Name: nasal wipes for influenza a virus detection and isolation from swine
Uploaded: 2015-12-04T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine at JoVE.com

This work has been funded in part with federal funds from the Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. HHSN272201400006C.

All swine used in the collection of the following data were protected under The Ohio State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (animal use protocol number 2009A0134-R1).
1. Preparation of Viral Transport Medium and Sample Collection Vials
<ol>
	<li>Add 37 g of Brain Heart Infusion to 900 ml of purified water and mix thoroughly with a stir bar and magnetic stirrer while heating to 70 &#176;C to completely dissolve the powder.</li>
	<li>Autoclave the broth at 121 &#176;C for...

<ol>
	<li>Ma, W., Kahn, R. E., Richt, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pig+as+a+mixing+vessel+for+influenza+viruses:+Human+and+veterinary+implications.">The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: Human and veterinary implications.</a> J. Mol. Genet. Med. 3 (1), 158-166 (2008).</li><li>Nelson, M. I., Vincent, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+zoonosis+of+influenza+to+swine:+new+perspectives+on+the+human-animal+interface.">Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human-animal interface.</a> Trends Microbiol. 23, (2015).</li><li>Zhou, N. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+reassortment+of+avian,+swine,+and+human+influenza+A+viruses+in+American+pigs.">Genetic reassortment of avian, swine, and human influenza A viruses in American pigs.</a> J. Virol. 73 (10), 8851-8856 (1999).</li><li>Webby, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+swine+H3N2+influenza+viruses+in+the+United+States.">Evolution of swine H3N2 influenza viruses in the United States.</a> J. Virol. 74 (18), 8243-8251 (2000).</li><li>Vincent, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+influenza+A+virus+in+swine+worldwide:+a+call+for+increased+surveillance+and+research.">Review of influenza A virus in swine worldwide: a call for increased surveillance and research.</a> Zoonoses Public Health. 61 (1), 4-17 (2014).</li><li>Karasin, A. I., Olsen, C. W., Anderson, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+characterization+of+an+H1N2+influenza+virus+isolated+from+a+pig+in+Indiana.">Genetic characterization of an H1N2 influenza virus isolated from a pig in Indiana.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 38 (6), 2453-2456 (2000).</li><li>Zhou, N. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergence+of+H3N2+reassortant+influenza+A+viruses+in+North+American+pigs.">Emergence of H3N2 reassortant influenza A viruses in North American pigs.</a> Vet. Microbiol. 74 (1-2), 47-58 (2000).</li><li>Corzo, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Active+Surveillance+for+Influenza+A+Virus+among+Swine,+Midwestern+United+States,+2009-2011.">Active Surveillance for Influenza A Virus among Swine, Midwestern United States, 2009-2011.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19 (6), 954-960 (2013).</li><li>Lorusso, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+and+antigenic+characterization+of+H1+influenza+viruses+from+United+States+swine+from+2008.">Genetic and antigenic characterization of H1 influenza viruses from United States swine from 2008.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 92 (Pt 4), 919-930 (2011).</li><li>Loving, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+in+pigs+of+inactivated+and+live+attenuated+influenza+virus+vaccines+against+infection+and+transmission+of+an+emerging+H3N2+similar+to+the+2011-2012+H3N2v.">Efficacy in pigs of inactivated and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines against infection and transmission of an emerging H3N2 similar to the 2011-2012 H3N2v.</a> J. Virol. 87 (17), 9895-9903 (2013).</li><li>Vincent, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+inactivated+swine+influenza+virus+vaccines+against+the+2009+A/H1N1+influenza+virus+in+pigs.">Efficacy of inactivated swine influenza virus vaccines against the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza virus in pigs.</a> Vaccine. 28 (15), 2782-2787 (2010).</li><li>Smith, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origins+and+evolutionary+genomics+of+the+2009+swine-origin+H1N1+influenza+A+epidemic.">Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic.</a> Nature. 459 (7250), 1122-1125 (2009).</li><li>Vijaykrishna, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reassortment+of+Pandemic+H1N1/2009+Influenza+A+Virus+in+Swine.">Reassortment of Pandemic H1N1/2009 Influenza A Virus in Swine.</a> Science. 328 (5985), 1529 (2010).</li><li>Ducatez, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+Reassortment+between+Pandemic+(H1N1)+2009+and+Endemic+Influenza+Viruses+in+Pigs,+United+States.">Multiple Reassortment between Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and Endemic Influenza Viruses in Pigs, United States.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17 (9), 1624-1629 (2011).</li><li>Jhung, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outbreak+of+variant+influenza+A(H3N2)+virus+in+the+United+States.">Outbreak of variant influenza A(H3N2) virus in the United States.</a> Clin. Infect. Dis. 57 (12), 1703-1712 (2013).</li><li>Vincent, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+an+influenza+A+virus+isolated+from+pigs+during+an+outbreak+of+respiratory+disease+in+swine+and+people+during+a+county+fair+in+the+United+States.">Characterization of an influenza A virus isolated from pigs during an outbreak of respiratory disease in swine and people during a county fair in the United States.</a> Vet. Microbiol. 137 (1-2), 51-59 (2009).</li><li>Killian, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+Infection+of+Pigs+and+People+with+Triple-Reassortant+Swine+Influenza+Virus+H1N1+at+a+U.S.+County+Fair.">Simultaneous Infection of Pigs and People with Triple-Reassortant Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 at a U.S. County Fair.</a> Zoonoses Public Health. 60 (3), 196-201 (2013).</li><li>Wong, K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outbreak+of+influenza+A+(H3N2)+variant+virus+infection+among+attendees+of+an+agricultural+fair,+Pennsylvania,+USA,+2011.">Outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) variant virus infection among attendees of an agricultural fair, Pennsylvania, USA, 2011.