekretierten Flüssigkeit zu messen. Dieser Assay ermöglicht Studium der transepithelialen Flüssigkeit und Ionenflüsse von ~ 20 Tubuli zu einer Zeit, ohne die Notwendigkeit, das sezernierte Fluid zu einer separaten Vorrichtung zu übertragen, um die Ionenkonzentration zu messen. Genetisch unterschiedlichen Tubuli können analysiert werden, um die Rolle spezifischer Gene, die in Transportprozessen zu beurteilen. Zusätzlich wird die bathing Salzlösung kann geändert werden, um die Wirkungen der chemischen Eigenschaften oder Arzneimittel oder Hormone zugesetzt untersuchen. Zusammenfassend ermöglicht diese Technik die molekulare Charakterisierung der Grundmechanismen von epithelialen Ionentransport in Drosophila Tubulus sowie Regelung dieser Transportmechanismen.

Die 7 und 8 zeigen, dass die Verwendung des Ramsay Assay mit ionenspezifischen Elektroden gegenüber K + und Na + -Konzentration zu messen, kann die genetische und pharmakologisch verschieden K + und Na + Flüsse, Informationen, die nicht durch die Messflüssigkeit Sekretionsraten allein erfasst wird unterscheiden. Fig 7 zeigt, dass Fluid-Sekretion in Tubuli von Fliegen, die eine homozygote Nullmutation in der NKCC verringert wird durch eine A...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the Ramsay Assay to Measure Fluid Secretion and Ion Flux Rates in the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule at JoVE.com

Use of the Ramsay Assay to Measure Fluid Secretion and Ion Flux Rates in the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule

Dieses Protokoll beschreibt die Verwendung des Ramsay Assay Flüssigkeitssekretion Raten von isolierten Malpighischen (Nieren) Tubuli aus Drosophila melanogaster zu messen. Darüber hinaus ist die Verwendung von ionenspezifischen Elektroden, die Natrium- und Kaliumkonzentrationen in der sekretierten Flüssigkeit zu messen, mit Berechnung der transepithelialen Ionenfluss, wird beschrieben.

Die Nutzung der Ramsay Assay zu Flüssigkeitssekretion und Ionenfluss Preise in der Maßnahme<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Malpighischen Tubulus

Modulation of renal epithelial ion transport allows organisms to maintain ionic and osmotic homeostasis in the face of varying external conditions. The ...

use-ramsay-assay-to-measure-fluid-secretion-ion-flux-rates-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Use of the Ramsay Assay to Measure Fluid Secretion and Ion Flux Rates in the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule

11.7K Aufrufe.  University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.  Dieses Protokoll beschreibt die Verwendung des Ramsay Assay Flüssigkeitssekretion Raten von isolierten Malpighischen (Nieren) Tubuli aus Drosophila melanogaster zu messen. Darüber hinaus ist die Verwendung von ionenspezifischen Elektroden, die Natrium- und Kaliumkonzentrationen in der sekretierten Flüssigkeit zu messen, mit Berechnung der transepithelialen Ionenfluss, wird beschrieben. 

Serie: Use of the Ramsay Assay to Measure Fluid Secretion and Ion Flux Rates in the Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous system and protects neural tissue from toxins and pathogens. Defects in the formation of this barrier have been correlated with neuropathies, and the breakdown of this barrier has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is critical to identify the genes that regulate the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier to identify potential therapeutic targets. In order to understand the exact roles these genes play in neural development, it is necessary to assay the effects of altered gene expression on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Many of the molecules that function in the establishment of the blood-brain barrier have been found to be conserved across eukaryotic species, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Fruit flies have proven to be an excellent model system for examining the molecular mechanisms regulating nervous system development and function. This protocol describes a step-by-step procedure to assay for blood-brain barrier integrity during the embryonic and larval stages of D. melanogaster development.

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Blood-brain barrier integrity is critical for nervous system function. In Drosophila melanogaster, the blood-brain barrier is formed by glial cells during late embryogenesis. This protocol describes methods to assay for blood-brain barrier formation and maintenance in D. melanogaster embryos and third instar larvae.