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18 (12), 1937-1944 (2011).</li><li>Bowman, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+evidence+for+interspecies+transmission+of+H3N2pM/H3N2v+influenza+A+viruses+at+an+Ohio+agricultural+fair,+July+2012.">Molecular evidence for interspecies transmission of H3N2pM/H3N2v influenza A viruses at an Ohio agricultural fair, July 2012.</a> Emerg. Microbes. Infect. 1 (10), e33 (2012).</li><li>Wells, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Swine+influenza+virus+infections.+Transmission+from+ill+pigs+to+humans+at+a+Wisconsin+agricultural+fair+and+subsequent+probable+person-to-person+transmission.">Swine influenza virus infections. Transmission from ill pigs to humans at a Wisconsin agricultural fair and subsequent probable person-to-person transmission.</a> JAMA. 265 (4), 478-481 (1991).</li><li>Bowman, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Swine-to-human+transmission+of+influenza+A(H3N2)+virus+at+agricultural+fairs,+Ohio,+USA,+2012.">Swine-to-human transmission of influenza A(H3N2) virus at agricultural fairs, Ohio, USA, 2012.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 20 (9), 1472-1480 (2012).</li><li>Bowman, A. S., Nolting, J. M., Nelson, S. W., Slemons, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subclinical+influenza+virus+A+infections+in+pigs+exhibited+at+agricultural+fairs,+Ohio,+USA,+2009-2011.">Subclinical influenza virus A infections in pigs exhibited at agricultural fairs, Ohio, USA, 2009-2011.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18 (12), 1945-1950 (2012).</li><li>Gray, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influenza+A(H1N1)pdm09+Virus+among+Healthy+Show+Pigs,+United+States.">Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus among Healthy Show Pigs, United States.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18 (9), 1519-1521 (2012).</li><li>Van Reeth, K., Brown, I. H., Olsen, C. W., Zimmerman, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+40,+Influenza+virus.">Ch. 40, Influenza virus.</a> Diseases of Swine. , 557-571 (2012).</li><li>Culhane, M. R., Detmer, S. E., Spackman, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+21,+Sample+types,+collection,+and+transport+for+influenza+A+viruses+of+swine.">Ch. 21, Sample types, collection, and transport for influenza A viruses of swine.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. Animal Influenza Virus, 259-263 (2014).</li><li>Sheldon, C. C., Sonsthagen, T., Topel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Animal Restraint for Veterinary Professionals. , (2006).</li><li>Detmer, S. E., Patnayak, D. P., Jiang, Y., Gramer, M. R., Goyal, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+Influenza+A+virus+in+porcine+oral+fluid+samples.">Detection of Influenza A virus in porcine oral fluid samples.</a> J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 23 (2), 241-247 (2011).</li><li>Goodell, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probability+of+detecting+influenza+A+virus+subtypes+H1N1+and+H3N2+in+individual+pig+nasal+swabs+and+pen-based+oral+fluid+specimens+over+time.">Probability of detecting influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 in individual pig nasal swabs and pen-based oral fluid specimens over time.</a> Vet. Microbiol. 166 (3-4), 3-4 (2013).</li><li>Romagosa, A., Gramer, M., Joo, H. S., Torremorell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+of+oral+fluids+for+detecting+influenza+A+virus+in+populations+of+vaccinated+and+non-vaccinated+pigs.">Sensitivity of oral fluids for detecting influenza A virus in populations of vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs.</a> Influenza Other Respir. Viruses. 6 (2), 110-118 (2012).</li><li>Edwards, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utility+of+snout+wipe+samples+for+influenza+A+virus+surveillance+in+exhibition+swine+populations.">Utility of snout wipe samples for influenza A virus surveillance in exhibition swine populations.</a> Influenza Other Respir. Viruses. 8 (5), 574-579 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, J., Harmon, K. M., Spackman, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+23,+RNA+extraction+from+swine+samples+and+detection+of+influenza+A+virus+in+swine+by+real-time+RT-PCR.">Ch. 23, RNA extraction from swine samples and detection of influenza A virus in swine by real-time RT-PCR.</a> Animal Influenza Virus. , 277-293 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, J., Gauger, P. C., Spackman, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+22,+Isolation+of+swine+influenza+virus+in+cell+cultures+and+embryonated+chicken+eggs.">Ch. 22, Isolation of swine influenza virus in cell cultures and embryonated chicken eggs.</a> Animal Influenza Virus. , 265-276 (2014).</li><li>Bowman, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Inability+to+Screen+Exhibition+Swine+for+Influenza+A+Virus+Using+Body+Temperature.">The Inability to Screen Exhibition Swine for Influenza A Virus Using Body Temperature.</a> Zoonoses Public Health. , (2015).</li><li>Prickett, J. R., Kim, W., Simer, R., Yoon, K. J., Zimmerman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral-fluid+samples+for+surveillance+of+commercial+growing+pigs+for+porcine+reproductive+and+respiratory+syndrome+virus+and+porcine+circovirus+type+2+infections.">Oral-fluid samples for surveillance of commercial growing pigs for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 infections.</a> J. Swine Health Prod. 16 (2), 86-91 (2008).</li><li>Prickett, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+Porcine+reproductive+and+respiratory+syndrome+virus+infection+in+porcine+oral+fluid+samples:+a+longitudinal+study+under+experimental+conditions.">Detection of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in porcine oral fluid samples: a longitudinal study under experimental conditions.</a> J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 20 (2), 156-163 (2008).</li><li>Pepin, B., Liu, F. F., Main, R., Ramirez, A., Zimmerman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collection+of+oral+fluid+from+individually+housed+sows.">Collection of oral fluid from individually housed sows.</a> J. Swine Health Prod. 23 (1), 35-37 (2015).</li></ol>