Assay für Blut - Hirn-Barriere Integrität in Drosophila melanogaster

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Measuring Physiological Responses of Drosophila Sensory Neurons to Lipid Pheromones Using Live Calcium Imaging

Unlike mammals, insects such as Drosophila have multiple taste organs. The chemosensory neurons on the legs, proboscis, wings and ovipositor of Drosophila express gustatory receptors1,2, ion channels3-6, and ionotropic receptors7 that are involved in the detection of volatile and non-volatile sensory cues. These neurons directly contact tastants such as food, noxious substances and pheromones and therefore influence many complex behaviors such as feeding, egg-laying and mating. Electrode recordings and calcium imaging have been widely used in insects to quantify the neuronal responses evoked by these tastants. However, electrophysiology requires specialized equipment and obtaining measurements from a single taste sensillum can be technically challenging depending on the cell-type, size, and position. In addition, single neuron resolution in Drosophila can be difficult to achieve since taste sensilla house more than one type of chemosensory neuron. The live calcium imaging method described here allows responses of single gustatory neurons in live flies to be measured. This method is especially suitable for imaging neuronal responses to lipid pheromones and other ligand types that have low solubility in water-based solvents.

Measuring Physiological Responses of Drosophila Sensory Neurons to Lipid Pheromones Using Live Calcium Imaging

The forelegs and proboscis of Drosophila contain a rich repertoire of gustatory sensory neurons. Here, we present a method using calcium imaging to measure physiological responses from sensory neurons in the foreleg and proboscis of live flies upon exogenous application of a gustatory pheromone.

Mess physiologischen Reaktionen von<em&gt; Drosophila</emNeurone&gt; Sensory zu Lipid Pheromone Verwendung von Live-Calcium Imaging

Unlike mammals, insects such as Drosophila have multiple taste organs. The chemosensory neurons on the legs, proboscis, wings and ovipositor of Drosophila ...

Immunologie und Infektion

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of the right type and quantity of food therefore has a major influence on quality of life. Research on feeding behavior focuses on the underlying processes that ensure actual feeding and unravels the role of factors regulating internal energy homeostasis and the neuronal bases of decision-making. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster, with its great variety of genetically traceable tools for labeling and manipulating single neurons, allows mapping of neuronal networks and identification of molecular signaling cascades involved in the regulation of food intake. This report demonstrates the CApillary FEeder assay (CAFE) and shows how to measure food intake in a group of flies for time spans ranging from hours to days. This easy-to-use assay consists of glass capillaries filled with liquid food that flies can freely access and feed on. Food consumption in the assay is accurately determined using simple measurement tools. Herein we describe step-by-step the method from setup to successful execution of the CAFE assay, and provide practical examples to analyze the food intake of a group of flies under controlled conditions. The reader is guided through possible limitations of the assay, and advantages and disadvantages of the method compared to other feeding assays in D. melanogaster are evaluated.

The CApillary FEeder Assay Measures Food Intake in Drosophila melanogaster

The CApillary FEeder (CAFE) assay is a simple, budget-friendly, highly reliable method for investigating mechanisms underlying food intake. Used with the highly versatile genetic model organism Drosophila melanogaster, it provides a powerful means of gaining new insights into regulatory mechanisms of food intake.

Die kapillare feeder Assay misst die Nahrungsaufnahme in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

For most animals, feeding is an essential behavior for securing survival, and it influences development, locomotion, health and reproduction. Ingestion of ...

Neurowissenschaften

Quantification of Macronutrients Intake in a Thermogenetic Neuronal Screen using Drosophila Larvae

Foraging and feeding behaviors allow animals to access sources of energy and nutrients essential for their development, health, and fitness. Investigating the neuronal regulation of these behaviors is essential for the understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying nutritional homeostasis. The use of genetically tractable animal models such as worms, flies, and fish greatly facilitates these types of studies. In the last decade, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a powerful animal model by neurobiologists investigating the neuronal control of feeding and foraging behaviors. While undoubtedly valuable, most studies examine adult flies. Here, we describe a protocol that takes advantage of the simpler larval nervous system to investigate neuronal substrates controlling feeding behaviors when larvae are exposed to diets differing in their protein and carbohydrates content. Our methods are based on a quantitative colorimetric no-choice feeding assay, performed in the context of a neuronal thermogenetic-activation screen. As a read-out, the amount of food eaten by larvae over a 1 h interval was used when exposed to one of the three dye-labeled diets that differ in their protein to carbohydrates (P:C) ratios. The efficacy of this protocol is demonstrated in the context of a neurogenetic screen in larval Drosophila, by identifying candidate neuronal populations regulating the amount of food eaten in diets of different macronutrient quality. We were also able to classify and group the genotypes tested into phenotypic classes. Besides a brief review of the currently available methods in the literature, the advantages and limitations of these methods are discussed and, also, some suggestions are provided about how this protocol might be adapted to other specific experiments.