Collecting samples from pigs using polyester-tipped nasal swabs has proven useful in conducting IAV surveillance; however, the use of the nasal swab procedure hinders surveillance efforts due to the required use of a snare for restraint. Nasal wipes represent a refinement of current swine sampling techniques to minimize stress on people and pigs during sample collection. While the method has been developed for and validated in exhibition swine settings, it can be easily applied to other situations where ante-mortem detec...

Influenza A viruses (IAV) cause respiratory disease in many species, including domestic birds, swine, and humans. Due to reassortment of the segmented IAV genome rapid viral evolution can occur and new IAV strains frequently emerge. Swine are a species that can serve as a mixing vessel for reassortment of IAVs from multiple host species.1 There are currently three major subtypes of IAV commonly circulating among North American swine (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2), but multiple IAV introductions from humans have led to extensive IAV diversity within those subtypes.2 Rapid evolution of IAVs infecting swine has been evident since 1998 when a triple reassortant IAV containing gene segments from human, avian and swine viruses3 became widespread among pigs in the United States.4 The internal gene segments from that triple reassortant IAV remain highly prevalent among IAVs currently infecting swine.5
Worldwide, IAV is a significant cause of respiratory disease in swine in which typical clinical signs include fever, anorexia, lethargy, coughing, labored breathing, sneezing, nasal discharge and poor weight gain. IAV can be particularly costly to sow farms where reproductive failure due to IAV induced fever and weak-born piglets have been documented.6,7 Within the United States, IAV is commonly detected in commercial swine herds and the extensive antigenic and genomic diversity and continuing evolution among IAV infecting swine has hampered control of this virus.8-11
Public health concerns about the emergence of a pandemic IAV strain resulting from reassortment in swine were realized in 2009 when a swine-lineage IAV containing gene segments from the triple-reassortant North American swine lineage and the Eurasian avian-like swine lineage caused a worldwide pandemic in humans.12 The pandemic virus (A (H1N1)pdm09) has since reassorted with endemic swine IAV strains13,14 and some of these newly reassorted strains have been transmitted back to humans.15 The frequency of reassortment events and emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential makes active surveillance of circulating IAV viruses in swine imperative, especially at the swine-human interface.
The swine-human interface is important for bi-directional interspecies transmission of IAV. Human-to-swine transmission occurring in commercial swine production is responsible for a large amount of IAV diversity currently present in the swine population. Agricultural fairs are the largest settings for the comingling of people and swine in the United States and are known sites for the zoonotic transmission of IAV.15-21 In 2012, during the outbreak of a variant H3N2 IAV, 93% of cases reported attendance at an agricultural fair in the days prior to onset of disease.15 Genomic analysis of viral isolates from exhibition pigs compared with human isolates confirmed zoonotic transmission.21 Exhibition swine infected with IAV often do not show clinical signs of illness,21-23 indicating the need for direct diagnostic tests.
Sampling of visibly ill pigs alone will not successfully identify IAV prevalence in swine and cannot be relied on to identify new strains of IAV emerging among swine. Active surveillance is absolutely necessary for detection of emerging strains of IAV in swine and to assess their threat for both swine and public health. Most IAV surveillance activities are voluntary and therefore minimally disruptive methods are needed. The three major ante-mortem sample collection procedures for IAV infecting swine are: nasal swabs, oral fluids, and nasal wipes. Current recommendations for sampling individual swine to detect IAV list the insertion of synthetic-fiber tipped swabs into the nostrils as the preferred method to gather nasal secretions and epithelial cells.24,25 Because pigs may try to avoid this procedure, a team of trained personnel must restrain pigs either manually or with a snare depending on the size of the animal.26 The restraint process is laborious for the personnel, and stressful for the pigs. Additionally, exhibition swine are often involved in multiple competitions at a fair so the perception of added stress on a competition animal can make owners resistant to the surveillance efforts.
With probabilities of IAV detection ranging from 80-100% in IAV infected herds, oral fluids have become a popular alternative to nasal swabs for the molecular detection of IAV in populations of swine.27,28 Additionally, oral fluids may provide a wider window of IAV detection than nasal swabs following initial infection. However, IAV isolation from oral fluids has been problematic with only 50% of virus isolation attempts resulting in IAV recovery.29