Quantification of Macronutrients Intake in a Thermogenetic Neuronal Screen using Drosophila Larvae

Described here is a protocol that enables the colorimetric quantification of the amount of food eaten within a defined interval of time by Drosophila melanogaster larvae exposed to diets of different macronutrient quality. These assays are conducted in the context of a neuronal thermogenetic screen.

Quantifizierung der Zufuhr von Makronährstoffen in einem thermogenetischen neuronalen Bildschirm mit Drosophila Larven

Foraging and feeding behaviors allow animals to access sources of energy and nutrients essential for their development, health, and fitness. Investigating ...

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This protocol repurposes an instrument often used to measure adult activity, the TriKinetics Drosophila activity monitor (MB5 Multi-Beam Activity Monitor) to study larval activity. The instrument can monitor the movements of animals in 16 individual 8 cm glass assay tubes, using 17 infrared detection beams per tube. Logging software automatically saves data to a computer, recording parameters such as number of moves, times sensors were triggered, and animals&#8217; positions within the tubes. The data can then be analyzed to represent overall locomotion and/or position preference as well as other measurements. All data are easily accessible and compatible with basic graphing and data manipulation software. This protocol will discuss how to use the apparatus, how to operate the software and how to run a larval activity assay from start to finish.

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

This report describes a method for measuring Drosophila larval activity using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor. The device employs infrared beams to detect movements of up to 16 individual animals. Data can be analyzed to represent motion parameters including rates and the positions of the animals within the assay chambers.

Die Messung der Aktivität in der Larven<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Activity Monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This ...

Biologie

Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator

Epithelial ion transport is vital to systemic ion homeostasis as well as maintenance of essential cellular electrochemical gradients. Intracellular pH (pHi) is influenced by many ion transporters and thus monitoring pHi is a useful tool for assessing transporter activity. Modern Genetically Encoded pH-Indicators (GEpHIs) provide optical quantification of pHi in intact cells on a cellular and subcellular scale. This protocol describes real-time quantification of cellular pHi regulation in Malpighian Tubules (MTs) of Drosophila melanogaster through ex vivo live-imaging of pHerry, a pseudo-ratiometric GEpHI with a pKa well-suited to track pH changes in the cytosol. Extracted adult fly MTs are composed of morphologically and functionally distinct sections of single-cell layer epithelia, and can serve as an accessible and genetically tractable model for investigation of epithelial transport. GEpHIs offer several advantages over conventional pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes and ion-selective electrodes. GEpHIs can label distinct cell populations provided appropriate promoter elements are available. This labeling is particularly useful in ex vivo, in vivo, and in situ preparations, which are inherently heterogeneous. GEpHIs also permit quantification of pHi in intact tissues over time without need for repeated dye treatment or tissue externalization. The primary drawback of current GEpHIs is the tendency to aggregate in cytosolic inclusions in response to tissue damage and construct over-expression. These shortcomings, their solutions, and the inherent advantages of GEpHIs are demonstrated in this protocol through assessment of basolateral proton (H+) transport in functionally distinct principal and stellate cells of extracted fly MTs. The techniques and analysis described are readily adaptable to a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate preparations, and the sophistication of the assay can be scaled from teaching labs to intricate determination of ion flux via specific transporters.

Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator

Cellular ion transport can often be assessed by monitoring intracellular pH (pHi). Genetically Encoded pH-Indicators (GEpHIs)&#160;provide optical quantification of intracellular pH in intact cells. This protocol details the quantification of intracellular pH through cellular ex vivo live-imaging of Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster with pHerry, a pseudo-ratiometric genetically encoded pH-indicator.

Optische Quantifizierung der intrazellulären pH in Drosophila Melanogaster Malpighian Röhrchen Epithelien mit einem fluoreszierenden genetisch codierte pH Indikator

Epithelial ion transport is vital to systemic ion homeostasis as well as maintenance of essential cellular electrochemical gradients. Intracellular pH ...

Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito

Studies of insect physiology, particularly in those species that are vectors of pathogens causing disease in humans and other vertebrates, provide the foundation to develop novel strategies for pest control. Here, a series of methods are described that are routinely utilized to determine the functional roles of neuropeptides and other neuronal factors (i.e., biogenic amines) on the excretory system of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The Malpighian tubules (MTs), responsible for primary urine formation, can continue functioning for hours when removed from the mosquito, allowing for fluid secretion measurements following hormone treatments. As such, the Ramsay assay is a useful technique to measure secretion rates from isolated MTs. Ion-selective microelectrodes (ISME) can sequentially be used to measure ion concentrations (i.e., Na+ and K+) in the secreted fluid. This assay allows for the measurement of several MTs at a given time, determining the effects of various hormones and drugs. The Scanning Ion-selective Electrode Technique uses ISME to measure voltage representative of ionic activity in the unstirred layer adjacent to the surface of ion transporting organs to determine transepithelial transport of ions in near real time. This method can be used to understand the role of hormones and other regulators on ion absorption or secretion across epithelia. Hindgut contraction assays are also a useful tool to characterize myoactive neuropeptides, that may enhance or reduce the ability of this organ to remove excess fluid and waste. Collectively, these methods provide insight into how the excretory system is regulated in adult mosquitoes. This is important because functional coordination of the excretory organs is crucial in overcoming challenges such as desiccation stress after eclosion and before finding a suitable vertebrate host to obtain a bloodmeal.

This protocol outlines methodologies behind the Ramsay assay, ion-selective microelectrodes, Scanning Ion-selective Electrode Technique (SIET) and in vitro contraction assays, applied to study the adult mosquito excretory system, comprised of the Malpighian tubules and hindgut, to collectively measure ion and fluid secretion rates, contractile activity, and transepithelial ion transport.

Untersuchung der Aktivität von Neuropeptiden und anderen Regulatoren des Ausscheidungssystems bei der erwachsenen Mücke

Studies of insect physiology, particularly in those species that are vectors of pathogens causing disease in humans and other vertebrates, provide the ...

Monitoring Gut Acidification in the Adult Drosophila Intestine

The fruit fly midgut consists of multiple regions, each of which is composed of cells that carry out unique physiological functions required for the proper functioning of the gut. One such region, the copper cell region (CCR), is localized to the middle midgut and consists, in part, of a group of cells known as copper cells. Copper cells are involved in gastric acid secretion, an evolutionarily conserved process whose precise role is poorly understood. This paper describes improvements in the current protocol used to assay for acidification of the adult Drosophila melanogaster gut and demonstrates that it can be used on other species of flies. In particular, this paper demonstrates that gut acidification is dependent on the fly's nutritional status and presents a protocol based on this new finding. Overall, this protocol demonstrates the potential usefulness of studying Drosophila copper cells to uncover general principles underlying the mechanisms of gut acidification.

Monitoring Gut Acidification in the Adult Drosophila Intestine

Here, we present a standardized protocol for monitoring gut acidification in Drosophila melanogaster with optimal output. We first use this protocol for gut acidification monitoring in Drosophila melanogaster and then demonstrate its use in non-model Drosophila species.

Überwachung der Darmsäuerung im erwachsenen Drosophila-Darm

The fruit fly midgut consists of multiple regions, each of which is composed of cells that carry out unique physiological functions required for the ...

Drosophila Analyse von Kotablagerungen für die Wirkstoffforschung

Assessment of The Effect of Antidiarrheal Drugs and Plant Extracts on Drosophila melanogaster

To study human gastrointestinal physiology, biomedical scientists have relied on the use of model organisms. Although many researchers have used mice as a model to study intestinal function, only a few reports have focused on Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster). Compared to mice, fruit flies present many advantages, such as a short life cycle, cost-effective and simple maintenance, and no ethical issues. Furthermore, the mammalian gastrointestinal physiology, anatomy, and signaling pathways are highly conserved in D. melanogaster. Plant extracts have been used traditionally to treat diarrhea and constipation. For example, Psidium guajava (P. guajava) is one of the most known antidiarrheal agents in the tropics. However, no studies have evaluated the effect of antidiarrheal and laxative drugs and plant extracts in D. melanogaster, and it remains unknown if similar effects (e.g., smaller, more concentrated, and less abundant fecal deposits in the case of antidiarrheal drugs) can occur in the fruit flies compared to mammals. In this study, an antidiarrheal effect induced by P. guajava is demonstrated in a D. melanogaster strain that presents a diarrheic phenotype. Fecal sampling produced by flies is monitored using a dye-supplemented food. This protocol outlines the method used for preparing food with drugs, evaluating the fecal deposits of flies fed on these food preparations, and interpreting the data obtained.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Weiterentwicklung der Antidiarrhoikerforschung mit dem Drosophila-Modell 

Here, a method is described to feed Drosophila melanogaster with drugs and plant extracts and assess their effect on the gastrointestinal tract by analyzing the fruit flies fecal deposits. The drug-treated flies can be used as a model for further research.

Bewertung der Wirkung von Antidiarrhoika und Pflanzenextrakten auf Drosophila melanogaster

To study human gastrointestinal physiology, biomedical scientists have relied on the use of model organisms. Although many researchers have used mice as a ...

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