Using nasal wipes in lieu of nasal swabs during IAV surveillance in swine overcomes the limitations described above. Nasal wipes do not require the use of a restraining snare and can be performed without stressing the animals or witnesses of the procedure. Minimal technical training is needed to collect nasal wipes, which allows non-veterinary professionals, including swine owners, to collect the surveillance samples. Nasal wipes were previously compared to nasal swabs for the detection and isolation of influenza A virus30 and the detailed protocol for this non-invasive method of sampling is described below.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BBL Brain Heart Infusion</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">211059</td>
			<td style="width:356px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin G Sodium Salt</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">MP Biomedicals, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">021194537</td>
			<td>1500 u/mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Streptomycin Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">AMRESCO LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gentamicin Solution</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Mediatech, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30-005-CR</td>
			<td>50 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Amphotericin B Solution</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S 24 25</td>
			<td>250 ug/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Kanamycin Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Teknova</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K2105</td>
			<td>5000 ug/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TPP Rapid Filtermax System</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">TPP Techno Plastic Products AG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">99150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nalgen Diagnostic Bottles</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">342002-9025</td>
			<td>HDPE with white PP closure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:216px;">Dermacea Gauze Sponge, 8 ply</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">441211</td>
			<td>5.08 cm &#215; 5.08 cm (2 in. &#215; 2 in)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nitrile Exam Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Saftey Choice</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19-170-010 (A-D)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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nasal wipes for influenza a virus detection and isolation from swine

Surveillance for influenza A viruses in swine is critical to human and animal health because influenza A virus rapidly evolves in swine populations and new strains are continually emerging. Swine are able to be infected by diverse lineages of influenza A virus making them important hosts for the emergence and maintenance of novel influenza A virus strains. Sampling pigs in diverse settings such as commercial swine farms, agricultural fairs, and live animal markets is important to provide a comprehensive view of currently circulating IAV strains. The current gold-standard ante-mortem sampling technique (i.e. collection of nasal swabs) is labor intensive because it requires physical restraint of the pigs. Nasal wipes involve rubbing a piece of fabric across the snout of the pig with minimal to no restraint of the animal. The nasal wipe procedure is simple to perform and does not require personnel with professional veterinary or animal handling training. While slightly less sensitive than nasal swabs, virus detection and isolation rates are adequate to make nasal wipes a viable alternative for sampling individual pigs when low stress sampling methods are required. The proceeding protocol outlines the steps needed to collect a viable nasal wipe from an individual pig.

Successful use of this method yields rRT-PCR results that, accompanied with the use of an internal control during RNA extraction and rRT-PCR, show samples did not contain PCR inhibitors from any environmental debris picked up during sampling. After sample inoculation, virus isolation wells should be free of visible environmental debris from the sample. There is reasonable agreement between rRT-PCR results and virus isolation results with the understanding that PCR often yields a higher IAV positive rate than virus isolat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine at JoVE.com

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

The authors present a protocol to collect swine nasal wipes to detect and isolate influenza A viruses.

Surveillance for influenza A viruses in swine is critical to human and animal health because influenza A virus rapidly evolves in swine populations and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Generation of Recombinant Influenza Virus from Plasmid DNA

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally ...

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Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface ...